[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Vedic Index of Names and Subjects](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912) › v2.c4.s10 # Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s10: H Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s10 - **Language:** English ### H ### [v2.c4.s10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.1) Hamsa in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes the ‘gander.’ These birds are described as dark in colour on the back (nila-pṛṣṭha);³ they fly in troops,⁴ swim in the water (uda-prut),⁵ make loud noises,⁶ and are wakeful at night.⁷ The Hamsa is credited with the power of separating Soma from water (as later milk from water) in the Yajurveda.⁸ It is also mentioned as one of the victims at the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’).⁹ ### [v2.c4.s10.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.2) ¹ i. 65, 5; 163, 10; ii. 34, 5; iii. 8, 9, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.3) ² Av. vi. 12, 1, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.4) ³ Rv. vii. 59, 7. ### [v2.c4.s10.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.5) ⁴ Rv. iii. 8, 9. ### [v2.c4.s10.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.6) ⁵ Rv. i. 65, 5; iii. 45, 4. ### [v2.c4.s10.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.7) ⁶ Rv. iii. 53, 10. ### [v2.c4.s10.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.8) ⁷ Av. vi. 12, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.9) ⁸ Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxxviii. 1; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 11, 6; Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, xix. 74; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 6, 2, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.10) ⁹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 21, 1; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 3; Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā, xxiv. 22. 35. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 89, 90; Lanman, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 19, 151; Macdonell, Sanskrit Literature, 150. ### [v2.c4.s10.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.11) Hamsa-sāci is the name of an unknown bird mentioned in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā¹ as one of the victims at the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’). ### [v2.c4.s10.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.12) ¹ v. 5, 20, 1. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 93. ### [v2.c4.s10.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.13) Haya denotes ‘horse’ in the Rigveda¹ and later.² ### [v2.c4.s10.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.14) ¹ v. 46, 1; vii. 74, 4; ix. 107, 25. ### [v2.c4.s10.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.15) ² Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, vii. 47; xxii. 19, etc. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 231 ### [v2.c4.s10.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.16) Hara-yāṇa in the Rigveda¹ is clearly the name of a man mentioned along with Ukṣaṇyāyana and Suṣāman. ### [v2.c4.s10.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.17) ¹ viii. 28, 22; Nirukta, v. 15. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 162. ### [v2.c4.s10.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.18) Hariṇa in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes a ‘gazelle.’ It is at once a type of speed³ and terror.⁴ Its horns are used as amulets.⁵ It is fond of eating barley (Yava).⁶ In the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā⁷ it is said to kill vipers (Svaja). Cf. Kuluṅga, Nyaṅku. The feminine is Hariṇī.⁸ ### [v2.c4.s10.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.19) ¹ i. 163, 1; v. 78, 2. ### [v2.c4.s10.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.20) ² Av. vi. 67, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.21) ³ Av. iii. 7, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.22) ⁴ Av. vi. 67, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.23) ⁵ Av. iii. 7, 1. 2. ### [v2.c4.s10.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.24) ⁶ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vii. 4, 19, 2 (hariṇī); Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiii. 30; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 13, 1; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, Aśvamedha, iv. 8 (also hariṇī); Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 9, 7, 2 (hariṇī). ### [v2.c4.s10.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.25) ⁷ iii. 9, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.26) ⁸ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vii. 4, 19, 2, and see n. 6. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 83; Bloomfield, \*Hymns of the Atharvaveda\*, 336, 337. ### [v2.c4.s10.