[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Dictionary of Pali Proper Names](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937) › v1 # Dictionary of Pali Proper Names v1: Volume 1 Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names v1 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v1.c1 Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1) — 14 parts - [v1.c2 General Note](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2) — 5 parts - [v1.c3 Editorial Note](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c3) — 2 parts - [v1.c4 Preface](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4) — 20 parts - [v1.c5 List of Abbreviations](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5) — 22 parts - [v1.c6 Note on the Use of the Dictionary](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6) — 3,710 parts - [v1.c7 Ā](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c7) — 920 parts - [v1.c8 I](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c8) — 401 parts - [v1.c9 U](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c9) — 1,620 parts - [v1.c10 Ū](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c10) — 269 parts - [v1.c11 O](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c11) — 116 parts - [v1.c12 K](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c12) — 3,606 parts - [v1.c13 Kh](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c13) — 433 parts - [v1.c14 G](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c14) — 1,236 parts - [v1.c15 Gh](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c15) — 101 parts - [v1.c16 C](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c16) — 1,252 parts - [v1.c17 Ch](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c17) — 155 parts - [v1.c18 J](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c18) — 671 parts - [v1.c19 Jh](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c19) — 24 parts - [v1.c20 Ñ](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c20) — 55 parts - [v1.c21 T](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c21) — 956 parts - [v1.c22 Th](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c22) — 132 parts - [v1.c23 D](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c23) — 1,174 parts - [v1.c24 Dh](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c24) — 564 parts ### Volume 1 ### Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names ### [v1.c1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.1) WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR ### [v1.c1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.2) THE PĀLI LITERATURE OF CEYLON (R.A.S. Prize Publication Series.) Royal 8vo. London, 1928. ### [v1.c1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.3) THE MAHĀVAMSA ṬĪKĀ Edited for the Government of Ceylon. (Published by the Pāli Text Society.) London, 1936. ### [v1.c1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.4) THE "EXTENDED MAHĀVAMSA" (R A.S. Ceylon Branch.) Aluvihāra Series. Calcutta, 1937. ### [v1.c1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.5) INDIAN TEXTS SERIES ### [v1.c1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.6) DICTIONARY OF PĀLI PROPER NAMES ### [v1.c1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.7) BY G. P. MALALASEKERA, M.A., PH.D.(LOND.) HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INDO-ARYAN STUDIES AT THE CEYLON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ### [v1.c1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.8) VOL. I. A — DH ### [v1.c1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.9) LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1 PUBLISHED FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ### [v1.c1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.10) TO ### [v1.c1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.11) MY TEACHER AND FAR MORE THAN TEACHER ### [v1.c1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.12) CAROLINE A. F. RHYS DAVIDS ### [v1.c1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.13) IN REVERENT AFFECTION AND INTENSE GRATITUDE ### [v1.c1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c1.14) “\*Paṭipādesi me maggaṃ tava ñāṇena, cakkhumā.\*” ### General Note ### [v1.c2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2.1) ONE of my abiding memories of the days in the Nineties, when work under and with Rhys Davids became an essential part of my married life, was the foreground-presence of three interleaved volumes. These were Robert H. Childers’s Pāli Dictionary (a copy bequeathed by him to my husband) and the Pāli Text Society’s \*Journal\* for 1888, almost monopolized by an Index of Pāli Names by the Swiss scholar Edward Müller-Hess. Daily those interleaved pages were becoming ever more filled, to say nothing of marginal additions, so keenly did Rhys Davids record as soon as it appeared the New—or shall I say, the Newly-risen from the Once-had-been. ### [v1.c2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2.2) Even then the question of loyal collaborators in the new Dictionary and that of raising funds to print it were exercising energy and patience. The Names Dictionary, as less yet otherwise important, he consigned to a list of desirable publications worthy to be included in the programme of the Indian Texts Series, a subvention which he had persuaded Lord Curzon, at a Calcutta interview, to make. In that list, to give prior place to the works of other men, he gave it a place so low down that its publication could not come within his lifetime. Others would garner and arrange what he had reaped. ### [v1.c2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2.3) I did not find the assigning of this an easy task. For a scholar in the best sense the work was not creative enough. For the analytical scholar its range was too scattered in space and time. And the scholar is a hopeful animal who will accept work he has neither time nor serious intention to take up without delay. Meanwhile I had to nurse impatience and wait. ### [v1.c2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2.4) Then a keen and gifted student, once my pupil, consented to fill the breach. With Dr. Malalasekera, to undertake is to will to begin work there and then. And now, working as men-of-will work, in the leisure intervals of an educational appointment, with yet another large task on his shoulders—the \*Mahāvamsa-Ṭīkā\*, published in 1935—unbaffled by a temporary breakdown through over-work, he has come as editor of the Names Dictionary to see land ahead. ### [v1.c2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c2.5) He has naturally not rested content with the materials collected by Rhys Davids. That collecting came to an end with the end of an earth ### Editorial Note ### [v1.c3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c3.1) life in 1922. Since that date the Pāli Text Society has published 28 volumes of first editions of texts, and some 14 annotated translations. And this is to say nothing of other contributions made elsewhere, referring to names associated with Buddhist history. Nor is there yet an end to all that. For yet a few years the collecting of addenda will be necessary. None the less the hour for the book's appearance is come, and I am happy to have been yet here to say so. ### [v1.c3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c3.2) C. A. F. RHYS DAVIDS. ### Preface ### [v1.c4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.1) DR. STEDE, the illustrious editor of the Pāli Text Society’s Pāli-English Dictionary, having said, in his Afterword to that great work: “It will be worth the trouble to explore more thoroughly that range of civilisation which lies enshrined in the Pāli Canon,” added in a footnote, “In connection with this I may point out that one of the greatest needs of Pāli scholarship is a Dictionary of Names . . . the Name Dictionary will be an indispensable supplement to the Word Dictionary.” That was in 1925, when I was yet a student at the School of Oriental Studies, with the privilege of having Dr. Stede as one of my teachers. ### [v1.c4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.2) Somewhere in 1930 when, in the course of a letter to Dr. Stede, I casually inquired what progress had been made with the Names Dictionary, which (after the death of Rhys Davids), I knew he was keen to edit, he wrote back to say that owing to circumstances beyond the control of those most concerned, nothing further had been done since 1925, and that he had abandoned the idea of doing the work himself because he was far from being well and was very busy with his teaching at the School. He also indicated that there was much difficulty in getting someone else suitable to undertake the task. Thereupon I wrote to Mrs. Rhys Davids, as President of the Pāli Text Society, offering my services in the compilation of the Names Dictionary, if I could be of any possible use. She replied very promptly and most encouragingly. The publication of the Names Dictionary, she said, was not in the hands of the P.T.S.; the work was to be included in the Indian Text Series, issued under the ægis of the India Office in Whitehall. Now that her husband, by whom the Dictionary had been originally prepared, was no more, the choice of an Editor ultimately lay with the authorities of the India Office, though the P.T.S. would naturally have a large say in the matter. She would certainly recommend to the Council of India that the compilation be given over in my charge. ### [v1.c4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.3) There followed the usual inevitable delays, and it was not till July, 1931, that the India Office, in consultation with the Government of India, accepted Mrs. Rhys Davids’ recommendation and asked me to undertake the work. Meanwhile Mrs. Rhys Davids had, with remarkable but characteristic generosity, sent me, of her own accord, her husband’s copy of the P.T.S. Journal for 1888, containing Edward Müller’s “Index of Pāli Proper Names,” interleaved with numerous additional references entered by Rhys Davids himself. I was, however, at the time deeply engrossed with my critical edition of the Mahāvaṃsa Ṭīkā (since published by the P.T.S.) for the Ceylon Government, and was therefore not able to devote much attention to the Names Dictionary till 1933. ### [v1.c4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.4) The original suggestion was that I should limit my “sources to the Tipiṭaka, the fifth century Commentaries on the Pāli Canon, a few post-Piṭakan works, published by the P.T.S., separately or in Journals, and the Milindapañha.” I was “not to compile a Lexicon, but to follow in general the method adopted by Müller in \*J.P.T.S.\*, 1888, giving, only in the case of the more important names, short translations from a few specified references, the material to go into one not very bulky volume.” Mrs. Rhys Davids was confident that the work could be finished in a year. I took advantage of a visit I paid to Europe in 1932 to discuss these matters with Mrs. Rhys Davids, Dr. Stede, Professor Turner, Dr. Barnett, Dr. Sylvan Lévi and other eminent Orientalists, and with the authorities of the India Office. As a result of these discussions the original scheme was considerably modified, and I was enabled to give myself greater freedom in the selection of sources and in following my own preferences in the treatment of the materials. ### [v1.c4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.5) When I came to examine the materials at my disposal I found that I had undertaken a truly stupendous task. Müller’s plan, in general, was to give a name and a description of it, followed by a series of references—e.g., “Yasa, son of Kākaṇḍaka; took a principal part at the Council of Vesāli, C. xii. 1, 1 et seq., 2. 1 et seq.; Smp. 293, 312; Dpv. v. 23; Mah. 15-19, 42.” In his bibliography he indicated that he had indexed the Vinaya Piṭaka, the Majjhima, Aṅguttara and Saṃyutta Nikāyas, the Mahāparinibbāṇa and Sāmaññaphala Suttas of the Digha Nikāya, the Sutta Nipāta, the Thera- and Theri-gāthā, Udāna, Buddhavamsa, Cariyāpiṭaka, Dhammapada (text only), the Jātaka, Puggalapaññatti, the Mahāvaṃsa and Dīpavaṃsa and the Milindapañha, and, of the Commentaries, the first volume of the Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī, the portion of the Samantapāsādikā quoted in Vol. III. of Oldenberg’s Vinaya, and a few extracts from the Paramatthadīpanī on the Udāna and Thera- and Theri-gāthā. I soon discovered, however, that except in the case of the Vinaya Piṭaka and the Dīpavaṃsa there were numerous and serious omissions. ### [v1.c4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.6) Rhys Davids, in his interleaved copy of Müller’s Index, had inserted a very large number of fresh names and numerous additional references in the case of names already included by Müller. This lightened my task considerably, but not to the extent I should have desired. For it is a well-known fact that a scholar’s collectanea, however carefully prepared, can be used, if at all, by another only after a great deal of trouble and with extreme caution. Everyone has his peculiar intentions and his ### [v1.c4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.7) peculiar methods in the handling and arrangement of scientific materials. I found, for instance, that I could not verify numerous references because of the absence of a "key" to some of Rhys Davids' abbreviations. Of the Indexes to the volumes published by the P.T.S. only those of the Aṅguttara, Saṃyutta and Majjhima Nikāyas and the Sutta Nipāta Commentary were found to be at all adequate, but even in these cases I soon discovered that if I relied solely on the passages referred to in the Indexes, without knowing what went before in the context and what followed, I should miss a great deal of valuable information and run grave risk of inaccuracy. As a result of these considerations, I decided that the only safe course to adopt would be to go through the books myself and make my own indexes and notes. And this I did, except in the case of the Vinaya Piṭaka, where I found Müller's Index unimpeachable. As regards the Commentaries, the indexes both of the P.T.S. volumes and those issued in the Simon Hewavitarne Bequest Series were quite unsatisfactory. It will be seen, therefore, that I hold myself entirely responsible for the accuracy (or otherwise) of the references contained in this Dictionary. ### [v1.c4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.8) The work in its present form includes, besides other materials, information obtained from the whole of the Tipiṭaka and all the Commentaries thereon. It was my intention, at first, to index the Ṭīkās as well, but after reading through several of them I decided that the additional material to be gleaned from them would not be sufficient recompense for the