[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Vedic Index of Names and Subjects](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912) › v2.c4.s3 # Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s3: Bh Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s3 - **Language:** English ### Bh ### [v2.c4.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.1) Bhaga denotes a part of the chariot in one passage of the Rigveda¹ according to Hillebrandt.² ### [v2.c4.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.2) ¹ ii. 34, 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.3) ² Vedische Mythologie, 3, 95. ### [v2.c4.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.4) Bhaginī, ‘sister,’ literally the ‘fortunate one’ in so far as she has a brother, occurs in the Nirukta (iii. 6). ### [v2.c4.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.5) Bhagī-ratha Aikṣvāka (‘descendant of Ikṣvāku’) is the name of a king in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iv. 6, 1. 2). It is important to note that he is regarded as being on friendly terms with the Kuru-Pañcālas, which points to the Ikṣvākus being allied to that people, and not belonging (as is the case in the Buddhist books) to the east of India. ### [v2.c4.s3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.6) Bhaṅga, ‘hemp,’ is mentioned in the Atharvaveda.¹ In the Rigveda² it is an epithet of Soma, presumably³ in the sense of ‘intoxicating,’ which then came to designate hemp.⁴ ### [v2.c4.s3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.7) ¹ xi. 6, 15; conceivably in Śāṅkhāyana Āraṇyaka, xii. 14, but not probably. ### [v2.c4.s3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.8) ² ix. 61, 13. ### [v2.c4.s3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.9) ³ Schrader, Prehistoric Antiquities, 299. ### [v2.c4.s3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.10) ⁴ Hence the modern ‘Bang’ or ‘Bhang,’ an intoxicant made from the dried leaves and small stalks of hemp, taken either by smoking or by eating when mixed up into a sweetmeat. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 68; Grierson, Indian Antiquary, 23, 260; Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson, s.v. Bang. ### [v2.c4.s3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.11) Bhaṅgāśvina is the name of the father of Ṛtuparṇa in the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra.¹ In the Mahābhārata² he is called Bhāṅgāsuri. In the Āpastamba Śrauta Sūtra³ mention is made of Ṛtuparṇa-Kayovadhī as the Bhaṅgyaśvinau. ### [v2.c4.s3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.12) ¹ xx. 12. ### [v2.c4.s3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.13) ² iii. 2745. ### [v2.c4.s3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.14) ³ xxi. 20; Caland, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 57, 745. ### [v2.c4.s3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.15) Bhangya-śravas is the name of a man in the Taittirīya Āraṇyaka.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.16) ¹ Weber, Indische Studien, 1, 78. ### [v2.c4.s3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.17) Bhaje-ratha is mentioned in one passage of the Rigveda,¹ where Ludwig² thinks a place-name is meant. Griffith³ is doubtful whether the word is the name of a place or a man. Roth⁴ was inclined to see a corruption of the text.⁵ Cf. Bhagīratha. ### [v2.c4.s3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.18) ¹ x. 60, 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.19) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 138, 165. ### [v2.c4.s3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.20) ³ Hymns of the Rigveda, 2, 463. ### [v2.c4.s3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.21) ⁴ St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. ### [v2.c4.s3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.22) ⁵ Grassmann, Wörterbuch, s.v., thinks that the compound should be read as two words: bhaje rathasya (satpatim), ‘to win (the lord) of the car.’ ### [v2.c4.s3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.23) Bhadra-padā. See Nakṣatra. ### [v2.c4.s3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.24) Bhadra-sena Ājātaśatrava (‘descendant of Ajātaśatru’) is the name of a man, presumably a prince, whom Uddālaka is said in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (v. 5, 5, 14) to have bewitched. ### [v2.c4.s3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.25) Bhaya-da Āsamātya (‘descendant of Asamāti’) is the name of a king in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa.¹ Oertel,² however, seems to take the name as Abhayada, but this is not probable, for Bhayada is a name in the Purāṇas. ### [v2.c4.s3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.26) ¹ iv. 8, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.27) ² Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, 247. ### [v2.c4.s3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.28) Bhayamāna is, according to Sāyaṇa, the name of a man in one hymn of the Rigveda,¹ which is ascribed by the Anukramaṇī (Index) to his authorship. The interpretation is, however, uncertain. ### [v2.c4.s3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.29) ¹ i. 100, 17. Cf. Muir, Sanskrit Texts, 1², 266. ### [v2.c4.s3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.30) Bharata is the name of a people of great importance in the Rigveda and the later literature. In the Rigveda they appear prominently in the third and seventh Maṇḍalas in connexion with Sudās and the Tṛtsus,¹ while in the sixth Maṇḍala they are associated with Divodāsa.