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.27) 1. Harita seems to mean ‘gold’ in a few passages of the Saṃhitās.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.28) ¹ Av. v. 28, 5. 9; xi. 3, 8; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, viii. 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.29) 2. Harita Kaśyapa is mentioned as a teacher, a pupil of Śilpa Kaśyapa, in the last Vamśa (list of teachers) of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.30) ¹ vi. 4, 33 (Mādhyamdina = vi. 5, 3 Kāṇva). ### [v2.c4.s10.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.31) Hari-dru in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (xiii. 8, 1, 16) is the name of a tree (\*Pinus deodora\*). ### [v2.c4.s10.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.32) Hariman in the Rigveda¹ and the Atharvaveda² denotes ‘yellowness’ as a disease, ‘jaundice.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.33) ¹ i. 50, 11 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s10.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.34) ² i. 22, 1; ix. 8, 9; xix. 44, 2. \*Cf.\* Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 378, 388. ### [v2.c4.s10.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.35) Hari-yūpīyā is mentioned in a hymn of the Rigveda¹ as the scene of the defeat of the Vṛcīvants by Abhyāvartin Cāyamana. It may denote either a place or a river, since many battles seem to have been fought on the banks of rivers. Ludwig² took it as the name of a town on the river Yavyāvatī, which is identified with it in Sāyaṇa’s commentary on the passage. Hillebrandt³ thinks that it is the river Iryāb (Haliāb), a tributary of the Kurum (Krumu), but this is not at all probable. ### [v2.c4.s10.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.36) ¹ vi. 27, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.37) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 158. ### [v2.c4.s10.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.38) ³ \*Vedische Mythologie\*, 3, 268, n. 1. \*Cf.\* Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 18, 19; Kaegi, \*Rigveda\*, n. 328. ### [v2.c4.s10.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.39) Hari-varṇa Aṅgirasa (‘descendant of Aṅgiras’) is the name of the seer of a Sāman or chant in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.40) ¹ viii. 9, 4. 5. \*Cf.\* Hopkins, \*Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences\*, 15, 63. ### [v2.c4.s10.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.41) Hari-ścandra Vaidhasa (‘descendant of Vedhas’) Aikṣvāka (‘descendant of Ikṣvāku’) is the name of a probably mythical king whose rash vow to offer up his son Rohita to Varuṇa is the source of the tale of Śunaḥśepa in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa (vii. 14, 2) and the Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra (xv. 17). ### [v2.c4.s10.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.42) Harmya denotes the Vedic ‘house’ as a unity including the stabling¹ and so forth, and surrounded by a fence or wall of some sort.² It is several times referred to in the Rigveda³ and later.⁴ \*Cf.\* Gṛha. ### [v2.c4.s10.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.43) ¹ Rv. vii. 56, 16. \*Cf.\* x. 106, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.44) ² Rv. vii. 55, 6. Geldner, \*Vedische Studien\*, 2, 278, n. 2, takes \*harmyeṣṭhāḥ\*, ‘standing on a house’ (Rv. vii. 56, 16), to refer to princes on the roof of a palace. ### [v2.c4.s10.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.45) ³ i. 121, 1 (the people, \*viśaḥ\*, of the house); 166, 4; ix. 71, 4; 78, 3; x. 43, 3; 73, 10, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.46) ⁴ Av. xviii. 4, 55 (a palace of Yama); Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 7, 6, 3, etc. \*Cf.\* Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 149. ### [v2.c4.s10.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.47) Halikṣṇa¹ or Halikṣṇa² is mentioned as one of the victims at the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda Saṃhitās. The commentator Mahīdhara³ thinks that it is a kind of lion, Sāyaṇa⁴ that a green Caṭaka bird or a lion (\*tṛṇa-himsa\*)⁵ is meant. In the Atharvaveda⁶ Halikṣṇa seems to be some particular intestine, but Weber⁷ thinks it may mean ‘gall.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.48) ¹ Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 12; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 31. ### [v2.c4.s10.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.49) ² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 12, 1; 7, 23, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.50) ³ On Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, \*loc. cit.\* ### [v2.c4.s10.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.51) ⁴ On Taittirīya Saṃhitā, \*loc. cit.\* ### [v2.c4.s10.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.52) ⁵ \*Tṛṇa-siṃha\* is not much more intelligible. ### [v2.c4.s10.