trouble and inevitable delay involved. There was also the difficulty of obtaining satisfactorily uniform editions of the Ṭīkās, in spite of the great attention apparently devoted to these texts in Burma. Among non-Canonical works, I have included, besides the Milindapañha, the Mahāvamsa, Dīpavamsa, Mahābodhivamsa, Sāsanavamsa, Gandhavamsa, and the Sāsanavamsadīpa. I have also included the Cūlavamsa, chiefly in order to complete the information contained in the Mahāvamsa, and the Mahāvamsa Ṭīkā, because it contains valuable data regarding names occurring in the Mahāvamsa. It was suggested, while the work had made considerable progress, that I should not forget the many short volumes in P.T.S. Journals—e.g., the Jinacarita, Dāṭhāvamsa, etc. References to some of them are already given in the main body of the Dictionary, while others will be given in the Appendix, at the end of the second Volume. I have attempted to give the names of all Suttas and Jātakas and of Pāli works of any literary importance written in India, Burma and Ceylon, prior to about 1700 A.D. With regard to these works it was not my intention to do more than merely mention their names; for further details concerning them reference should be made to Bode's Pāli Literature of Burma and my Pāli Literature of Ceylon, both published by the R.A.S. in their Prize Publication Fund Series. In some cases doubts arose in my own mind as to the exact category of “names.”\[¹\] Where such doubt existed, I included the name in the Dictionary. It will be seen that I have also included a few articles on what, strictly speaking, are Common and not Proper Names—e.g., Asura, Cakkavatti Deva, Buddha (in addition to Gotama), Mahāpurisa, Māra, etc. My only excuse is that detailed information on these topics is not available elsewhere without reference to numerous texts. ### [v1.c4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.9) ¹ Re Pāli proper names see Rhys Davids in \*Dialogues\*, i. 193 f. ### [v1.c4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.10) In order that this Dictionary might be completed within reasonable limits, both of time and space, I have deliberately avoided mention of Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, except to give very occasional references to the Mahāvastu, Divyāvadāna, Jātakamālā and the Avadānaśataka, where I felt that such references would be useful. The great mass of information to be found in Buddhist Sanskrit Texts would supply more than ample material for at least one other volume of this nature. For the same reason I have refrained from any special effort to refer, for purposes of this Dictionary, to articles in various books and journals, published in Europe and India, dealing with matters discussed herein. I have satisfied myself with only such references as had already come under my notice in the course of my studies, one way or another. ### [v1.c4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.11) Two books, that reached me after I had more or less finished the work of indexing, proved of great use; the first, \*A Dictionary of Buddhist Proper Names, especially in India\*, by Professor C. Akanuma of Nagoya, Japan; and the second, \*The Geography of Early Buddhism\*, by Dr. B. C. Law of Calcutta. Professor Akanuma’s work is, unfortunately for me, in Japanese, and my ignorance of that language prevented my making full use of it, but many of the references are given in Roman script and helped me to check my own indexes. Dr. Law’s book was of more immediate benefit to me. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to both these authors. ### [v1.c4.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.12) It now remains for me to express my gratitude to some of those that helped in various ways to bring this work to its close. First and foremost is my teacher, Mrs. Rhys Davids, but for whose active sympathy, forceful assistance and kindly guidance in all its stages this Dictionary could never have been undertaken, much less completed. Throughout its progress I have been impelled by the desire to offer it to her, with deep humility, as a token of my great \*gurubhakti\*. It is a matter of intense satisfaction to me that this ambition has been fulfilled. ### [v1.c4.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.13) To the Secretary of State for India in Council I am exceedingly grateful for the honour he has done me in allowing me the privilege of continuing the work originally entrusted to a scholar of the unique distinction of the late Professor Rhys Davids. I trust I have, in some small measure at least, succeeded in justifying the confidence he thought fit to place in me. ### [v1.c4.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.14) I should like also to add my gratitude to Mr. W. T. Ottewill, O.B.E., Superintendent of Records at the India Office, for his unfailing courtesy and kindness. ### [v1.c4.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.15) To my friends and erstwhile students at the Ceylon University College, Mr. K. C. Fernando, Mr. D. E. Hettiaracchi, Mr. M. A. Perera, Mr. J. V. Fonseka, Mr. N. D. Wijesekera and Dr. O. H. de A. Wijesekera, I am indebted for their willing assistance in looking up some of the references in Buddhaghosa's Commentaries. To the Rev. A. P. Buddhadatta, whom I have had occasion to consult more than once, I am grateful for the benefit of his erudition. ### [v1.c4.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.16) Finally, to Alice de Zoete Elliot—she dislikes appellations—I owe more than I can hope to repay. When I told her about the Dictionary, she most cheerfully volunteered to revise the whole of my manuscript articles and to type them for the printer—in itself a stupendous task. This undertaking she has most scrupulously and assiduously fulfilled, in spite of great inconvenience, trouble and discomfort, making many sacrifices in order to help me. My friendship with her—which began when we were fellow-students at the School of Oriental Studies and soon ripened into deep affection—and with her versatile husband, Dr. Elliot, has been among the greatest joys and blessings of my life. It is not too much to say that the completion of this task within so short a time as four years would never have been possible but for her great assistance and heartening support. ### [v1.c4.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.17) For all deficiencies in this Dictionary—I am profoundly conscious of them—and for all errors of omission and commission I sincerely apologise. It has meant very strenuous work for nearly four years without a break of any sort, work undertaken in addition to the duties which devolved upon me as a full-time teacher in charge of a department of studies at the Ceylon University College. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the following pages should contain numerous imperfections. The fact that printing has been going on all the time the Dictionary was in progress has also been a great drawback to its uniformity in various features. If I had been allowed ten years within which to complete the work, I might, perhaps, have made a better job of it, but everybody intimately concerned with the undertaking was anxious that it should be finished with the least possible delay. I only hope that my efforts will in some slight degree help in the exploration of that wonderful culture and civilisation which lie enshrined in Pāli tradition. ### [v1.c4.