[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Vedic Index of Names and Subjects](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912) › v2.c4.s8 # Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s8: Ś Vedic Index of Names and Subjects v2.c4.s8 - **Language:** English ### Ś ### [v2.c4.s8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.1) Śamyu is the name of a mythical son of Bṛhaspati. He is quoted as a teacher in the texts of the Yajurveda.¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.2) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, ii. 6, 10, 1; v. 2, 6, 4; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 3, 8, 11; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 9, 1, 24; Taittirīya Āraṇyaka, i. 5, 2. Cf. Lévi, \*La Doctrine du Sacrifice\*, 113. ### [v2.c4.s8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.3) Śakaṭa,¹ Śakaṭī,² are rare words in the older literature for a ‘cart.’ The creaking of a cart is referred to in the Rigveda² as like the sound heard by night in the forest. ### [v2.c4.s8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.4) ¹ Nirukta, vi. 22; xi. 47; Chāndogya Upaniṣad, iv. 1, 8. ### [v2.c4.s8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.5) ² Rv. x. 146, 3; Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, iv. 7. ### [v2.c4.s8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.6) Śaka-dhūma is found in one hymn of the Atharvaveda,¹ where it is celebrated as the king of the asterisms. The word seems to mean the ‘smoke of (burning) cow-dung,’ or else the ‘smoke (rising) from (fresh) cow-dung’: it may well be, as Weber² thinks, that this was deemed to be significant of the weather. Bloomfield,³ however, considers that the word is to be rendered as ‘weather prophet,’ that is, one who foretells the weather by means of the smoke of a fire. Whitney⁴ objects to this view with reason. It is not at all improbable that, as Roth⁵ believed, an asterism of some sort is meant, probably the ‘milky way.’ ### [v2.c4.s8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.7) ¹ vi. 128, i. 3. 4, and in the Nakṣatra Kalpa. ### [v2.c4.s8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.8) ² Omina und Portenta, 363; Indische Studien, 5, 257; 10, 65; Naxatra, 2, 272, n. ; 293. ### [v2.c4.s8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.9) ³ American Journal of Philology, 7, 484 et seq.; Journal of the American Oriental Society, 13, cxxxiii; Hymns of the Atharvaveda, 532, 533. ### [v2.c4.s8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.10) ⁴ Translation of the Atharvaveda, 377, 378. ### [v2.c4.s8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.11) ⁵ St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 353; Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, 175, n. 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.12) Śakan. See Śakṛt. ### [v2.c4.s8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.13) Śaka-pūta (‘purified by cow-dung’) is the name, apparently, of a prince, in one hymn of the Rigveda (x. 132, 5). ### [v2.c4.s8.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.14) Śakam-bhara, ‘bearer of dung,’ is found in one passage of the Atharvaveda,¹ where the sense is doubtful. Ludwig² and Grill³ see in it a tribal name, Bloomfield⁴ the personification of excessive evacuation (diarrhœa), while Whitney⁵ considers that it may refer to the Mahāvṛṣas, despised as having to collect dung for fuel in the absence of wood in their country. ### [v2.c4.s8.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.15) ¹ v. 22, 4. ### [v2.c4.s8.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.16) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 510. ### [v2.c4.s8.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.17) ³ Hundert Lieder,² 154. ### [v2.c4.s8.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.18) ⁴ Hymns of the Atharvaveda, 445, 446. ### [v2.c4.s8.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.19) ⁵ Translation of the Atharvaveda, 259. Cf. Weber, Indische Studien, 18, 253. ### [v2.c4.s8.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.20) Śakā is the name of one of the victims at the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda Saṃhitās.¹ It is uncertain whether a kind of bird² or fly,³ or long-eared beast⁴ is intended. ### [v2.c4.s8.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.21) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 12, 1; 18, 1; Maitrāyaṇi Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 13; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 32. ### [v2.c4.s8.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.22) ² Mahīdhara on Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, loc. cit. ### [v2.c4.s8.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.23) ³ Sāyaṇa on Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 12, 1; 18, 1. ### [v2.c4.s8.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.24) ⁴ Sāyaṇa on Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 12, 1. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 99. ### [v2.c4.s8.