² In one passage³ the Bharatas are, like the Tṛtsus, enemies of the Pūrus: there can be little doubt that Ludwig’s view of the identity of the Bharatas and and Tṛtsus is practically correct. More precisely Oldenberg⁵ considers that the Tṛtsus are the Vasiṣṭhas, the family singers of the Bharatas; while Geldner⁶ recognizes, with perhaps more probability, in the Tṛtsus the royal family of the Bharatas. That the Tṛtsus and Bharatas were enemies, as Zimmer⁷ holds, is most improbable even on geographical grounds, for the Tṛtsus in Zimmer’s view⁸ occupied the country to the east of the Paruṣṇī (Ravi), and the Bharatas must therefore be regarded as coming against the Tṛtsus from the west, whereas the Rigveda⁹ recognizes two Bharata chiefs on the Sarasvatī, Āpayā, and Dṛṣadvatī—that is, in the holy land of India, the Madhyadeśa. Hillebrandt¹⁰ sees in the connexion of the Tṛtsus and the Bharatas a fusion of two tribes; but this is not supported by any evidence beyond the fact that in his opinion some such theory is needed to explain Divodāsa’s appearing in connexion with the Bharadvāja family, while Sudās, his son, or perhaps grandson (cf. Pijavana), is connected with the Vasiṣṭhas and the Viśvāmitras. ### [v2.c4.s3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.31) ¹ iii. 53, 9. 12. 24; 33, 11. 12 (Viśvāmitra, who is accordingly hailed as Bharata-ṛṣabha, ‘bull of the Bharatas,’ in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, vii. 17, 7); vii. 8, 4; 33, 6, in which passage a defeat of the Bharatas, and their rescue by the aid of Vasiṣṭha, is clearly referred to; not, as was formerly thought (e.g., Muir, Sanskrit Texts, I², 354; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 127), a defeat of the Bharatas by the Tṛtsus. ### [v2.c4.s3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.32) ² vi. 16, 4. 5. Cf. verse 19. ### [v2.c4.s3.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.33) ³ vii. 8, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.34) ⁴ Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 172 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s3.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.35) ⁵ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 42, 207. In Buddha, 405 et seq., he accepted the identification of Ludwig. ### [v2.c4.s3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.36) ⁶ Vedische Studien, 2, 136 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s3.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.37) ⁷ Altindisches Leben, 127. This is also Bloomfield’s view (see Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, 41, 42). ### [v2.c4.s3.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.38) ⁸ Op. cit., 124. ### [v2.c4.s3.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.39) ⁹ iii. 23, 4: in verse 2 Devaśravas and Devavāta are mentioned as Bhāratas. Oldenberg, Buddha, 410, n., mentions that in the Mahābhārata, iii. 6065, a tributary of the Sarasvatī is called Kauśikī, and the Kuśikas are, of course, the family of Viśvāmitra, whose connexion with the Bharatas is beyond question. ### [v2.c4.s3.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.40) ¹⁰ Vedische Mythologie, 1, 111. His view is that Sudās and the Bharatas were later comers than the Tṛtsus, who joined them as one people, the Vasiṣṭhas becoming the priests of the Bharatas. He suggests that the Vasiṣṭhas were not originally adherents of the Indra-Soma cult, but were specially devoted to the Varuṇa cult; but there is no decisive evidence for either suggestion. Cf. Bloomfield, as cited in n. 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.41) In the later literature the Bharatas appear as especially famous. The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa¹¹ mentions Bharata Dauḥṣanti as a king, sacrificer of the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’) and Śatānīka Sātrājita, as another Bharata who offered that sacrifice. The Aitareya Brāhmaṇa¹² mentions Bharata Dauḥṣanti as receiving the kingly coronation from Dīrghatamas Māmateya, and Śatānīka as being consecrated by Somaṣuṣman Vājaratnāyana, a priest whose name is of quite late origin. The geographical position of the Bharata people is clearly shown by the fact that the Bharata kings win victories over the Kāśis, and make offerings on the Yamunā (Jumna) and Gaṅgā (Ganges).¹³ Moreover, in the formula of the king's proclamation for the people, the variants recorded¹⁴ include Kuravaḥ, Pañcālāḥ, Kuru-Pañcālāḥ, and Bharataḥ; and the Mahābhārata consistently recognizes the royal family of the Kurus as a Bharata family.¹⁵ It is therefore extremely probable that Oldenberg¹⁶ is right in holding that the Bharatas in the times of the Brāhmaṇas were merging in the Kuru-Pañcāla people. ### [v2.c4.s3.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.42) ¹¹ xiii. 5, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.43) ¹² viii. 23 and 21. ### [v2.c4.s3.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.44) ¹³ Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiii. 5, 4, 11, 21. ### [v2.c4.s3.