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.18) The second and final volume of the Dictionary will be issued in the course of this year. \*Subham astu\*. ### [v1.c4.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.19) G. P. MALALASEKERA. ### [v1.c4.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c4.20) January 1937. ### List of Abbreviations ### [v1.c5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.1) P.T.S. means published by the Pāli Text Society. SHB. means published in the Simon Hewavitarne Bequest Series (Colombo). A.=Aṅguttara Nikāya, 5 vols. (P.T.S.). AA.=Manorathapūraṇī, Aṅguttara Commentary, 2 vols. (S.H.B.). AbhS.=Abhidhammatthasaṅgaha (P.T.S. Journal, 1884). Anāgat.=Anāgatavaṃsa (P.T.S. Journal, 1886). Ap.=Apadāna, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). ApA.=Apadāna Commentary (S.H.B.). AvŚ.=Avadāna Śataka, ed. Speyer (Bibl. Buddhica). Barua: History of Pre-Buddhist Indian Philosophy (Calcutta). Beal: Romantic Legend of the Buddha (Kegan Paul). Beal: Buddhist Records of the Western World (Kegan Paul). Bode: The Pāli Literature of Burma (R.A.S.). Brethren=Psalms of the Brethren, by Mrs. Rhys Davids (P.T.S.). Bu.=Buddhavaṃsa (P.T.S.). BuA.=Buddhavaṃsa Commentary (S.H.B.). CAGI.=Cunningham's Anct. Geography of India, ed. Majumdar (Calcutta). CNid.=Culla-Niddesa (P.T.S.). Codrington: Short History of Ceylon. Compendium=Compendium of Philosophy (P.T.S.). Cv.=Cūlavaṃsa, ed. Geiger, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). Cv. Trs.=Cūlavaṃsa, translated by Geiger, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). Cyp.=Cariyāpiṭaka (P.T.S.). CypA.=Cariyāpiṭaka Commentary (S.H.B.). D.=Dīgha Nikāya, 3 vols. (P.T.S.). DA.=Sumaṅgala Vilāsinī, 3 vols. (P.T.S.). Dāṭh.=Dāṭhāvaṃsa (P.T.S. Journal, 1884). DhA.=Dhammapadaṭṭhakathā, 5 vols. (P.T.S.). DhS.=Dhammasaṅgaṇi (P.T.S.). DhSA.=Atthasālinī (P.T.S.). Dial.=Dialogues of the Buddha, 3 vols. (Oxford). Dpv.=Dīpavaṃsa, ed. Oldenberg (Williams and Norgate). Dvy.=Divyāvadāna, ed. Cowell and Neill (Cambridge). Ep. Zey.=Epigraphia Zeylanica (Oxford). ERE.=Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. ### [v1.c5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.2) Giles: Travels of Fa Hsien (Cambridge). GS.=Gradual Sayings, 5 vols. (P.T.S.). Gv.=Gandhavamsa (P.T.S. Journal, 1886). I.H.Q.=Indian Historical Quarterly (Calcutta). Ind. An.=Indian Antiquary. Itv.=Itivuttaka (P.T.S.). ItvA.=Itivuttaka Commentary (P.T.S.). J.=Jātaka, ed. Fausboll, 5 vols. JA.=Journal Asiatique. J.P.T.S.=Journal of the Pāli Text Society. J.R.A.S.=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. KhpA.=Khuddakapāṭha Commentary (P.T.S.). KS.=Kindred Sayings, 5 vols. (P.T.S.). Kvu.=Kathāvatthu (P.T.S.). Lal.=Lalita Vistara, ed. S. Lefmann. Law: Kṣatriya Clans in Buddhist India. Law: Geography of Early Buddhism. M.=Majjhima Nikāya, 3 vols. (P.T.S.). MA.=Papañca Sūdanī, Majjhima Commentary, 2 vols. (Aluvihāra Series, Colombo). Mbv.=Mahābodhivamsa (P.T.S.). Mhv.=Mahāvamsa, ed. Geiger (P.T.S.). Mhv. Trs.=Mahāvamsa Translation, by Geiger (P.T.S.). Mil.=Milindapañha, ed. Treckner (Williams and Norgate). MNid.=Mahā Niddesa, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). MNidA.=Mahā Niddesa Commentary (S.H.B.). MṬ.=Mahāvamsa Ṭīkā (P.T.S.). Mtu.=Mahāvastu, ed. Senart, 3 vols. Netti.=Nettippakaraṇa (P.T.S.). NidA. See MNidA. NPD.=P.T.S. Pali-English Dictionary. PHAI.=Political History of Anct. India, by Chaudhuri, 2nd. ed. (Calcutta). P.L.C.=The Pali Literature of Ceylon, by Malalasekera (R.A.S.). PS.=Paṭisambhidāmagga, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). PSA.=Paṭisambhidāmagga Commentary (S.H.B.). Pug.=Puggalapaññatti (P.T.S.). Pv.=Petavatthu (P.T.S.). PvA.=Petavatthu Commentary (P.T.S.). Rockhill: Life of the Buddha (Kegan Paul). S.=Samyutta Nikāya, 5 vols. (P.T.S.). SA.=Sāratthappakāsinī, Samyutta Commentary. SadS.=Saddhammasangaha (P.T.S. Journal, 1890). ### [v1.c5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.3) Sās.=Sāsanavaṃsa (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.4) Sisters=Psalms of the Sisters, by Mrs. Rhys Davids (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.5) Sp.=Samantapāsādikā, 4 vols. (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.6) SN.=Sutta Nipāta (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.7) SNA.=Sutta Nipāta Commentary, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.8) Svd.=Sāsanavaṃsadīpa, by Vimalasāra Thera (Colombo, 1929). ### [v1.c5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.9) Thag.=Theragāthā (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.10) ThagA.=Theragāthā Commentary, 2 vols. (S.H.B.). ### [v1.c5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.11) Thig.=Therīgāthā (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.12) ThigA=Therīgāthā Commentary (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.13) Thomas: The Life of Buddha (Kegan Paul). ### [v1.c5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.14) Ud.=Udāna (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.15) UdA.=Udāna Commentary (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.16) VibhA.=Sammoha-Vinodanī, Vibhaṅga Commentary (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.17) Vin.=Vinaya Piṭaka, 5 vols., ed. Oldenberg (Williams and Norgate). ### [v1.c5.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.18) Vsm.=Visuddhimagga, 2 vols. (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.19) VT.=Vinaya Texts, trs. by Rhys Davids and Oldenberg, 3 vols. (Sacred Books of the East). ### [v1.c5.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.20) Vv.=Vimānavatthu (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.21) VvA.=Vimānavatthu Commentary (P.T.S.). ### [v1.c5.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c5.22) ZDMG.=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. ### Note on the Use of the Dictionary ### [v1.c6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.1) An effort has been made to avoid repetition as far as possible. Generally speaking, the information appearing under any particular word should not, therefore, be regarded as complete until reference has also been made to the words given in that article in \*\*Clarendon type\*\*. Reference should likewise be made to the Appendix given at the end of Volume II. ### [v1.c6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.2) The arrangement of words is purely alphabetical—i.e., according to the Pāli alphabet. Cerebral ḷ follows dental l. There is great discrepancy in the texts regarding the use of cerebrals, especially ḷ and ṇ. Thus, a word not appearing in its place under the cerebral letter may be found under the corresponding dental and \*vice versa\*. ### [v1.c6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.3) There has been a certain amount of unavoidable confusion in the arrangement of words beginning with the Pāli equivalent for the prefix meaning "junior," as opposed to \*\*Mahā\*\*. Reference should be made under all three heads, \*\*Cūla\*\*, \*\*Cūḷa\*\* and \*\*Culla\*\*, before the search for a word is abandoned. ### [v1.c6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.4) There is also lack of uniformity in the texts regarding the use of the prefix \*\*Mahā\*\*. Sometimes it is an integral part of the word, sometimes merely an honorific. It is necessary, therefore, to look—e.g., under both \*\*Saṅgharakkhita\*\* and \*\*Mahā\*\*—before the list of possible Saṅgharakkhita’s is exhausted. ### [v1.c6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.5) Potential trouble also lurks with regard to the hyphen. Generally speaking, the names of Jātakas and Suttas are given without a hyphen—e.g., \*\*Kapi Jataka\*\*, \*\*Kavi Sutta\*\*—and these words follow the usual order. Thus \*\*Kapi Sutta\*\* is given before \*\*Kapiṭṭha\*\* and \*\*Kavi Sutta\*\* before \*\*Kaviṭṭhavana\*\*. Where a word is hyphened, either because it is a true compound or merely for convenience, it is regarded as a single word. The presence or absence of a hyphen affects the order, and a certain amount of circumspection is, therefore, requested in looking for compound names, or those that appear to be so. ### [v1.c6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.6) The regnal years given for the rulers of Ceylon are taken from the chronological table in Geiger’s Translation of the \*Cūḷavaṃsa\*, Vol. II., pp. ix-xv, and should be regarded as only provisional. A.C. = After Christ. ### [v1.c6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.7) Akataññu Jātaka (No. 90).—A merchant is befriended by a colleague in another country but refuses to return the service. The servants of the latter thereupon take revenge. The story is related to Anāthapiṇḍika, who experiences similar ingratitude at the hands of a fellow-merchant.¹ ### [v1.c6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.8) ¹ J. i. 377-9. ### [v1.c6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.9) 1. Akatuññatā Sutta.—One who is of bad conduct in deed, word and thought, and is ungrateful; is born in purgatory.¹ ### [v1.c6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.10) ¹ A. ii. 226. ### [v1.c6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.11) 2. Akatuññatā Sutta.—Same as above.¹ ### [v1.c6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.12) ¹ A. ii. 229. ### [v1.c6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.13) Akatti.—See Akitti. ### [v1.c6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.14) Akaniṭṭhā devā.—A class of devas, living in the highest of the five Suddhāvāsā (Pure Mansions).¹ In the Mahāpadāna Sutta² the Buddha mentions that he visited their abode and conversed with beings who were born there as a result of the holy lives they had lived under various Buddhas. In the Sakka-pañha Sutta³ Sakka speaks of them as the highest devas, and expresses his satisfaction that he, too, will be born among them in his last life. Buddhaghosa says they are so called because of their supremacy in virtue and in happiness, and because there are no juniors among them (sabbeh'eva saguṇehi ca bhavasampattiyā ca jeṭṭhā n'atth'ettha kaniṭṭhāti akaniṭṭhā).⁴ In the Visuddhimagga (p. 634) their world is spoken of as a Brahmaloka where Anāgāmis are born and enter complete Nibbāna (p. 710).⁵ The duration of life among these devas is 16,000 Kalpas.⁶ Sometimes Anāgāmis are born among the Avihā devas and finish their existence, in a subsequent birth, among the Akaniṭṭhās. These are called “uddhamsotā.”⁷ The Akaniṭṭha-bhavana is the upper limit of the rūpāvacara-bhūmi⁸; it is also spoken of as the highest point of the universe, Avīci being the lowest. Thus the quarrel among the Kosambī monks spread even up to the Akaniṭṭhā devā,⁹ as did the shouts of the assembly at the severing of the branch of the Bodhi tree.¹⁰ ### [v1.c6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.15) ¹ D. iii. 237. ² D. ii. 52 f. ³ Ibid., 286. ⁴ DA. ii. ### [v1.c6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.16) ⁴⁸⁰ VbhA. 521 \[āyuṇā ca paññaya ca Akaniṭṭhā jeṭṭhakā sabba-devehi paṇīṭatarā devā (= DA. iii. 739)\]. ⁵ Also ItA. 40; DA. iii. 740. ⁶ Kvu. 207. ⁷ DhA. iii. 289 f.; see also S. v. 201. ### [v1.c6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.17) ⁸ Ps. i. 84. ⁹ J. iii. 487. ¹⁰ Mbv. 150-1; see also Mil. 284. ### [v1.c6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.18) Akarabhaṇḍa.—A village in Ceylon dedicated by King Kittisirirājasīha to the Tooth-relic.¹ ### [v1.c6.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.19) ¹ Cv. c. 23. ### [v1.c6.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.20) Akalaṅka.—A Coḷa officer who fought against the Siṃhalese army of Parakkamabāhu I. during the latter’s invasion of the Paṇḍu kingdom.¹ ### [v1.c6.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.21) ¹ Cv. lxxvii. 17, 55, 80, 90. ### [v1.c6.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.22) Akālarāvi Jātaka (No. 119).—A cock belonging to a school of young brahmins had its neck wrung because it crowed in and out of season. A monk, who is inconsiderately noisy, is the cause of the story being told.¹ In the Dhammapada Commentary² the name of the story is given as Akālarāvikukkuṭa-Jātaka, and is related of the thera Padhānikatissa, who is stated to have been the cock of the Jātaka story. ### [v1.c6.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.23) ¹ J. i. 435-6. ² iii. 142 f. ### [v1.c6.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.24) Akitti (v.l. Akatti).—The Bodhisatta in one of his births. He was a brahmin magnate of Benares, who, after giving away all his wealth in charity, retired to the forest with his sister, Yasavatī. When gifts were brought to him as homage to his holiness, he sought obscurity, and, leaving his sister, dwelt in Kāradīpa, then known as Ahidīpa, eating the leaves of a Kāra-tree sprinkled with water. By virtue of his asceticism Sakka’s throne was heated, and Sakka (Anuruddha in a previous birth), having tested him, and being satisfied that worldly attainments were not his aim, granted him various boons, including one that Sakka should not visit him any more and disturb his asceticism¹ His story is given in the Cariyāpiṭaka (p. 1), to illustrate dānaparamitā. In the Nimi Jātaka² he is mentioned in a list of eleven sages, who, by their holy lives, passed the Peta world to be born in Brahma’s heaven. In the Jātaka-mālā³ his name occurs as Agastya, but he should not be confused with the Vedic sage of that name.⁴ Perhaps he belonged to the Kassapagotta, because, in the conversation related in the Jātaka story, Sakka addresses him as “ Kassapa.”⁵ ### [v1.c6.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.25) ¹ J. iv. 236 f. ² J. vi. 99, the others being the seven brothers Yāmahanu, Somayāga, Manojava, Samudda, Māgha, Bharata and Kālikarakkhiya; and Aṅgirasa, Kassapa and Kisavaccha. See also KhA. 127 f. ³ No. 7. ⁴ See Vedic Index s.v. ⁵ J. iv. 240-1. ### [v1.c6.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.26) \*\*Akitti Jātaka\*\* (No. 480).—See \*s.v.\* \*\*Akitti\*\*. It was related at Jetavana, of a generous donor who lived at Sāvatthi. This man invited the Buddha, and during seven days gave many gifts to him and to the monks. On the last day he presented the company of arahants with all necessaries. The Buddha praised the man’s generosity and told him how wise men of old shared their possessions with others, even when they themselves had nothing to eat but kāra-leaves and water.¹ ### [v1.c6.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.27) ¹ J. iv. 236 ff. ### [v1.c6.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.28) \*\*Akitti-tittha\*\*.—The ford by which Akitti crossed the river after he left Benāres.¹ ### [v1.c6.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.29) ¹ J. iv. 237. ### [v1.c6.