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.25) Śakuna, ‘bird,’ is mentioned frequently in the Rigveda¹ and later.² It usually denotes a large bird,³ or a bird which gives omens.⁴ Zimmer⁵ compares κύκνος, which also is a bird of omen. ### [v2.c4.s8.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.26) ¹ iv. 26, 6; ix. 85, 11; 86, 13; 107, 20; 112, 2; x. 68, 7; 106, 3; 123, 6; 165, 2. ### [v2.c4.s8.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.27) ² Av. xii. 1, 51; 3, 13; xx. 127, 4; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iii. 2, 6, 2; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xviii. 53, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.28) ³ Cf. Av. xi. 2, 24, as compared with Vayas; Nirukta, iii. 18. ### [v2.c4.s8.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.29) ⁴ Cf. Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, vii. 4; Maitrāyaṇī Upaniṣad, vi. 34, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.30) ⁵ \*Altindisches Leben\*, 430. ### [v2.c4.s8.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.31) Śakuni, ‘bird,’ is used practically like Śakuna, but with a much clearer reference to divination. It was smaller than the Śyena or Suparṇa,¹ gave signs,² and foretold ill-luck.³ When it is mentioned⁴ in the list of sacrificial victims at the Aśvamedha (‘horse sacrifice’), a special species must be meant: later the falcon is so called, but the ‘raven’ may be intended; the commentator on the Taittirīya Saṃhitā thinks that it is the ‘crow.’ It is mentioned several times elsewhere.⁵ ### [v2.c4.s8.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.32) ¹ Rv. ii. 42, 2. ### [v2.c4.s8.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.33) ² Rv. ii. 42, 1; 43, 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.34) ³ Av. x. 3, 6. ### [v2.c4.s8.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.35) ⁴ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 5, 19, 1; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiv. 40; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iii. 14, 21. ### [v2.c4.s8.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.36) ⁵ Av. ii. 25, 2; vii. 64, 1; xi. 9, 9; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxv. 7; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 15, 12; iv. 7, 3; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiv. 1, 1, 31; Chāndogya Upaniṣad, vi. 8, 2, etc. Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 88, 430. ### [v2.c4.s8.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.37) Śakuni-mitra is one of the names of Vipaścit Pārāśarya in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 41, 1). ### [v2.c4.s8.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.38) Śakunta is a name for ‘bird’ in the Atharvaveda (xi. 6, 8). ### [v2.c4.s8.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.39) Śakuntaka,¹ Śakuntikā,² are diminutives, meaning ‘little bird’ in the Saṃhitās. ### [v2.c4.s8.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.40) ¹ Khila after Rv. ii. 43; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiii. 23. ### [v2.c4.s8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.41) ² Rv. i. 191, 1; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiii. 22. ### [v2.c4.s8.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.42) Śakuntalā is the name of an Apsaras who bore Bharata, according to the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,¹ at Nāḍapit. Weber² doubtfully reads the latter word as Nāḍapitī, an epithet of Śakuntalā. ### [v2.c4.s8.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.43) ¹ xiii. 5, 4, 13. ### [v2.c4.s8.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.44) ² Episches im vedischen Ritual, 6. ### [v2.c4.s8.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.45) Śakunti is found in the Rigveda (ii. 42, 3; 43, 1) denoting a ‘bird’ of omen. ### [v2.c4.s8.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.46) Śakula in the later Saṃhitās¹ denotes an unknown species of fish. ### [v2.c4.s8.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.47) ¹ Av. xx. 136, 1; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxiii. 28. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 97. ### [v2.c4.s8.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.48) Śakṛt,¹ Śakan,² denotes ‘dung’ in the Rigveda and later. It is clear that the value of manure was early appreciated (see Karīṣa). For the use of the smoke of dung or of a dung fire for prognosticating the weather, see Śakadhūma. ### [v2.c4.s8.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.49) ¹ Used only in nominative and accusative: Rv. i. 161, 10; Av. xii. 4, 9; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vii. 1, 19, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.50) ² In the oblique cases Śakan is the base, Av. xii. 4, 4; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 7, 23, 1; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxxvii. 9. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 236. ### [v2.c4.s8.