[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Vedic Index of Names and Subjects](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912) › v1.c3.s16.142 # Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v1.c3.s16.142 Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v1.c3.s16.142 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c3.s16.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16.142) Living things are occasionally classified according to their mode of origin. In the Chāndogya Upaniṣad³ they are divided into (a) āṇḍa-ja, ‘egg-born’; (b) jīva-ja, ‘born alive,’ or born from the womb; (c) udbhij-ja, ‘propagated by sprouts.’ In the Aitareya Āraṇyaka⁴ the division is fourfold: (a) āṇḍa-ja; (b) jāru-ja, that is, jarāyu-ja (found in the Atharvaveda,⁵ and needlessly read here by Böhtlingk⁶); (c) udbhij-ja; and (d) sveda-ja, ‘sweat-born,’ explained as ‘insects.’ - [Previous: v1.c3.s16.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16.141) - [Next: v1.c3.s16.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16.143) - [Up: v1.c3.s16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v1.c3.s16.142) · Pramāṇa