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.30) \*\*Akitti-dvāra\*\*.—The gate through which Akitti left the city.¹ ### [v1.c6.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.31) ¹ J. iv. 237. ### [v1.c6.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.32) \*\*Akusala Sutta\*\*.—The man who is sinful in action of body, speech and mind is born in purgatory.¹ ### [v1.c6.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.33) ¹ A. i. 292. ### [v1.c6.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.34) \*\*Akusaladhamma Sutta\*\*.—On the unprofitable and profitable states.¹ ### [v1.c6.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.35) ¹ S. v. 18. ### [v1.c6.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.36) \*\*Akusalamūla Sutta\*\*.—On the three roots of demerit: greed, malice and delusion.¹ ### [v1.c6.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.37) ¹ A. i. 201; \*cf.\* M. i. 47, 489. ### [v1.c6.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.38) \*\*Akodha-avihiṃsā Sutta\*\*.—On mildness and kindness, the verses being put into the mouth of Sakka.¹ ### [v1.c6.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.39) ¹ S. i. 240. ### [v1.c6.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.40) \*\*Akodhana Sutta\*\*.—See \*\*Accaya-akodhana Sutta\*\*. ### [v1.c6.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.41) \*\*Akkantasaññaka Thera\*\*.—An arahant. In a previous birth he gave his ragged garment to the Buddha Tissa. Once he was born as a king named Sunanda.¹ ### [v1.c6.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.42) ¹ Ap. i. 211 f. ### [v1.c6.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.43) \*\*Akkamanīya Vagga\*\*.—The third section of the Ekanipāta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya.¹ ### [v1.c6.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.44) ¹ A. i. 5-6. ### [v1.c6.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.45) \*\*Akkamanīya Sutta\*\*.—The uncultivated mind is an intractable thing and conduces to great loss; the cultivated mind has the opposite qualities.¹ ### [v1.c6.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.46) ¹ A. i. 5 f. ### [v1.c6.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.47) Akkosa Vagga.—The fifth section of the Dasaka Nipāta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya.¹ ### [v1.c6.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.48) ¹ A. v. 77-91. ### [v1.c6.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.49) 1. Akkosa Sutta.—Preached to Akkosaka-Bhāradvāja to the effect that insults hurled at those who revile not come back to the reviler, just as gifts of hospitality not accepted by the guests are left behind with the host.¹ ### [v1.c6.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.50) ¹ S. i. 161 f. ### [v1.c6.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.51) 2. Akkosa Sutta.—On the five evil results that attend a monk guilty of reviling others.¹ ### [v1.c6.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.52) ¹ A. iii. 252. ### [v1.c6.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.53) Akkosaka-Bhāradvāja.—A brahmin of Rājagaha who—incensed that his eldest brother, a member of the Bhāradvāja clan and, probably its head,¹ had been converted by the Buddha—visits the Buddha and insults him. Later he is himself converted and becomes an arahant.² The soubriquet of Akkosaka was given him by the Saṅgītikārā to distinguish him as the author of a lampoon of 500 verses against the Buddha.³ Asurindaka-Bhāradvāja was his younger brother⁴; he had two others, Sundarī Bhāradvāja and Bilaṅgika-Bhāradvāja, who also became converts and, later, arahants.⁵ ### [v1.c6.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.54) ¹ KS. i. 201, n. 4; see also s.v. Dhānañjāni. ### [v1.c6.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.55) ² S. i. 161 f.; MA i. 808. ### [v1.c6.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.56) ³ SA. i. 177. ### [v1.c6.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.57) ⁴ Ibid., i. 178. ### [v1.c6.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.58) ⁵ DhA. iv. 163. ### [v1.c6.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.59) Akkosaka-Bhāradvāja Vatthu.—The story of Akosaka-Bhāradvāja given above.¹ ### [v1.c6.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.60) ¹ DhA. iv. 161 f. ### [v1.c6.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.61) Akkosaka Vagga.—The twenty-second section of the Pāñcakanipāta of the Aṅguttara Nikāya.¹ ### [v1.c6.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.62) ¹ A. iii. 252-6. ### [v1.c6.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.63) Akkhakkhāyika.—A famine in the mountain-region of Koṭṭa in Ceylon, during the reign of Duṭṭhagāmiṇi. The king sold his earrings and procured a meal for five khīṇāsava theras.¹ The famine was so called because nuts called akkha (Terminalia Bellerica) were eaten, which at other times were used as dice. In the Aṭṭhakathā, quoted by the Mahāvaṃsa Ṭīkā,² the famine is called Pāsānachātaka. ### [v1.c6.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.64) ¹ Mhv. xxxii. 29-30. ### [v1.c6.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.65) ² p. 593. ### [v1.c6.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.66) \*\*Akkhakhaṇḍa.\*\*—A section of the \*Vidhurajātaka\* which deals with events leading up to the surrendering of \*\*Vidhu-ra\*\* by the king, when the latter lost his wager with \*\*Puṇṇaka\*\*.¹ ### [v1.c6.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.67) ¹ J. vi. 286. ### [v1.c6.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.68) \*\*Akkhāṇa Sutta.\*\*—On the eight inopportune occasions for the living of the higher life.¹ ### [v1.c6.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.69) ¹ A. iv. 225 f. ### [v1.c6.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.70) 1. \*\*Akkhanti Sutta.\*\*—The five evil results of the want of forbearance.¹ ### [v1.c6.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.71) ¹ A. iii. 254. ### [v1.c6.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.72) ¹ A. iii. 255. ### [v1.c6.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.73) 2. \*\*Akkhanti Sutta.\*\*—The same as above with slight variations in detail. ### [v1.c6.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.74) \*\*Akkhama Sutta.\*\*—The qualities which an elephant used by the king should have and similar qualities that should be possessed by a monk.¹ ### [v1.c6.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.75) ¹ A. iii. 157 f. ### [v1.c6.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.76) \*\*Akkhara-Kosa.\*\*—See \*\*Ekakkhara Kosa\*\*. ### [v1.c6.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.77) \*\*Akkharamālā.\*\*—A short treatise in Pāli stanzas on the Pāli and Siṃhalese alphabets, by \*\*Nāgasena\*\*, a Ceylon scholar of the eighteenth century.¹ ### [v1.c6.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.78) ¹ P.L.C., 285. ### [v1.c6.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.79) \*\*Akkharavisodhanī.\*\*—A late Pāli work written in Burma.¹ ### [v1.c6.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.80) ¹ Sās. 154. ### [v1.c6.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.81) \*\*Akhipūjā.\*\*—A festival held by \*\*Asoka\*\* in honour of the Buddha when \*\*Māhakāla\*\* created for him a figure of the Buddha. The festival lasted for seven days.