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.51) 1. Śakti is said in the Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa¹ to have been the son of Vasiṣṭha, and to have been cast into the fire by the Viśvāmitras. According to Ṣaḍguruśiṣya,² who appears to follow the Śāṭyāyanaka,³ the story of Śakti is as follows: Viśvāmitra, being defeated in a contest by Śakti, had recourse to Jamadagni, who taught him the Sasarpari; later he revenged himself on Śakti by having him burnt in the forest. The Bṛhaddevatā⁴ relates the first part of the tale only. Geldner⁵ sees in the Rigveda⁶ a description of the death struggle of Śakti, but this interpretation is more than doubtful.⁷ ### [v2.c4.s8.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.52) ¹ ii. 390 (Journal of the American Oriental Society, 18, 47). ### [v2.c4.s8.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.53) ² Sarvānukramaṇī, ed. Macdonell, p. 107, and on Rv. vii. 32. ### [v2.c4.s8.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.54) ³ Geldner, Vedische Studien, 2, 159, n. 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.55) ⁴ iv. 112 et seq., with Macdonell's notes. ### [v2.c4.s8.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.56) ⁵ Op. cit., 2, 159 et seq.; more doubtfully, Rigveda, Kommentar, 89. ### [v2.c4.s8.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.57) ⁶ iii. 53, 22. ### [v2.c4.s8.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.58) ⁷ Oldenberg, Ṛgveda-Noten, 1, 254. ### [v2.c4.s8.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.59) 2. Śakti Āṅgirasa (‘descendant of Aṅgiras’) is the name of a seer of a Sāman or Chant in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa.¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.60) ¹ xii. 5, 16. Cf. Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, 2, 160. ### [v2.c4.s8.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.61) Śakvarī, fem. plur., denotes the Śakvarī verses, known also as the Mahānāmnī verses, to which the Śakvara Sāman (chant) is sung. This sense seems to occur in the Rigveda,¹ and is certain later.² ### [v2.c4.s8.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.62) ¹ vii. 33, 4; x. 71, 14; Nirukta, i. 8. ### [v2.c4.s8.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.63) ² Av. xiii. 1, 5; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, ii. 2, 8, 5; 6, 2, 3; iii. 4, 4, 1; v. 4, 12, 2; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxvi. 4; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, x. 6, 5; xii. 13, 12; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 1, 5, 11; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 3, 1, 1; 9, 2, 17, etc. Cf. Keith, Aitareya Āraṇyaka, 258 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s8.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.64) Śaṅku in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes a ‘wooden peg.’ Thus the term is used of the pegs by which a skin is stretched out in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa,³ and of the pin of hobbles (Paḍbīśa).⁴ In the Chāndogya Upaniṣad⁵ it may mean ‘stalk’⁶ or ‘fibre of a leaf.’⁷ 1. Śaṅkha in the Atharvaveda,¹ with the epithet Kṛśana, denotes a pearl-shell used as an amulet. In the later literature² it denotes a ‘shell’ or ‘conch’ used for blowing as a wind instrument. ### [v2.c4.s8.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.65) ¹ i. 164, 48. ### [v2.c4.s8.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.66) ² Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 5, 1, 1; 2, 2; 6, 1, 3; xiii. 8, 4, 1; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 18, 6, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.67) ³ ii. 1, 1, 10. ### [v2.c4.s8.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.68) ⁴ Bṛhadāraṇyaka, vi. 2, 13 (Mādhyamdina = vi. 1, 13 Kāṇva), etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.69) ⁵ ii. 23, 4. ### [v2.c4.s8.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.70) ⁶ Max Müller, Sacred Books of the East, 1, 35. ### [v2.c4.s8.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.71) ⁷ Little, Grammatical Index, 149. But cf. Oertel, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, 228, who compares śūcī in Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 10; Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa, i. 10, 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.72) ¹ iv. 10, 1. See Lanman in Whitney, Translation of the Atharvaveda, 161. ### [v2.c4.s8.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.73) ² Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, ii. 4, 9; iv. 5, 10. ### [v2.c4.s8.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.74) 2. Śaṅkha Kauṣya is mentioned as a teacher whom Jāta Śākāyanya criticized in the Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā (xxii. 7; cf. 6). ### [v2.c4.s8.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.75) 3. Śaṅkha Bābhravya (‘descendant of Babhru’) is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Rāma, in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 41, 1; iv. 17, 1). ### [v2.c4.s8.