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.45) ¹⁴ In the Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 10, 2, and the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 7, 4, 2, the phrase is eṣa vo, Bharata, rājā; the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, in the Kāṇva recension, xi. 3, 3; 6, 3, has Kuravaḥ, Pañcālāḥ (evidently as a joint people); Āpastamba, xviii. 12, 7, gives Bharataḥ, Kuravaḥ, Pañcālāḥ, Kuru-Pañcālāḥ, and janataḥ, as alternatives, according to the people to whom the king belongs; the Kāthaka Saṃhitā, xv. 7, and the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 6, 7, read esa te janate rājā. See Weber, Indian Literature, 114, n.; von Schroeder, Indiens Literatur und Cultur, 465. ### [v2.c4.s3.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.46) ¹⁵ Oldenberg, Buddha, 409. ### [v2.c4.s3.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.47) ¹⁶ Op. cit., 408. He points out (409, n.) that in the Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiii. 5, 4, only the Kuru king, Janamejaya, and the Bharata kings are mentioned without specification of the peoples over whom they ruled. ### [v2.c4.s3.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.48) The ritual practices of the Bharatas are repeatedly mentioned in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa,¹⁷ the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa,¹⁸ the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,¹⁹ and the Taittirīya Āraṇyaka.²⁰ Already in the Rigveda²¹ there is mention made of Agni Bhārata (‘of the Bharatas’). In the Āprī hymns²² occurs a goddess Bhāratī, the personified divine protective power of the Bharatas: her association in the hymns with Sarasvatī reflects the connexion of the Bharatas with the Sarasvatī in the Rigveda.⁹ Again, in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa²³ Agni is referred to as brāhmaṇa Bhārata, ‘priest of the Bharatas,’ and is invited to dispose of the offering Manuṣvat Bharatavat, ‘like Manu,’ ‘like Bharata.’²⁴ ### [v2.c4.s3.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.49) ¹⁷ xiv. 3, 13; xv. 5, 24, and perhaps xviii. 10, 8, on which see Weber, Indische Studien, 10, 28, n. 2; below, p. 98. ### [v2.c4.s3.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.50) ¹⁸ ii. 25; iii. 18. The sense ‘mercenary soldier,’ here seen by the St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. 2 (no longer mentioned in the Dictionary of Böhtlingk), cannot be accepted. See Weber, Indische Studien, 9, 254; Oldenberg, Buddha, 407, n. On the other hand, there is no mention of the Bharatas in the geographical lists of the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa (viii. 14), in the Mānava Dharma Śāstra, or in the Buddhist texts. This means that the Bharatas were no longer a people, but a family or sub-tribe in a larger people. ### [v2.c4.s3.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.51) ¹⁹ v. 4, 4, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.52) ²⁰ i. 27, 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.53) ²¹ ii. 7, 1. 5; iv. 25, 4; vi. 16, 19; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, ii. 5, 9, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 4, 2, 2. Roth thinks this epithet of Agni perhaps means ‘warlike,’ but this is unlikely. ### [v2.c4.s3.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.54) ²² Rv. i. 22, 10; 142, 9; 188, 8; ii. 1, 11; 3, 8; iii. 4, 8, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.55) ²³ i. 4, 2, 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.56) ²⁴ i. 5, 1, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.57) In one or two passages²⁵ Sudās or Divodāsa and, on the other hand, Purukutsa or Trasadasyu appear in a friendly relation. Possibly this points, as Oldenberg²⁶ suggests, to the union of Bharatas and Pūrus with the Kurus. ### [v2.c4.s3.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.58) ²⁵ i. 112, 14; vii. 19, 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.59) ²⁶ Op. cit., 410. ### [v2.c4.s3.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.60) A Bharata is referred to in the fifth Maṇḍala of the Rigveda:²⁷ who he was is uncertain. ### [v2.c4.s3.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.61) ²⁷ v. 54, 14. For a later legend of Bharata, cf. Leumann, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 48, 80 et seq.; von Bradke, ibid., 498-503; and see Muir, Sanskrit Texts, I², 338, 340, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.62) Bharad-vāja is the name of the reputed¹ author of the sixth Maṇḍala of the Rigveda. The attribution is so far correct that Bharadvāja² and the Bharadvājas³ are repeatedly mentioned as singers in that Maṇḍala. Judging by the tone of the references to Bharadvāja, he can hardly be deemed to have been a contemporary of any of the hymns.⁴ According to the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa,⁵ he was the Purohita of Divodāsa. This interpretation is to be preferred to that of Roth,⁶ who suggests that he and Divodāsa were identical. His connexion with the house of Divodāsa also appears from the statement of the Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā⁷ that Bharadvāja gave Pratardana the kingdom. It is unnecessary to suppose that the same Bharadvāja was meant in both cases, and that Pratardana was a son of Divodāsa: the later Saṃhitās refer to Bharadvāja, like the other great sages, irrespective of chronology. ### [v2.c4.s3.