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.53) ⁶ ii. 33, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.54) ⁷ \*Indische Studien\*, 13, 206. \*Cf.\* Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 79. ### [v2.c4.s10.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.55) Havir-dhāna (‘oblation receptacle’) denotes primarily the cart on which the Soma plants are conveyed to be pressed,¹ then the shed in which these Soma vehicles were kept.² ### [v2.c4.s10.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.56) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 1, 3, 1; vi. 2, 9, 1. 4, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.57) ² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 2, 11, 1. 4, etc. See Gṛha; Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 154. ### [v2.c4.s10.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.58) Haviṣ-kṛt Āṅgirasa (‘descendant of Āṅgiras’) is the name of the seer of a Sāman or chant according to the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa¹ and the Taittirīya Saṃhitā.² See the following. ### [v2.c4.s10.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.59) ¹ xi. 10, 9. 10; xx. 11, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.60) ² ii. 1, 4, 1. \*Cf.\* Hillebrandt, \*Vedische Mythologie\*, 2, 160; Hopkins, \*Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences\*, 15, 62. ### [v2.c4.s10.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.61) ¹ vii. 1, 4, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.62) Haviṣmant Āṅgirasa is mentioned along with Haviṣkṛt, in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā and the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa,² as the seer of a Sāman or chant. ### [v2.c4.s10.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.63) ² xi. 10, 9. 10; xx. 11, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.64) Havis is the general term for an offering to the gods, ‘oblation,’ whether of grain, or Soma, or milk, or clarified butter, etc. It is common from the Rigveda¹ onwards.² ### [v2.c4.s10.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.65) ¹ i. 24, 11; 26, 6; 170, 5, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.66) ² Av. iii. 10, 5; vi. 5, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.67) Hasta. See Nakṣatra. ### [v2.c4.s10.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.68) Hasta-ghna denotes in the Rigveda¹ a ‘hand-guard,’ a covering used as a protection of the hand and arm from the impact of the bowstring. The word is of remarkable and still unexplained formation.² Lāṭyāyana³ has hasta-tra and the Epic hastāvāpa⁴ as its equivalent in sense. ### [v2.c4.s10.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.69) ¹ vi. 75, 14; Nirukta, ix. 14. The reading is assured by the parallels in the Saṃhitās: Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 6, 6, 5; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 16, 3; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxix. 51. ### [v2.c4.s10.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.70) ² Pischel, Vedische Studien, i, 296; Oldenberg, Ṛgveda-Noten, i, 416. ### [v2.c4.s10.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.71) ³ Śrauta Sūtra, iii. 10, 7. ### [v2.c4.s10.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.72) ⁴ Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 13, 308. ### [v2.c4.s10.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.73) Hastādāna. See Paśu. ### [v2.c4.s10.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.74) Hastin, ‘having a hand,’ with Mṛga, ‘beast,’ denotes in the Rigveda¹ and the Atharvaveda² the ‘elephant.’ Later the adjective alone comes to mean ‘elephant.’³ The animal was famed for its strength⁴ as well as its virility.⁵ It is mentioned with man and monkey as one of the beasts that take hold by the hand (hastādāna), as opposed to those that take hold by the mouth (mukhādāna).⁶ It was tamed, as the expression Hastipa, ‘elephant-keeper,’ shows, and tame elephants were used to catch others (see Vāraṇa). But there is no trace of its use in war, though Ktesias and Megasthenes both record such use for their times.⁷ The Atharvaveda⁸ alludes to its being pestered by mosquitoes. ### [v2.c4.s10.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.75) ¹ i. 64, 7; iv. 16, 14. ### [v2.c4.s10.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.76) ² xii. 1, 25. Elsewhere Hastin is used alone: iii. 22, 3; iv. 36, 9; vi. 38, 2; 70, 2; xix. 1, 32. ### [v2.c4.s10.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.77) ³ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 11, 1; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 8; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 29; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, vi. 8, 8; xxiii. 13, 2; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, iv. 1, 14; v. 31, 2; vi. 27, 2; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 1, 3, 4, etc.; Chāndogya Upaniṣad, vii. 24, 2 (coupled with gold), etc.; Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa, iii. 22. 