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.76) Śaṅkha-dhma, a ‘conch-blower,’ is enumerated among the victims at the Puruṣamedha (‘human sacrifice’) in the Yajurveda,¹ and is mentioned in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad.² ### [v2.c4.s8.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.77) ¹ Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxx. 19; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 4, 13, 1. ### [v2.c4.s8.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.78) ² ii. 4, 9; iv. 5, 10. ### [v2.c4.s8.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.79) Śaṅga Śāṭyāyani (‘descendant of Śāṭyāyana’) Ātreya (‘descendant of Atri’) is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Nagarin, in the Jaiminīya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 40, 1). ### [v2.c4.s8.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.80) Śacīvant is apparently the name of a man in one passage of the Rigveda,¹ where the vocative Śacīvaḥ occurs. But Roth² prefers to read Śaci ca instead. ### [v2.c4.s8.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.81) ¹ x. 74, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.82) ² St. Petersburg Dictionary, s.v. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 108; Griffith, Hymns of the Rigveda, 2, 489, n. ### [v2.c4.s8.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.83) Śaṇa denotes a kind of ‘hemp’ (\*Cannabis sativa\* or \*Crotolaria juncea\*). It is mentioned in the Atharvaveda¹ as growing in the forest, and as used like the Jaṅgiḍa as a remedy against Viṣkandha. It also occurs in the Satapatha Brāhmaṇa.² ### [v2.c4.s8.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.84) ¹ ii. 4, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.85) ² iii. 2, 1, 11; i 6, 1, 24; 2, 15. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 68. ### [v2.c4.s8.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.86) Śaṇḍa is joined with Marka as a Purohita of the Asuras in the Yajurveda Saṃhitās¹ and Brāhmaṇas.² ### [v2.c4.s8.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.87) ¹ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 4, 10, 1; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, iv. 6, 3; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, vii. 12. 13 (Marka in 16. 17). ### [v2.c4.s8.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.88) ² Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iv. 2, 1, 4; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 1, 5. Cf. Hillebrandt, Vedische Mythologie, i, 223. ### [v2.c4.s8.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.89) Śaṇḍika is found in one passage of the Rigveda¹ in the plural. According to Ludwig,² the hymn is a prayer for victory over the Śaṇḍikas and their king. ### [v2.c4.s8.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.90) ¹ iii. 30, 8. ### [v2.c4.s8.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.91) ² Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 153. ### [v2.c4.s8.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.92) Śata-dyumna (‘possessing a hundred glories’) is the name of a man who, along with Yajñeṣu, was made prosperous by the priest Mātsya through his knowledge of the exact moment for sacrifice, according to the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa (i. 5, 2, 1). ### [v2.c4.s8.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.93) Śata-pati occurs in a verse of the Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā¹ and the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa² as an epithet of Indra, who is described as alone the ‘lord of a hundred’ among men. To interpret the expression as ‘lord of a hundred gods,’ as does the commentary on the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, is obviously impossible. It seems clear that there is a reference to an analogous human functionary—viz., the lord of a hundred villages, known in the later law³—who was probably at once a judicial deputy of the sovereign and a revenue collector, an ancient magistrate and collector. ### [v2.c4.s8.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.94) ¹ iv. 14, 12. ### [v2.c4.s8.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.95) ² ii. 8, 4, 2. ### [v2.c4.s8.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.96) ³ See Foy, Die königliche Gewalt, 74. ### [v2.c4.s8.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.97) Śata-balākṣa Maudgalya (‘descendant of Mudgala’) is the name of a grammarian in the Nirukta (xi. 6). ### [v2.c4.s8.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.98) Śata-māna. See Māna and Kṛṣṇala. ### [v2.c4.s8.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.99) Śata-yātu (‘having a hundred magic powers’) is the name of a Ṛṣi in the Rigveda.¹ He is enumerated after Parāśara and before Vasiṣṭha. Geldner² thinks he may have been a son of Vasiṣṭha. ### [v2.c4.s8.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.100) ¹ vii. 18, 21. ### [v2.c4.s8.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.101) ² Vedische Studien, 2, 132. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Atharvaveda, 3, 139. ### [v2.c4.s8.