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.63) ¹ Cf. Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, iii. 4, 2; Śāṅkhāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, iv. 10; Bṛhaddevatā, v. 102 et seq., where he is said to be a son of Bṛhaspati, and a grandson of Aṅgiras (cf. Rv. vi. 2, 10; 11, 3, etc.); Arnold, Vedic Metre, 61, 62. ### [v2.c4.s3.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.64) ² Rv. vi. 15, 3; 16, 5. 33; 17, 4; 31, 4; 48, 7; 13; 63, 10; 65, 6. See also Rv. i. 112, 13; 116, 18; x. 150, 5; 181, 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.65) ³ Rv. vi. 10, 6; 16, 33; 17, 14; 23, 10; 25, 9; 35, 4; 47, 25; 50, 15. See also Rv. i. 59, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.66) ⁴ Oldenberg, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 42, 210-212. ### [v2.c4.s3.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.67) ⁵ xv. 3, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.68) ⁶ St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. See Rv. i. 116, 18; vi. 16, 5; 31, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.69) ⁷ xxi. 10 (Indische Studien, 3, 478). ### [v2.c4.s3.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.70) The Bharadvājas in their poems mention Bṛbu, Bṛsaya, and the Pārāvatas.⁸ Hillebrandt⁹ has pointed out that they are also connected with the Sṛñjayas. In particular, the Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra¹⁰ mentions that Bharadvāja gained largesse from Prastoka Sārñjaya and Bṛbu. But it is very doubtful if it is correct to place all these people and Divodāsa in Arachosia and Drangiana. ### [v2.c4.s3.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.71) ⁸ vi. 61, 1-3. ### [v2.c4.s3.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.72) ⁹ Vedische Mythologie, i, 104. ### [v2.c4.s3.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.73) ¹⁰ xvi. 11, 11. ### [v2.c4.s3.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.74) Bharadvāja as an author and a seer is frequently referred to in the later Saṃhitās¹¹ and the Brāhmaṇas.¹² ### [v2.c4.s3.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.75) ¹¹ Av. ii. 12, 2; iv. 29, 5; xviii. 3, 16; xix. 48, 6; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xvi. 19; xx. 9; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 7, 19; iv. 8, 4; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xiii. 55, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.76) ¹² Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, vi. 18; viii. 3; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 10, 11, 13; Aitareya Āraṇyaka, i. 2, 2; 4, 2; ii. 2, 2. 4, etc.; Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, xv. 1; xxix. 3; xxx. 9. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 128; Weber, Episches im vedischen Ritual, 31. ### [v2.c4.s3.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.77) Bharant, ‘bearing,’ in the plural denotes in one passage of the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa,¹ according to Böhtlingk,² following Sāyaṇa, ‘the warrior caste,’ but the sense is not certain. Weber³ was inclined to see a reference to the Bharatas, though the form of the word is that of the present participle.⁴ ### [v2.c4.s3.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.78) ¹ xviii. 10, 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.79) ² Dictionary, s.v. ### [v2.c4.s3.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.80) ³ Indische Studien, 10, 28, n. 2. Cf. Bharata, n. 17. ### [v2.c4.s3.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.81) ⁴ Bharātām, interpreted by Sāyaṇa as bharaṇaṃ kurvatāṃ kṣatriyāṇām. ### [v2.c4.s3.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.82) Bharūjī in one passage of the Atharvaveda¹ may denote, according to Roth,² a noxious animal. ### [v2.c4.s3.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.83) ¹ ii. 24, 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.84) ² St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. ### [v2.c4.s3.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.85) Bhartṛ, besides having the literal sense of ‘bearer,’ means ‘supporter’ or ‘master’ in the older literature¹; but it is doubtful whether the sense of ‘husband’ is ever found there. In one passage of the Rigveda² ‘husband’ is certainly the most natural sense, but, as Delbrück³ correctly remarks, even there ‘father’ may be meant, since ‘mother’ is here and there⁴ called Bhartṛī. ### [v2.c4.s3.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.86) ¹ Av. xi. 7, 15; xviii. 2, 30; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 3, 4, 7 (where ‘husband’ is possible); iv. 6, 7, 21, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.87) ² v. 58, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.88) ³ Die indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen, 415, n. 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.89) ⁴ Av. v. 5, 2; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 1, 1, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.90) Bhalānas, plural, is the name in the Rigveda¹ of one of the five tribes, Pakthas, Bhalānases, Alinas, Viṣāṇins, and Śivas, who are mentioned as ranged on the side² of the enemies of Sudās in the battle of the ten kings (Dāśarājña), not opposed to them, as Roth,³ and at one time Zimmer,⁴ thought. Zimmer⁵ suggests as their original home East Kabulistan, comparing the name of the Bolan pass. This seems a reasonably probable view. ### [v2.c4.s3.