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.78) ⁴ Rv. loc. cit.; Av ii. 22, 1. 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.79) ⁵ Av. iii. 22, 6; vi. 70, 2. ### [v2.c4.s10.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.80) ⁶ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 4, 5, 7; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iv, 5, 7. ### [v2.c4.s10.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.81) ⁷ Von Schroeder, \*Indiens Literatur und Cultur\*, 434. ### [v2.c4.s10.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.82) ⁸ Av. iv. 36, 9. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 80. ### [v2.c4.s10.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.83) Hasti-pa, ‘elephant-keeper,’ is mentioned as one of the victims at the Puruṣamedha (‘human sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.84) ¹ Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxx. 11; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 4, 9, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.85) Hasrā (‘laughing woman’) in the Rigveda¹ denotes a courtesan according to Pischel.² ### [v2.c4.s10.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.86) ¹ i. 124, 7. ### [v2.c4.s10.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.87) ² \*Vedische Studien\*, i, 196, 308. ### [v2.c4.s10.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.88) Hāyana denotes a ‘year,’ usually in compounds.¹ In the Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā² and the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa³ the term appears as a designation of a species of red rice. As an adjective in the sense of ‘lasting a year’ or ‘recurring every year,’ it is applied to fever in the Atharvaveda.⁴ ### [v2.c4.s10.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.89) ¹ Av. viii. 2, 21; śata-hāyana, ‘a hundred years old,’ viii. 2, 7, 22; hāyanī, xii. 1, 36 (probably corrupt). ### [v2.c4.s10.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.90) ² xv. 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.91) ³ v. 3, 3, 6 (the Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 10, 1, has instead mahā-vrīhi, ‘great rice’). ### [v2.c4.s10.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.92) ⁴ xix. 39, 10. Cf. Schrader, \*Prehistoric Antiquities\*, 301. ### [v2.c4.s10.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.93) Hārikaṛṇī-putra, ‘son of a female descendant of Harikarṇa,’ is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Bhāradvājī-putra, in the last Vamśa (list of teachers) in the Mādhyamdina recension of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (vi. 4, 30). ### [v2.c4.s10.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.94) Hāridrava is the name of a yellow bird in the Rigveda,¹ perhaps the ‘yellow water-wagtail.’² Geldner³ compares the Greek χαραδριός. ### [v2.c4.s10.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.95) ¹ i. 50, 12; viii. 35, 7. ### [v2.c4.s10.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.96) ² Sāyaṇa on Rv. i. 50, 12; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 7, 6, 2, treats it as the name of a plant (cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 62). But on Av. i. 22, 4, he takes it as gopītanaka, ‘wagtail.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.97) ³ \*Rigveda, Glossar\*, 213. Cf. Bloomfield, \*Hymns of the Atharvaveda\*, 264, n. 1; 266; Whitney, \*Translation of the Atharvaveda\*, 23. ### [v2.c4.s10.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.98) Hāridravika is the title of a work by Hāridravin mentioned in the Nirukta.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.99) ¹ ix. 5. See Roth, Nirukta, xxiii; von Schroeder, Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, i, xiii. ### [v2.c4.s10.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.100) Hāri-drumata, ‘descendant of Haridrumant,’ is the patronymic of a Gautama in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad (iv. 4, 3). ### [v2.c4.s10.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.101) Hāliṅgava, ‘descendant of Haliṅgu,’ is the name of a teacher in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (x. 4, 5, 1). ### [v2.c4.s10.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.102) Hitā in the Brāhmaṇas¹ is the name of certain ‘veins.’ Cf. Hirā. ### [v2.c4.s10.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.103) ¹ Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, ii. 1, 21; iv. 2, 4; 3, 20; Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad, iv. 19. ### [v2.c4.s10.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.104) Hima, denoting ‘cold,’ ‘cold weather,’ is quite common in the Rigveda,¹ but less frequent later.² As ‘snow’ the word appears as a masculine in the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa,³ and often later as a neuter.