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.102) Śata-rudriya,¹ Śata-rudrīya² (hymn ‘relating to the hundred Rudras’), is the name of a section of the Yajurveda,³ which celebrates the god Rudra in his hundred aspects, enumerating his many epithets. ### [v2.c4.s8.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.103) ¹ Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxi. 6; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ix. 1, 1; 2, 1; x. 1, 5, 3. 15. ### [v2.c4.s8.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.104) ² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 4, 3, 1; 5, 9, 4; 7 3, 3; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 11, 9, 9, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.105) ³ Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 5, 1-11; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xvii. 11-16; Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā, ii. 9, 1 et seq.; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xvi. 1 et seq. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 202; Weber, Indian Literature, 108, 111, 159, 169, 170; Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 43, 150 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s8.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.106) Śata-śarada in the Rigveda¹ and the Atharvaveda² denotes a ‘period of a hundred autumns’ or years. ### [v2.c4.s8.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.107) ¹ vii. 101, 6; x. 161, 2. ### [v2.c4.s8.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.108) ² i. 35, 1; viii. 2, 2; 5, 21. ### [v2.c4.s8.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.109) Śatānīka Sātrājita is mentioned in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa¹ and the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa² as a great king who defeated Dhṛtarāṣṭra, the prince of Kāśi, and took away his sacrificial horse. He was clearly a Bharata. He is also alluded to in the Atharvaveda.³ ### [v2.c4.s8.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.110) ¹ viii. 21, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.111) ² xiii. 5, 4, 9-13. ### [v2.c4.s8.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.112) ³ i. 35, 1 = Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xxxiv. 52, in connexion with the Dākṣāyaṇas. ### [v2.c4.s8.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.113) Śatri Agni-veśi (‘descendant of Agniveśa’) is the name of a generous patron in the Rigveda.¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.114) ¹ v. 34, 9. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 155. ### [v2.c4.s8.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.115) Śatru denotes ‘enemy’ in the Rigveda¹ and later.² ### [v2.c4.s8.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.116) ¹ i. 33, 13; 61, 13; ii. 23, 11; 30, 3 et seq.; iii. 16, 2; iv. 28, 4, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.117) ² Av. iv. 3, 1; vi. 4, 2; x. 3, 1, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.118) Śam-tanu is the hero of a tale told by Yāska,¹ and often found later.² He supersedes his elder brother Devāpi as king of the Kurus. When his improper deed brings on a prolonged drought in his realm, he is compelled to ask his brother to assume the kingship; Devāpi, however, refuses, but instead performs a sacrifice which produces rain. Sieg³ endeavours to trace this story in the Rigveda,⁴ but all that is there stated is that Devāpi Ārṣiṣeṇa obtained (no doubt as priest) rain for Śamtanu (no doubt a king). There is no hint of relationship at all. ### [v2.c4.s8.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.119) ¹ Nirukta, ii. 10. ### [v2.c4.s8.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.120) ² Bṛhaddevatā, vii. 155 et seq., with Macdonell's notes; Sieg, Die Sagenstoffe des Rgveda, 129 et seq. ### [v2.c4.s8.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.121) ³ Loc. cit. ### [v2.c4.s8.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.122) ⁴ x. 98. ### [v2.c4.s8.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.123) Śapatha in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes a ‘curse,’ not an ‘oath,’ as a judicial process. But that an oath of such a kind was possible as it was later,² is shown by at least one passage of the Rigveda,³ where the speaker, possibly Vasiṣṭha, imprecates death on himself if he is a wizard, and death on his foes if he is not. ### [v2.c4.s8.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.124) ¹ x. 87, 15; Nirukta, vii. 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.125) ² Av. iii. 9, 5; iv. 9, 5; 18, 7; 19, 7, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.126) ³ vii. 104, 15. Cf. Muir, Sanskrit Texts, I², 326, 327. ### [v2.c4.s8.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.127) 1. Śapha, ‘hoof,’ comes to be used to denote the fraction ‘one-eighth,’ because of the divided hoofs of the cow, just as Pāda, the ‘foot’ of a quadruped, also means a ‘quarter.’ This sense in found as early as the Rigveda,¹ and is not rare later.² ### [v2.c4.s8.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.128) ¹ viii. 47, 17. ### [v2.c4.s8.