¹ The \*Mahāvaṃsa Ṭīkā\* explains it by saying that the king fasted for seven days, standing gazing at the figure with unwinking eyes. But even at the time of the Ṭīkā there seems to have been uncertainty regarding the meaning of the word.² ### [v1.c6.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.82) ¹ Mhv. v. 94. ### [v1.c6.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.83) ² See MT. 209 f. ### [v1.c6.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.84) \*\*Akhilā.\*\*—Chief woman disciple of \*\*Sikhī\*\*¹; the Commentary calls her \*\*Makhilā\*\*.² ### [v1.c6.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.85) ¹ Bu. xxi. 21. ### [v1.c6.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.86) ² BuA. 204; also J. i. 41. ### [v1.c6.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.87) \*\*Agati Sutta.\*\*—Three discourses on \*agati\* and \*gati\*—here defined as wrong action done under the influence of desire, hate or delusion—and its opposite, right action.¹ ### [v1.c6.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.88) ¹ A. ii. 18 f. ### [v1.c6.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.89) \*\*Agada.\*\*—Cakkavatti, sixteen times in succession; Subāhu Thera in a previous birth.¹ ### [v1.c6.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.90) ¹ ThagA. i. 124. ### [v1.c6.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.91) \*\*Agahya Sutta.\*\*—Devas and men delight in objects, sounds, etc., but, through the instability of these, they live in sorrow.¹ ### [v1.c6.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.92) ¹ S. iv. 126 f. ### [v1.c6.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.93) \*\*1. Agārava Sutta.\*\*—On the five qualities that make a monk rebellious and unamenable to discipline.¹ ### [v1.c6.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.94) ¹ A. iii. 7 f. ### [v1.c6.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.95) \*\*2. Agārava Sutta.\*\*—A monk who is rebellious will never lead the higher life nor attain in the end to peace of mind.¹ ### [v1.c6.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.96) ¹ A. iii. 14 f. ### [v1.c6.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.97) \*\*3. Agārava Sutta.\*\*—The rebellious monk will never live according to the dhamma, nor thereby ultimately win insight.¹ ### [v1.c6.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.98) ¹ A. iii. 15 f. ### [v1.c6.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.99) ¹ Vv. vi.; VvA. 286-7. ### [v1.c6.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.100) \*\*Agāriya Vimāna.\*\*—A palace in the Tāvatiṃsa world, occupied by a couple who, as humans in Rājagaha, had done many deeds of piety. ### [v1.c6.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.101) \*\*Aggañña Sutta.\*\*—Twenty-seventh of the Dīgha Nikāya.¹ It is a kind of Buddhist book of Genesis, dealing, among other things, with the evolution of the world, of man and of society. The pretensions of the brahmins to be the legitimate heirs of Brahmā are examined and rejected; righteousness is declared to be above lineage.² It was preached to Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja at the Pubbārāma. ### [v1.c6.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.102) ¹ D. iii. 80 f. Dial. i. 105 f. Cf. Madhura Sutta. ### [v1.c6.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.103) ² For a summary of the sutta see ### [v1.c6.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.104) The larger portion of this sutta (from the beginning of the genesis part to the election of the first king) is found in the Mahāvastu.³ ### [v1.c6.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.105) ³ i. 338-48. ### [v1.c6.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.106) \*\*Aggadhanuggahapaṇḍita.\*\*—See Cūḷa Dh°. ### [v1.c6.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.107) \*\*Aggadhamma Sutta.\*\*—On the six qualities requisite for the attainment of arahantship, which is the highest state (aggadhamma).¹ ### [v1.c6.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.108) ¹ A. iii. 433-4. ### [v1.c6.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.109) \*\*Aggapaṇḍita.\*\*—A native of Burma and author of the \*\*Lokuppattipakaraṇa\*\*, written at Pagan in the thirteenth century.¹ The Piṭakatthamain calls the work \*\*Lokuppattipakāsani\*\*.² The Sāsanavaṃsa³ speaks of three monks by the name of Aggapaṇḍita: \*\*MahāAggapaṇḍita\*\* (evidently our author), \*\*DutiyaAggapaṇḍita\*\* (his saddhivihārika), and \*\*TatiyaAggapaṇḍita\*\* (his nephew), all of Arimaddanapura and all famed for their learning. ### [v1.c6.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.110) ¹ Gv. 64, 67. ### [v1.c6.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.111) ² Bode, 16, n. 3. ### [v1.c6.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.112) ³ 74. ### [v1.c6.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.113) \*\*Aggapasāda Sutta.\*\*—Mentioned in the \*\*Visuddhimagga\*\*¹ in reference to the epithet “anuttara” as applicable to the Buddha. ### [v1.c6.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.114) ¹ i. 207; also Sp. i. 120 and KhA. 19. The sutta has not been traced. It has been suggested (Vm. i. 207, n. 2), that it is the same as the \*Gārava Sutta\*. I think it probably refers to A. ii. 34, the section on the \*aggapasāda\*. (See Appendix.) ### [v1.c6.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.115) \*\*Aggapiṭhaka-pāsāda.\*\*—A building in the inner city of \*\*Anurādhapura\*\*. It is said that when \*\*Ilanāga\*\* entered the city in splendour, after the festival at the Tissa-tank, his chariot was drawn by his former enemies, the \*\*Lambakaṇṇas\*\*, who were yoked to the chariot, and that the line thus made extended from the tank to the Aggapiṭhaka-pāsāda.¹ ### [v1.c6.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.116) ¹ MT. 646. ### [v1.c6.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.117) \*\*Aggapupphiya Thera.\*\*—One of the arahants. In a previous birth he had offered flowers, from the top of a tree, to \*\*Sikhī\*\*, hence the name. In a later birth he was a cakkavati named \*\*Amita\*\*.¹ ### [v1.c6.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.118) ¹ Ap. i. 229. ### [v1.c6.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.119) \*\*1. Aggabodhi.\*\*—Son of \*\*Bhayasīva\*\*, of the Moriya clan. He became the viceroy of \*\*Mahānāga\*\*.¹ ### [v1.c6.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.120) ¹ Cv. xli. 70, 93. ### [v1.c6.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.121) \*\*2. Aggabodhi I.\*\*—King of Ceylon (A.D. 568-601), \*\*Mahānāga’s\*\* nephew. For an account of his reign see Cv. xlii. 1-39. He is sometimes identified with Bhayasīva’s son.¹ ### [v1.c6.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.122) ¹ See Geiger, Cv., trans. i. 64, n. 1. ### [v1.c6.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.123) \*\*3. Aggabodhi II.\*\*—King of Ceylon (A.D. 601-11). Nephew of Aggabodhi I. Also called \*\*Khuddaggabodhi\*\* or \*\*Khuddarāja\*\*.¹ 4. Aggabodhi III.—King of Ceylon (A.D. 628 and 641), son of Silāmeghavaṇṇa; also called Sirisaṅghabodhi. He had to flee from the throne several times.¹ ### [v1.c6.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.124) ¹ Cv. xlii. 38 f. ### [v1.c6.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.125) ¹ Cv. xliv. 83-144. ### [v1.c6.