⁴ Cf. Hemanta. ### [v2.c4.s10.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.105) ¹ i. 116, 8; 119, 6; viii. 32, 26, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.106) ² Av. vii. 18, 2; xiii. 1, 46; xix. 49, 5 (night as mother of coolness), etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.107) ³ iii. 12, 7, 2. ### [v2.c4.s10.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.108) ⁴ Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, vi. 9, etc. Cf. Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, 3, 192-195. ### [v2.c4.s10.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.109) Himavant, ‘snowy,’ appears as an epithet of mountains in the Atharvaveda.¹ It is also used both there² and in the Rigveda,³ as well as later,⁴ as a noun. There seems no reasen to deny that in all the passages the word refers vaguely to the mountains now called Himālaya, though it is possible that the name may include mountains not strictly in that system, like the Suleiman hills.⁵ See also Mūjavant and Trikakubh. ### [v2.c4.s10.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.110) ¹ xii. 1, 11. ### [v2.c4.s10.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.111) ² vi. 95, 3. See also iv. 9, 9; v. 4, 2. 8; 25, 7; vi. 24, 1 (where reference is made to the rivers of the Himālayas); xix. 39, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.112) ³ x. 121, 4. ### [v2.c4.s10.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.113) ⁴ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 11, 1; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 30; xxv. 12; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, viii. 14, 3 (the Uttara Kurus and Uttara Madras live beyond it; perhaps in Kaśmir), etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.114) ⁵ Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 198. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 29; Weber, Indische Studien, 18, 12, who inclines to see a reminiscence of the Caucasus. ### [v2.c4.s10.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.115) Himā denotes ‘winter’ in the combination a ‘hundred winters’ in the Rigveda¹ and elsewhere.² ### [v2.c4.s10.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.116) ¹ i. 64, 14; ii. 33, 2; v. 54, 15; vi. 48, 8. ### [v2.c4.s10.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.117) ² Av. ii. 28, 4; xii. 2, 28; Taittirīya Samhitā, i. 6, 6, 3; Vājasaneyi Samhitā, ii. 27. ### [v2.c4.s10.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.118) Hiraṇin, ‘rich in gold,’ is apparently an epithet of Trasadasyu in one verse of the Rigveda,¹ referring to the golden raiment or possessions of the king. Ludwig,² however, thinks the word is a proper name, possibly of Trasadasyu’s son. ### [v2.c4.s10.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.119) ¹ v. 53, 8. ### [v2.c4.s10.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.120) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 155. ### [v2.c4.s10.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.121) Hiraṇina is found in one passage of the Rigveda,¹ where Ludwig² takes the word as a name of Śaṇḍa. But it seems to be an adjectival form of hiraṇin, ‘golden.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.122) ¹ vi. 63, 9. ### [v2.c4.s10.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.123) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 158. ### [v2.c4.s10.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.124) Hiraṇya in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes ‘gold.’ It is hardly possible to exaggerate the value attached to gold by the Vedic Indians. The metal was, it is clear, won from the bed of rivers. Hence the Indus is called ‘golden’³ and ‘of golden stream.’⁴ Apparently the extraction of gold from the earth was known,⁵ and washing for gold is also recorded.⁶ ### [v2.c4.s10.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.125) ¹ i. 43, 5; iii. 34, 9; iv. 10, 6; 17, 11, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.126) ² Av. i. 9, 2; ii. 36, 7; v. 28, 6; vi. 38, 2, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.127) ³ Rv. x. 75, 8. ### [v2.c4.s10.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.128) ⁴ Rv. vi. 61, 7; viii. 26, 18. ### [v2.c4.s10.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.129) ⁵ Rv. i. 117, 5; Av. xii. 1, 6. 26. 44. ### [v2.c4.s10.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.130) ⁶ Taittirīya Samhitā, vi. 1, 7, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 1, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.131) Gold is the object of the wishes of the Vedic singer,⁷ and golden treasures (hiraṇyāni) are mentioned as given by patrons⁸ along with cows and horses. Gold was used for ornaments for neck and breast (Niṣka), for ear-rings (Karṇa-śobhana), and even for cups.⁹ Gold is always associated with the gods.¹⁰ ### [v2.c4.s10.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.132) ⁷ Rv. vi. 47, 23; viii. 78, 9; Pischel and Geldner, Vedische Studien, i, xxiv. ### [v2.c4.s10.