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.91) ¹ vii. 18, 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.92) ² Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 15, 260, 261, who takes the form of the name to be Bhalāna (but the text of the Rv. has bhalānasaḥ), and who overlooks Zimmer’s later view. ### [v2.c4.s3.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.93) ³ Zur Litteratur und Geschichte des Weda, 95. ### [v2.c4.s3.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.94) ⁴ Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 126. ### [v2.c4.s3.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.95) ⁵ Op. cit., 431. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 173, 207. ### [v2.c4.s3.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.96) Bhava-trāta Śāyasthi is the name of a teacher in the Vamśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.97) ¹ Indische Studien, 4, 372; Max Müller, Ancient Sanskrit Literature, 443. ### [v2.c4.s3.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.98) Bhastrā in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (i. i, 2, 7; 6, 3, 16) denotes a leathern bottle or pouch. ### [v2.c4.s3.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.99) Bhākuri. See Bekurā. ### [v2.c4.s3.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.100) Bhāga-dugha, ‘dealer out of portions,’ ‘distributor,’ is the name of one of the king’s ‘jewels’ (Ratnin) in the Yajurveda Saṃhitās¹ and Brāhmaṇas.² What his functions exactly were is uncertain. Sāyaṇa in some places³ renders the word by ‘tax-collector,’ but in others⁴ as ‘carver,’ thus making this functionary either a revenue officer or a mere court official. ### [v2.c4.s3.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.101) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 9. 2; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xv. 4; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 6, 5; iv. 3, 8; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxx. 13. ### [v2.c4.s3.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.102) ² Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 7, 3. 5; iii. 4, 8, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 2, 17; v. 3, 1, 9. ### [v2.c4.s3.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.103) ³ On Taittirīya Saṃhitā and Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, loc. cit., and on Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, v. 3, 1, 9. ### [v2.c4.s3.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.104) ⁴ On Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 2, 17. Cf. Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 41, 63, n. ### [v2.c4.s3.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.105) Bhāga-vitti (‘descendant of Bhagavitta’) is the patronymic of a teacher called Cūḍa¹ or Cūla² in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad. ### [v2.c4.s3.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.106) ¹ Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 3, 17. 18 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.107) ² Ibid., vi. 3, 9 Kāṇva. ### [v2.c4.s3.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.108) Bhāḍitāyana, ‘descendant of Bhaḍita,’ is the patronymic of Śakadāsa in the Vamśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.109) ¹ Indische Studien, 4, 373. ### [v2.c4.s3.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.110) Bhānumant Aupamanyava (‘descendant of Upamanyu’) is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Ānandaja, in the Vamśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.111) ¹ Indische Studien, 4, 372. ### [v2.c4.s3.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.112) Bhāya-jātya, ‘descendant of Bhayajāta,’ is the patronymic of Nikothaka in the Vamśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.113) ¹ Indische Studien, 4, 373; Max Müller, Ancient Sanskrit Literature, 444. ### [v2.c4.s3.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.114) Bhārata. See Bharata. ### [v2.c4.s3.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.115) Bhārad-vāja, ‘descendant of Bharadvāja,’ is the patronymic of many teachers. In the Vamśas (lists of teachers) of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, Bhāradvājas are mentioned as. ### [v2.c4.s3.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.116) pupils of Bhāradvāja,¹ Pārāśarya,² Balākakauśika,³ Aitareya,⁴ Asurāyaṇa,⁵ and Baijavāpāyana.⁶ A Bhāradvāja occurs in the Rigveda,⁷ and Śūṣa Vāhneya is mentioned as a Bhāradvāja in the Vamśa Brāhmaṇa.⁸ ### [v2.c4.s3.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.117) ¹ ii. 5, 21; iv. 5, 27 (Mādhyamdina = ii. 6, 2 Kāṇva). ### [v2.c4.s3.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.118) ² ii. 6, 2 Kāṇva. ### [v2.c4.s3.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.119) ³ iv. 5, 27 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.120) ⁴ ii. 5, 21; iv. 5, 27 (Mādhyamdina = ii. 6, 3; iv. 6, 3 Kāṇva). ### [v2.c4.s3.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.121) ⁵ ii. 5, 21; iv. 5, 27 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.122) ⁶ ii. 5, 21; iv 5, 27 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.123) ⁷ v. 61, 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.124) ⁸ Indische Studien, 4, 373. ### [v2.c4.s3.