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.129) ² Av. vi. 46, 3; xix. 57, 1; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 1, 10, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 3, 3, etc. Cf. Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 16, 278; 17, 47; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 259. ### [v2.c4.s8.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.130) 2. Śapha in the Brāhmaṇa¹ is the name (used in the dual) of a wooden implement, acting like a pair of tongs, for lifting an iron pot from the fire. It is probably so called because it resembled a hoof in being divided. ### [v2.c4.s8.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.131) ¹ Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, i. 22, 14; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xiv. 2, 1, 16. Cf. Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 44, 458, n. 4; 476. ### [v2.c4.s8.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.132) Śaphaka is the name of some plant in the Atharvaveda.¹ It is also mentioned in the Āpastamba Śrauta Sūtra,² where it seems to denote an edible water plant or fruit, perhaps a water nut. It may be so called from its leaves being shaped like hoofs (Śapha). ### [v2.c4.s8.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.133) ¹ iv. 34, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.134) ² ix. 14, 14. Cf. Weber, Indische Studien, 18, 138; Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 70; Whitney, Translation of the Atharvaveda 207. ### [v2.c4.s8.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.135) Śaphāla is the name of Ṛtuparṇa’s kingdom in the Baudhāyana Śrauta Sūtra.¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.136) ¹ xx. 12. Cf. Caland, Über das rituelle Sūtra des Baudhāyana, 21, 36. ### [v2.c4.s8.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.137) Sabara is the name of a wild tribe who in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa¹ are classed as Dasyus, with the Andhras, Pulindas, Mūtibas, and Puṇḍras. ### [v2.c4.s8.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.138) ¹ vii. 18, 2; Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra, xv. 26, 6. Cf. Muir, Sanskrit Texts, i², 483. ### [v2.c4.s8.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.139) Śamitṛ denotes the ‘man who cuts up’ the slaughtered animal in the Rigveda¹ and later,² sometimes having merely the sense of ‘cook.’ ### [v2.c4.s8.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.140) ¹ i. 162, 9 et seq.; ii. 3, 10; iii. 4, 10; v. 43, 4, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.141) ² Av. x. 9, 7 (‘cook’ of the Śataudana, or offering of a cow and a hundred rice-dishes); Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xvii. 57; xxi. 21; xxiii. 39; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 6, 2; 7, 10-12; vii. 1, 2; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xxv. 18, 4, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.142) Śamī is the name of a tree in the Atharvaveda¹ and later.² It is described in the Atharvaveda³ as destructive to the hair,⁴ as producing intoxication, and as broad-leaved. These characteristics are totally wanting in the two trees, Prosopis spicigera or Mimosa suma, with which the Śamī is usually identified.⁵ ### [v2.c4.s8.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.143) ¹ Av. vi. 11, 1; 30, 2. 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.144) ² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 1, 9, 6; 4, 7, 4 (for the lower araṇi); Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xxxvi. 6; Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 3, 11 et seq.; 6, 4, 5; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ii. 5, 2, 12; ix. 2, 3, 37, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.145) ³ Av. vi. 30, 2. 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.146) ⁴ In the Dhanvantariya Nighaṇṭu, p. 188 (ed. Poona), the Śamī and its fruit are said to destroy the hair. ### [v2.c4.s8.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.147) ⁵ See Roth in Whitney, Translation of the Atharvaveda, 302. ### [v2.c4.s8.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.148) From the soft wood of the Śamī was formed the lower of the two sticks (araṇī) used for kindling the sacred fire,⁶ the upper one (the drill) being of Aśvattha. The fruit of the tree is called Śamīdhānya.⁷ ### [v2.c4.s8.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.149) ⁶ Av. vi. 11, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xi. 5, 1, 15; cf. 13; iii. 4, 1, 22; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 1, 9, 6; 4, 7, 4. ### [v2.c4.s8.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.150) ⁷ Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 1, 10. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 59, 60. ### [v2.c4.s8.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.151) Śambara is the name of an enemy of Indra in the Rigveda.¹ He is mentioned along with Śuṣṇa, Pipru, and Varcin, being in one passage called a Dāsa, son of Kulitara.