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.133) ⁸ Cf. also Hiraṇyastūpa as a proper name. ### [v2.c4.s10.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.134) ⁹ Taittirīya Samhitā, v. 7, 1, 3; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 3, 3, 7; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, v. 1, 2, 19; 5, 28. ### [v2.c4.s10.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.135) ¹⁰ All that is connected with them is of gold; the horses of the sun are hiraṇya-tvacas, ‘gold-skinned’ (Av. xiii. 2, 8), and so on. ### [v2.c4.s10.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.136) In the plural Hiraṇya denotes ‘ornaments of gold.’¹¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.137) ¹¹ Rv. i. 122, 2; 162, 16; ii. 33, 9; v. 60, 4; Av. iv. 10, 6; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xv. 50; xx. 37; also in the singular, Av. i. 35, 1; xviii. 4, 56. ### [v2.c4.s10.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.138) A gold currency was evidently beginning to be known in so far as definite weights of gold are mentioned: thus a weight, aṣṭā-prūd, occurs in the Saṃhitās,¹² and the golden śatamāna, ‘weight of a hundred (Kṛṣṇalas)’ is found in the same texts.¹³ In several passages,¹⁴ moreover, hiraṇya or hiraṇyāni may mean ‘pieces of gold.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.139) ¹² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 4, 1, 4; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xi. 1; xiii. 10; von Schroeder, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 49, 164. ### [v2.c4.s10.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.140) ¹³ Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, v. 5, 5, 16; xii. 7, 2, 13; 9, 1, 4. Cf. xiii. 1, 1, 4; 2, 3, 2; 4, 1, 13; 2, 7. 13; xiv. 3, 1, 32; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, ii. 3, 11, 5; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, viii. 5; xxii. 8; Weber, Indische Streifen, i, 101. Geldner, Vedische Studien, i, 268, is inclined to think that a gold unit is alluded to in the vague phrases ‘thousands,’ etc., of the Rigveda. See viii. 1, 13; 65, 12; x. 95, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.141) ¹⁴ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 4, 7, 4; iii. 8, 2, 2; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xii 7, 1, 7; xiii. 4, 1, 6, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.142) Gold is described sometimes as harita,¹⁵ ‘yellowish,’ sometimes as rajata,¹⁶ ‘whitish,’ when probably ‘silver’ is alluded to. It was obtained from the ore by smelting.¹⁷ Megasthenes¹⁸ bears testimony to the richness in gold of India in his time. ### [v2.c4.s10.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.143) ¹⁵ Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, x. 4; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xii. 4, 4, 6; Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, ii. 9. ### [v2.c4.s10.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.144) ¹⁶ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 5, 1, 2; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xii. 4, 4. 7; xiii. 4, 2, 10, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.145) ¹⁷ Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, vi. 1, 3, 5. Cf. ii. 2, 3, 28; xii. 4, 3, 1; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xvii. 6, 4 (niṣ-tap, ‘heat’); Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 10 (Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, 234, ccxliii); Lāṭyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, iii. 1, 9, etc.; Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa, iii. 34, 6. ### [v2.c4.s10.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.146) ¹⁸ See Diodorus Siculus, ii. 36; Strabo, pp. 703, 711. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 49-51; Macdonell, Sanskrit Literature, 151. ### [v2.c4.s10.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.147) Hiraṇya-kaśipu in the Brāhmaṇas¹ denotes a ‘golden seat,’ probably one covered with cloth of gold. ### [v2.c4.s10.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.148) ¹ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 9, 20, 1; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, vii. 18, 12. Cf. the word as an adjective with the sense of ‘having a golden cloth,’ Av. v. 7, 10. ### [v2.c4.s10.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.149) Hiraṇya-kāra denotes a ‘worker in gold’ mentioned in the list of victims at the Puruṣamedha (‘human sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.150) ¹ Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxx. 17; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 14, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.151) Hiraṇya-dant (‘gold-toothed’) Vaida (‘descendant of Veda’) is the name of a teacher in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa (iii. 6, 3) and the Aitareya Āraṇyaka (ii. 1, 5). The name presumably refers to the use of gold to stop the teeth; see Dant. ### [v2.c4.s10.