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.125) Bhāradvājāyana, ‘descendant of Bharadvāja,’ is the patronymic of a teacher in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.126) ¹ x. 12, 1; Nidāna Sūtra, ix. 9. Cf. Academy of Arts and Sciences, 15, 61, n. 2. Hopkins, Transactions of the Connecticut ### [v2.c4.s3.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.127) Bhāradvājī-putra, ‘son of a female descendant of Bharadvāja,’ is the metronymic of several teachers in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, pupils of Pāraśarīputra,¹ Paingīputra,² and Vātsīmāṇḍavīputra³ respectively. ### [v2.c4.s3.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.128) ¹ vi. 4, 31 (Mādhyamdina = vi. 5, 2 Kāṇva). ### [v2.c4.s3.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.129) ² vi. 4, 30 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.130) ³ Ibid. ### [v2.c4.s3.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.131) Bhārgava, ‘descendant of Bhṛgu,’ is the patronymic of several teachers, including Cyavana¹ and Gṛtsamada.² Other Bhārgavas are also mentioned without indication of their personal names.³ ### [v2.c4.s3.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.132) ¹ Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 1, 5, 1; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, viii. 21. ### [v2.c4.s3.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.133) ² Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, xxii. 4 (with a varia lectio, Bābhrava). ### [v2.c4.s3.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.134) ³ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 8, 18, 1; Sāṅkhāyana Āraṇyaka, vii. 15; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, viii. 2, 1. 5; Praśna Upaniṣad, i. 1 (Vaidarbhi), etc.; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xii. 2, 23; 9, 19. 39, etc. Cf. Bloomfield, Hymns of the Atharvaveda, xxxv. ### [v2.c4.s3.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.135) Bhārgāyaṇa, ‘descendant of Bharga,’ is the patronymic of Sutvan in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa (viii. 28). ### [v2.c4.s3.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.136) Bhārmy-aśva, ‘descendant of Bhṛmyaśva,’ is the patronymic of Mudgala in the Nirukta (ix. 23) and the Bṛhaddevatā (vi. 46; viii. 12). ### [v2.c4.s3.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.137) Bhāryā, later a common expression for ‘wife,’ does not occur in that sense at all in the Saṃhitās. It first appears, according to the St. Petersburg Dictionary, in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa,¹ where, however, Delbrück² suggests that merely a member of the household (‘who is to be maintained’) may be meant. In the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,³ however, the two wives of Yājñavalkya are so designated. ### [v2.c4.s3.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.138) ¹ vii. 9. 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.139) ² Die indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen, 415. Cf. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 29, 20. ### [v2.c4.s3.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.140) ³ Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, iii. 4, 1; iv. 5, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.141) Bhālandana, ‘descendant of Bhalandana,’ is the patronymic of Vatsaprī in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā,¹ the Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā,² and the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa.³ ### [v2.c4.s3.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.142) ¹ v. 2, 1, 6. ### [v2.c4.s3.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.143) ² xix. 11. ### [v2.c4.s3.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.144) ³ xii. 11, 25; Hopkins, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 15, 59. ### [v2.c4.s3.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.145) Bhālukī-putra, ‘son of Bhālukī,’ is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Krauñcikīputra¹ or of Prācīnayogīputra,² in the last Vamśa (list of teachers) in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad. ### [v2.c4.s3.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.146) ¹ vi. 5, 2 Kāṇva. ### [v2.c4.s3.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.147) ² vi. 4, 32 Mādhyamdina. ### [v2.c4.s3.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.148) Bhālla is the name or patronymic of a teacher who bears the patronymic Prātṛda in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 31, 4). ### [v2.c4.s3.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.149) Bhāllavi is the name of a school mentioned as authorities in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa (ii. 2, 4). ### [v2.c4.s3.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.150) Bhāllavin, ‘pupil of Bhallavin,’ is the name of a school of teachers mentioned in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s3.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.151) ¹ ii. 4, 7 (spelt Bhāllabin). Cf. Sūtra, ii. 1; vii. 12; Bṛhaddevatā Weber, Indische Studien, i, 44 ; 2, 100; v. 23. 159. 390; Nidāna Sūtra, v. 1; Anupada ### [v2.c4.s3.