² In another passage³ he is said to have deemed himself a godling (devaka). His forts, ninety,⁴ ninety-nine,⁵ or a hundred⁶ in number, are alluded to, the word itself in the neuter plural once⁷ meaning the ‘forts of Śambara.’ His great foe was Divodāsa Atithigva, who won victories over him by Indra’s aid.⁸ ### [v2.c4.s8.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.152) ¹ i. 51, 6; 54, 4; 59, 6; 101, 2; 103, 8; 112, 14; 130, 7; ii. 12, 11; 14, 6; 19, 6; iv. 26, 3; 30, 14; vi. 18, 8; 26, 5; 31, 4; 43, 1; 47, 2. 21; vii. 18, 20; 99, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.153) ² Rv. vi. 26, 5. ### [v2.c4.s8.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.154) ³ Rv. vii. 18, 20. ### [v2.c4.s8.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.155) ⁴ Rv. i. 130, 7. ### [v2.c4.s8.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.156) ⁵ Rv. ii. 19, 6. ### [v2.c4.s8.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.157) ⁶ Rv. ii. 14, 6. ### [v2.c4.s8.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.158) ⁷ Rv. ii. 24, 2. ### [v2.c4.s8.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.159) ⁸ Rv. i. 51, 6; 130, 7; ii. 19, 6; iv. 26, 3, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.160) It is impossible to say with certainty whether Śambara was a real person or not. Hillebrandt⁹ is strongly in favour of the theory that he was a real chief as enemy of Divodāsa: he relies on the statistics¹⁰ of the mention of the name to show that, whereas he was conceived as a real foe in the hymns of the time of Divodāsa, later texts, like those of the seventh Maṇḍala, make him into a demon, as a result of the change of scene from Arachosia to India. As a matter of fact, apart from this theory, Śambara was quite possibly an aboriginal enemy in India, living in the mountains.¹¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.161) ⁹ Vedische Mythologie, i, 103, 108; 3, 273. ### [v2.c4.s8.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.162) ¹⁰ Seven times in Maṇḍala i; four in ii; two in iv; six in vi; two in vii. These references show primā facie greater reality in Maṇḍala vi than elsewhere. The references in ii are certainly all of the mythical kind, and those in vii are of much the same sort. ### [v2.c4.s8.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.163) ¹¹ Rv. i. 130, 7; iv. 30, 14; vi. 26, 5. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 177; Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 161; Oldenberg, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 42, 210; Geldner, Rigveda, Glossar, 178. ### [v2.c4.s8.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.164) Śambin, a word occurring only once, appears to mean ‘ferryman’ in the Atharvaveda (ix. 2, 6). The literal sense is probably ‘pole-man’ (from śamba, a word of doubtful signification found in the Rigveda, x. 42, 7). ### [v2.c4.s8.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.165) Śammad Āṅgirasa (‘descendant of Āṅgiras’) is the name of the seer of a Sāman or Chant in the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa (xv. 5, 11). Cf. Hillebrandt, \*Vedische Mythologie\*, 2, 160. ### [v2.c4.s8.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.166) Śamyā denotes in the Rigveda¹ and later² a ‘peg,’ more particularly one on the millstone;³ and on the yoke,⁴ where it seems to mean the pin of wood attached to either end so as to keep the yoke in place on the ox’s neck.⁵ The Śamyā was also used as a measure of length.⁶ ### [v2.c4.s8.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.167) ¹ x. 31, 10. ### [v2.c4.s8.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.168) ² Av. vi. 138, 4; xx. 136, 9; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, vi. 2, 7, 1; Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, xxv. 10, 4; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xii. 5, 2, 7, etc. Cf. xi. 1, 6; xv. 7, 6; Grierson, \*Bihar Peasant Life\*, 194, and illustration, p. 33; Cuningham, \*The Stūpa of Bharhut\*, Plate xxviii.; Caland and Henry, \*L’Agnistoma\*, 49. ### [v2.c4.s8.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.169) ³ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, i. 6, 1, 1; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 1, 1, 22; 2, 1, 16 \*et seq.\*; v. 2, 3, 2, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.170) ⁴ Rv. iii. 33, 13; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, iii. 3, 4, 25; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, i. 6, 8, 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.171) ⁵ Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, vi. 5, 20. ### [v2.c4.s8.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.172) ⁶ Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, iii. 2, 6, 2. According to the commentary on Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, v. 3, 20, the length was 32 Aṅgulas, or fingerbreadths This would be equivalent to 2 feet: \*cf.\* Fleet, \*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society\*, 1912, 232. ### [v2.c4.s8.