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.152) Hiraṇya-nābha is the name of a Kausalya or Kosala prince, whose horse sacrifice appears to be alluded to in the Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra (xvi. 9, 13). He is also referred to in the Praśna Upaniṣad (vi. 1), and may have been connected with Para Āṭnāra. \*Cf.\* Hairaṇya-nābha. ### [v2.c4.s10.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.153) Hiraṇya-stūpa is the name of a man in the Rigveda¹ and in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.² He is called an Āṅgirasa in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa,³ which credits him with the authorship of a Rigvedic hymn.⁴ The Anukramaṇī (Index) ascribes to him several other hymns.⁵ ### [v2.c4.s10.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.154) ¹ x. 149, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.155) ² i. 6, 4, 2. ### [v2.c4.s10.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.156) ³ iii. 24, 11. ### [v2.c4.s10.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.157) ⁴ i. 32. ### [v2.c4.s10.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.158) ⁵ i. 31-35; ix. 4. 69. \*Cf.\* Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 104, 141. ### [v2.c4.s10.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.159) Hiraṇya-hasta is in the Rigveda¹ the name of a son given by the Aśvins to Vadhrimatī (who, as her name denotes, was the wife of a eunuch). ### [v2.c4.s10.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.160) ¹ i. 116, 13; 117, 24; vi. 62, 7; x. 39, 7. He appears to be called Śyāva in x. 65, 12. \*Cf.\* Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 52. ### [v2.c4.s10.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.161) Hirā in the Atharvaveda¹ denotes ‘vein,’ like Hitā. ### [v2.c4.s10.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.162) ¹ i. 17, 1; vii. 35, 2; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxv. 8. \*Cf.\* Weber, Omina und Portenta, 346. ### [v2.c4.s10.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.163) Hṛtsv-āśaya Āllakeya is mentioned in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 40, 2) in the Vaṃśa (list of teachers) as a pupil of Somaśuṣma Sātyayajñi Prācīnayogya. ### [v2.c4.s10.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.164) Hṛdayamaya, ‘disease of the heart,’ is mentioned in the Atharvaveda in connexion with Yakṣma¹ and with Balāsa.² ### [v2.c4.s10.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.165) ¹ v. 30, 9. ### [v2.c4.s10.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.166) ² vi. 14, 1; 127, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.167) Zimmer,³ who thinks that Balāsa is consumption, connects the name with the later view of the medical Saṃhitās,⁴ that love is one of the causes of the disease. But it would be more natural to see in it a disease affecting the heart. ### [v2.c4.s10.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.168) ³ Altindisches Leben, 387. ### [v2.c4.s10.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.169) ⁴ Wise, Hindu System of Medicine, 321, 322. ### [v2.c4.s10.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.170) Hṛd-yota¹ (for Hṛd-dyota) and Hṛd-roga,² ‘heart disease,’ are mentioned in the Atharvaveda and the Rigveda respectively. Zimmer³ identifies the disease in the Atharvaveda with Hṛdayāmaya, ‘consumption caused by love.’ In the Rigveda this is not at all likely: later in the medical Saṃhitās the word probably denotes angina pectoris.⁴ ### [v2.c4.s10.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.171) ¹ Av. i. 22, 1. Cf. vi. 24, 1. ### [v2.c4.s10.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.172) ² Rv. i. 50, 11. ### [v2.c4.s10.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.173) ³ Altindisches Leben, 388. ### [v2.c4.s10.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.174) ⁴ Wise, Hindu System of Medicine, 321. ### [v2.c4.s10.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.175) Heman (used only in the locative singular) denotes ‘winter’ in the later Saṃhitās and the Brāhmaṇas.¹ ### [v2.c4.s10.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.176) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, ii. 6, 1, 1; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxxvi. 6; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 4, 10, 10; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 5, 4, 5; xi. 2, 7, 32. ### [v2.c4.s10.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.177) Hemanta, ‘winter,’ occurs only once in the Rigveda,¹ but often in the later texts.² Zimmer³ is inclined to trace differences of climate in the Rigveda: he thinks that certain hymns,⁴ which ignore winter and insist on the rains, indicate a different place and time of origin from those which refer to the snowy mountains.