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.152) Bhāllaveya, ‘descendant of Bhāllavi,’¹ is the patronymic of Indradyumna in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa¹ and the Chāndogya Upaniṣad.² Probably the same person is meant by the Bhāllaveya, who is cited frequently as an authority in the same Brāhmaṇa.³ ### [v2.c4.s3.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.153) ¹ x. 6, I, I. ### [v2.c4.s3.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.154) ² v. II, I. ### [v2.c4.s3.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.155) ³ i. 7, 3, 19; ii. 1, 4, 6; xiii. 4, 2, 3; 5, 3, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.156) Bhāvayavya. See Bhāvya. ### [v2.c4.s3.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.157) Bhāvya is the name of a patron, as it seems, in the Rigveda.¹ In the Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra² the form given is Bhāvayavya, being a patronymic of Svanaya, who is the patron of Kakṣīvant. This combination is borne out by the Rigveda, where Kakṣīvant and Svanaya are mentioned in the same verse,³ while Svanaya must be meant in the verse of the same hymn,⁴ where Bhāvya is mentioned as ‘living on the Sindhu’ (Indus). Roth’s⁵ view that Bhāvya here is perhaps a gerundive meaning to be ‘reverenced’ is not probable. Ludwig⁶ thinks Svanaya was connected with the Nahuṣas. ### [v2.c4.s3.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.158) ¹ i. 126, 1; Nirukta, ix. 10. ### [v2.c4.s3.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.159) ² xvi. 11, 5. Cf. Bṛhaddevatā, iii. 140. ### [v2.c4.s3.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.160) ³ i. 126, 3. ### [v2.c4.s3.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.161) ⁴ i. 126, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.162) ⁵ St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. 1 f. ### [v2.c4.s3.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.163) ⁶ Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 151. Cf. Weber, Episches im Vedischen Ritual, 22; Oldenberg, Ṛgveda-Noten, 1, 128. ### [v2.c4.s3.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.164) Bhāṣā in the Nirukta¹ and Pāṇini² denotes the ordinary speech of the day as opposed to Vedic language. Cf. Vāc. ### [v2.c4.s3.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.165) ¹ i. 4, 5. Cf. ii. 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.166) ² iii. 2, 108; vi. 1, 181. Cf. Franke, Bezzenberger's Beiträge, 17, 54 et seq., who distinguishes the Bhāṣā as the speech of conversational use from the language regulated by Pāṇini's rules. But see Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, 1, xliv; Keith, Aitareya Āraṇyaka, 179, 180. ### [v2.c4.s3.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.167) Bhāsa is the name of a bird of prey in the Adbhuta Brāhmaṇa,¹ and often in the Epic. ### [v2.c4.s3.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.168) ¹ vi. 8. See Weber, Indische Studien, 1, 40. ### [v2.c4.s3.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.169) Bhikṣā, ‘begging,’ is one of the duties of the Brahmacārin according to the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.¹ The word has also the sense of ‘alms,’ as that which is obtained by begging, in the Atharvaveda.² According to the St. Petersburg Dictionary,³ it has this sense in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad⁴ also, but the correct reading there is probably Āmikṣā. ### [v2.c4.s3.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.170) ¹ xi. 3, 3, 7. Cf. a Mantra in Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, i. 9, etc.; and bhikṣācarya, Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, iii. 4, 1; iv. 4, 26. ### [v2.c4.s3.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.171) ² xi. 5, 9. ### [v2.c4.s3.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.172) ³ s.v. 2. ### [v2.c4.s3.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.173) ⁴ viii. 8, 5, where the scholiast explains the word by ‘perfumes, garlands, food,’ etc. (gandhamālyānnādi). ### [v2.c4.s3.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.174) Bhikṣu, ‘beggar,’ is a term not found in Vedic literature. The begging of the Brahmacārin is quite a different thing from the duties of the Bhikṣu in the later system of the Āśramas (religious stages of life), when the Brahmin in the last stage of his life, after leaving his home and family, lives on alms alone. See 1. Brāhmaṇa. ### [v2.c4.s3.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.175) Bhitti in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa¹ denotes a mat made of split reeds. ### [v2.c4.s3.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.176) ¹ iii. 5, 3, 9. Cf. Sāṅkhāyana Srauta Sūtra, viii. 3, 24. ### [v2.c4.s3.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.177) Bhiṣaj, ‘physician,’ is a word of common occurrence in the Rigveda¹ and later.² There is no trace whatever in the former text of the profession being held in disrepute: the Aśvins,³ Varuna,⁴ and Rudra⁵ are all called physicians. On the other hand, in the Dharma literature⁶ this profession is utterly despised. This dislike is found as early as the Yajurveda Samhitās,⁷ where the Aśvins are condemned because of their having to do with the practice of medicine (bheṣaja), on the ground that it brings them too much among men, an allusion to the caste dislike of promiscuous contact. ### [v2.c4.s3.