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.173) Śayaṇḍaka. See Śayāṇḍaka. ### [v2.c4.s8.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.174) Śayana in the Atharvaveda¹ and later² denotes a ‘couch.’ Cf. Talpa, Vahya. ### [v2.c4.s8.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.175) ¹ iii. 25, 1; v. 29, 8. ### [v2.c4.s8.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.176) ² Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, xi. 5, 1, 2; 7, 4. ### [v2.c4.s8.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.177) Śayāṇḍaka is the form in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā¹ of the name of an animal which in the Maitrāyaṇī² and Vājasaneyi Saṃhitās³ is written as Śayaṇḍaka. Some sort of bird is meant according to Roth,⁴ but the commentator on the Taittirīya Saṃhitā equates the word with Kṛkalāsa, ‘chameleon.’ ### [v2.c4.s8.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.178) ¹ v. 5, 14, 1. ### [v2.c4.s8.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.179) ² iii. 14, 14. ### [v2.c4.s8.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.180) ³ xxiv. 33. ### [v2.c4.s8.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.181) ⁴ St. Petersburg Dictionary, \*s.v.\* Cf. Zimmer, \*Altindisches Leben\*, 95. ### [v2.c4.s8.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.182) Śayu is the name in the Rigveda¹ of a protégé of the Aśvins, who made his cow to give milk. ### [v2.c4.s8.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.183) ¹ i. 112, 16; 116, 22; 117, 20; 118, 8; 119, 6; vi. 62, 7; vii. 68, 8; x. 39, 13; 40, 8. ### [v2.c4.s8.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.184) 1. Śara in the Rigveda¹ and later² denotes a kind of ‘reed’ (Saccharum Sara). Its use for arrow shafts,³ and its brittleness,⁴ are expressly referred to in the Atharvaveda. Cf. Śarya. ### [v2.c4.s8.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.185) ¹ i. 191, 3. ### [v2.c4.s8.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.186) ² Av. iv. 7, 4; Taittirīya Saṃhitā, v. 2, 6, 2; vi. 1, 3, 3; Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā, xi. 5; xxiii. 4; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 2, 4, 1; iii. 1, 3, 13; Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 4, 11, etc.; Nirukta, v. 4, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.187) ³ Av. i. 2, 1; 3, 1. ### [v2.c4.s8.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.188) ⁴ Av. viii. 8, 4. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 71. ### [v2.c4.s8.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.189) 2. Śara Arcatka (‘descendant of Ṛcatka’) is the name of a Ṛṣi in the Rigveda.¹ It is very doubtful, however, whether Ārcatka is really a patronymic. ### [v2.c4.s8.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.190) ¹ i. 116, 22; cf. perhaps i. 112, 16; Oldenberg, Ṛgveda-Noten, i, 103. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 150. ### [v2.c4.s8.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.191) 3. Śara Śaura-devya (‘descendant of Śūradeva’) is the name of a generous prince in the Rigveda,¹ who gave one calf to three singers. That this Dānastuti (‘praise of gifts’) is ironical seems certain.² ### [v2.c4.s8.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.192) ¹ viii. 70, 13-15. ### [v2.c4.s8.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.193) ² Pischel, Vedische Studien, i, 5-7; Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 163; 5, 175. ### [v2.c4.s8.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.194) Śarad. See Ṛtu. ### [v2.c4.s8.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.195) 1. Śarabha is the name of some wild animal in the Atharvaveda¹ and later.² In the classical literature it is a fabulous, eight-legged beast, dwelling in the snowy mountains, a foe of lions and elephants: the commentator Mahīdhara sees this sense, but without reason, in the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā. The animal is spoken of as akin to the goat;³ it was probably a kind of deer. ### [v2.c4.s8.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.196) ¹ ix. 5, 9. Cf. Śalabha. ### [v2.c4.s8.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.197) ² Taittirīya Saṃhitā, iv. 2, 10, 4; Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā, xiii. 51; Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, ii. 8, 5; Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, i. 2, 3, 9, etc. ### [v2.c4.s8.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.198) ³ Av., loc. cit.; Satapatha Brāhmaṇa, loc. cit. Eggeling, Sacred Books of the East, 12, 52, n. 1, accepts the traditional rendering. Cf. Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, 89. ### [v2.c4.s8.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.199) 2. Śarabha is the name of a Ṛṣi in the Rigveda.¹ ### [v2.c4.s8.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8.200) ¹ viii. 100, 6. Cf. Ludwig, Translation of the Rigveda, 3, 163. _First 200 of 994 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8)_ --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.macdonell-keith-1912.v2.c4.s8) · Pramāṇa