⁵ It is, however, quite impossible to separate parts of the Rigveda on this basis. It is probable that that text owes its composition in the main to residents in the later Madhyadeśa; hence the references to cold and snow are rather a sign of local than of temporal differences. It is otherwise with the later expansion of the three into four seasons, which represents clearly the earlier advance of the Indians (see Ṛtu). ### [v2.c4.s10.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.178) ¹ x. 161, 4. ### [v2.c4.s10.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.179) ² Av. vi. 55, 2; viii. 2, 22; xii. 1, 36; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 7 2, 4; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xiii. 58; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xxi. 15, 2; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 4, 10, 10; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, x. 4, 5, 2 etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.180) ³ Altindisches Leben, 40. ### [v2.c4.s10.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.181) ⁴ Rv. vii. 103; x. 90. ### [v2.c4.s10.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.182) ⁵ Rv. x. 68, 10; 121, 4 (both these are not early hymns). ### [v2.c4.s10.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.183) The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa⁶ describes winter as the time when the plants wither, the leaves fall from the trees, the birds fly low and retire more and more. ### [v2.c4.s10.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.184) ⁶ i. 5, 4, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.185) Haita-nāmana, ‘descendant of Hitanāman,’ is the patronymic of a teacher apparently called Āhṛta in the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā,¹ though the verse is a strange one. ### [v2.c4.s10.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.186) ¹ iii. 4, 6. See Pāṇini, vi. 4, 170, Vārttika, and von Schroeder, Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, 2, ix. ### [v2.c4.s10.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.187) Hairaṇya-nābha, ‘descendant of Hiraṇyanābha,’ is the patronymic of Para Āṭnāra, the Kosala king, in a Gāthā occurring in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (xiii. 5, 4, 4). ### [v2.c4.s10.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.188) Hotṛ is the name of one of the oldest and most important priests of the Vedic ritual, the counterpart of the Zaotar of the Avestan priesthood.¹ The word must be derived from hu, ‘sacrifice,’ as was held by Aurnavābha ;² this indicates a time when the Hotṛ was at once sacrificer (the later Adhvaryu) and singer. But the functions were already clearly divided in the Rigveda, where the Hotṛ’s chief duty was the recitation of the Śastras. He was also in the older period often the Purohita of the king, an office later filled by the Brahman priest. ### [v2.c4.s10.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.189) ¹ Rv. i. 1, 1; 14, 11; 139, 10, etc.; Hotra, the ‘Hotṛ’s office,’ Rv. ii. 1, 2; 36, 1; 37, 1, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.190) ² Nirukta. iv. 26. Cf. Oldenberg, Religion des Veda, 380 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s10.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.191) Hotraka in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa¹ denotes ‘assistant of the Hotṛ’ priest. ### [v2.c4.s10.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.192) ¹ ii. 36, 5; vi. 6, 2. In the Sūtras it is variously used—sometimes in this sense, sometimes more widely—so as to include all the priests except the four chief priests (cf. Āśvalāyana Śrauta Sūtra, v. 6, 17). ### [v2.c4.s10.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.193) Hyas in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes ‘yesterday.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.194) ¹ viii. 66, 7; 99, 1; x. 55, 5. ### [v2.c4.s10.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.195) ² Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xi. 9, 3. ### [v2.c4.s10.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.196) Hrada in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes a ‘lake’ or ‘pond.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.197) ¹ i. 52, 7; iii. 36, 8; 45, 3; x. 43, 7; 71, 7; 102, 4; 142, 8, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.198) ² Av. iv. 15, 4; vi. 37, 2; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xxv. 10, 18; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 1, 5, 12; 4, 5, 10; xi. 5, 5, 8, etc. ### [v2.c4.s10.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.199) Hrade-cakṣus in one passage of the Rigveda¹ is thought by Jackson² to mean ‘will of the wisp.’ ### [v2.c4.s10.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10.200) ¹ x. 95, 6. _First 200 of 217 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10)_ --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s10) · Pramāṇa