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.178) ¹ ii. 33, 4; vi. 50, 7; ix. 112, 1; bheṣaja, adjective, ii. 33, 7; x. 137, 6; substantive, i. 23, 19. 20; ii. 33, 2. 4; vi. 74, 3; vii. 46, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.179) ² Av. v. 29, 1; vi. 24, 2; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 4, 9, 2; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xvi. 5; xix. 12. 88; xxx. 10, etc.; bheṣaja, adjective, Av. vi. 109, 3; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xvi. 45, etc.; substantive, Av. v. 29, 1; vi. 21, 2; xi. 1, 9, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.180) ³ Rv. i. 116, 16; 157, 6; viii. 18, 8; 86, 1; x. 39, 3. 5; Av. vii. 53, 1; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 18. ### [v2.c4.s3.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.181) ⁴ See Rv. i. 24, 9. ### [v2.c4.s3.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.182) ⁵ Rv. ii. 33, 4. 7. ### [v2.c4.s3.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.183) ⁶ See Āpastamba Dharma Sūtra, i. 6, 18, 20; 19, 15; Gautama Dharma Sūtra, xvii. 17; Vasiṣṭha Dharma Sūtra, xiv. 2, 19; Viṣṇu, li. 10; lxxxii. 9; Bloomfield, Hymns of the Atharvaveda, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.184) ⁷ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 4, 9, 3. Cf. Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iv. 6, 2; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 1, 5, 14; Bloomfield, op. cit., xxxix, xl. ### [v2.c4.s3.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.185) The Rigveda⁸ contains a hymn in which a physician celebrates his plants and their healing powers. Moreover, wonderful cures are referred to as performed by the Aśvins: the healing of the lame⁹ and of the blind;¹⁰ the rejuvenation of the aged Cyavana¹¹ and of Puramdhi's husband;¹² the giving of an iron leg (jaṅghā ayasī) to Viśpalā,¹³ a deed only more wonderful if we assume that Viśpalā was a mare, as has been suggested by Pischel.¹⁴ It would in all probability be a mistake to assume¹⁵ that the Vedic Indians had any surgical skill: they no doubt applied simples to wounds,¹⁶ but both their medicine and their surgery must have been most primitive. All that the Atharvaveda shows in regard to medicine is the use of herbs combined with spells,¹⁷ and of water (cf. Jalāṣa), remedies Indo-European in character, but not of much scientific value. On the other hand, the knowledge of anatomy shown (see Śarīra), though betraying grave inaccuracies, is not altogether insignificant; but that was due no doubt mainly to the practice of dissecting animals at the sacrifice. ### [v2.c4.s3.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.186) ⁸ x. 97. ### [v2.c4.s3.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.187) ⁹ Rv. i. 112, 8; x. 39, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.188) ¹⁰ Cf. the case of Ṛjrāśva, Rv. i. 116, 17. ### [v2.c4.s3.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.189) ¹¹ Rv. x. 39, 4. ### [v2.c4.s3.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.190) ¹² i. 116, 13. ### [v2.c4.s3.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.191) ¹³ Rv. i. 116, 15, etc. ### [v2.c4.s3.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.192) ¹⁴ Vedische Studien, i, 171 et seq.; 305. ### [v2.c4.s3.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.193) ¹⁵ As Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 398, is inclined to do. ### [v2.c4.s3.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.194) ¹⁶ Cf. Rv. ix. 112, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.195) ¹⁷ So it is said in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xii. 9, 10: bheṣajam vā Atharvaṇāni, ‘the Atharvan hymns are medicine’; xvi. 10, 10; and cf. ibid., xxiii. 16, 7; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xi. 5 and 2. Bhiṣaj. ### [v2.c4.s3.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.196) There is some evidence in the Rigveda¹⁸ that the practice of medicine was already a profession; this is supported by the inclusion of a physician in the list of victims at the Puruṣamedha (‘human sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda.¹⁹ According to Bloomfield,²⁰ a hymn of the Atharvaveda²¹ contains a physician’s deprecation of the use of home-made remedies instead of reliance on his professional training. ### [v2.c4.s3.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.197) ¹⁸ ix. 112, where a profession must be meant. Ibid., 3, refers to the fees of the physician. Cf. also x. 97, 4. 8. ### [v2.c4.s3.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.198) ¹⁹ Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxx, 10; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 4, 1. ### [v2.c4.s3.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.199) ²⁰ \*Hymns of the Atharvaveda\*, 456. ### [v2.c4.s3.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s3.200) ²¹ v. 30, 5. But this sense is doubtful. Cf. Whitney, \*Translation of the Atharvaveda\*, 277. Cf. Zimmer, \*op. cit.\*, 397-399; Bloomfield, \*op. cit.\*, \*passim\* (see references on p. 697); \*Atharvaveda\*, 59 et seq.; Schrader, \*Prehistoric Antiquities\*, 420 et seq.; Jolly, \*Medicin\*, 16, 17; Winternitz, \*Nature\*, 1898, 233-235; Caland, \*Altindisches Zauberritual\*, \*passim\*. _First 200 of 321 passages. 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