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.126) 5. Aggabodhi.—Cousin of Dāṭhopatissa II. (A.D. 650-58), under whom he was Yuvarāja, ruling Dakkhiṇadesa.¹ ### [v1.c6.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.127) ¹ Cv. xlv. 23. ### [v1.c6.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.128) 6. Aggabodhi.—Son of Mahātissa, claiming descent from Okkāka and Saṅghasivā. He was independent ruler of Rohaṇa.¹ ### [v1.c6.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.129) ¹ Cv. xlv. 38-48. ### [v1.c6.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.130) 7. Aggabodhi IV.—King of Ceylon; also called Sirisaṅghabodhi; he reigned between A.D. 626 and 641 and died of an incurable disease.¹ ### [v1.c6.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.131) ¹ Cv. xlvi. 1-38. ### [v1.c6.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.132) 8. Aggabodhi V.—King of Ceylon (A.D. 711-17), probably the eldest son of Mānavamma.¹ ### [v1.c6.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.133) ¹ Cv. xlviii. 1 and lvii. 25; see Geiger, Cv. trans. i. 108 n. and 195, n. 2. ### [v1.c6.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.134) 9. Aggabodhi VI.—King of Ceylon (A.D. 727-66), son of Kassapa, brother of Mahinda I., and, at one time, ruler of Pācīnadesa.¹ He became king under the name Silāmegha.² ### [v1.c6.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.135) ¹ Cv. xlviii. 32. ### [v1.c6.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.136) ² Ibid., vv. 42, 60, 61, 76, 90; see Geiger, Cv. trans. i. 114, n. 2. ### [v1.c6.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1.c6.137) 10. Aggabodhi VII.—King of Ceylon (A.D. 766-72), son of Mahinda I. He was first ruler of Dakkhiṇadesa and, later, joint king with Aggabodhi VI. He married Saṅghā, daughter of the latter, and became king on his death.¹ _First 200 of 17,485 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1)_ ## Linked texts (78) - [Jātaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.jataka.428) — Pāli - [Mahāvibhaṅga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.vp.suttavibhanga.maha.pc.9.2.1.26) — Pāli - [Cullavagga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.vp.khandhaka.cullavagga.12.1.9.34) — Pāli - [Mahāpadānasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha.14.3.30.1) — Pāli - [Aggikkhandhopamasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.7.72.1.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyaapāsādikasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.218.1.1) — Pāli - [Akkosakasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.211.1.1) — Pāli - [Mahāvaṃsa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada_postcanon.vamsa.mahavamsa.32.29) — Pāli - [Mahāvagga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.vp.khandhaka.mahavagga.1.17.2.6) — Pāli - [Buddhavaṃsa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.buddhavamsa.21.21) — Pāli - [Dīpavaṃsa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada_postcanon.vamsa.dipavamsa.5.23) — Pāli - [Saṅgītisutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha.33.2.1.58) — Pāli - [Sakkapañhasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha.21.2.8.7) — Pāli - [Mahātaṇhāsaṅkhayasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.38.40.1) — Pāli - [Aggaññasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha.27.1.1) — Pāli - [Janavasabhasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha.18.1.1) — Pāli - [Uposathasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.3.70.28.1) — Pāli - [Cūḷasaccakasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.35.5.1) — Pāli - [Sammādiṭṭhisutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.9.3.1) — Pāli - [Ghoṭamukhasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.94.32.5) — Pāli - [Aggivacchasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.72.21.1) — Pāli - [Mahāvacchasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.73.27.1) — Pāli - [Vitthatūposathasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.42.2.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyauggasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.22.10.1) — Pāli - [Bākulasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.124.41.1) — Pāli - [Visākhāsutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.43.1.1) — Pāli - [Bojjhasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.45.2.1) — Pāli - [Vassakārasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.4.187.6.1) — Pāli - [Aggisutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.46.53.1.1) — Pāli - [Bhaṇḍanasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.10.50.10.1) — Pāli - [Aññatitthiyasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.3.68.6.1) — Pāli - [Tevijjavacchasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima.71.10.1) — Pāli - [Pavivekasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.3.93.6.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyahatthakasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.24.2.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyabalasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.8.28.5.1) — Pāli - [Sīlasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.213.10.1) — Pāli - [Sokhummasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.4.16.1.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyaānandasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.10.40.3.1) — Pāli - [Aṅgasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.4.37.29.1.1) — Pāli - [Parisāsutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.3.95.7.1) — Pāli - [Khaṇasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.4.35.135.1.1) — Pāli - [Cavanasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.8.1.1) — Pāli - [Parisāsutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.4.211.2.1) — Pāli - [Bāhiraṅgasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.46.50.1.1) — Pāli - [Uppādasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.3.22.30.1.1) — Pāli - [Paṭhamaagāravasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.21.1.1) — Pāli - [Micchattasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.45.21.1.1) — Pāli - [Mahānāmasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.55.49.1.1) — Pāli - [Tatiyahitasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.19.1.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyanirayasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.6.82.1.1) — Pāli - [Aggadhammasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.6.83.2.1) — Pāli - [Bhattādakasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.138.2.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyaakkhantisutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.5.216.1.1) — Pāli - [Tatiyasaṃkhittasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.48.14.1.1) — Pāli - [Ādiccasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta.5.46.48.1.1) — Pāli - [Paṭhamaaggisutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.7.46.1.1) — Pāli - [Paṭhamaaggasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.4.74.1.1) — Pāli - [Dutiyamoranivāpasutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.3.144.1.1) — Pāli - [Akataññutāsutta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara.4.223.1.1) — Pāli - [Apadāna](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.apadana) — Pāli - [Kathāvatthu](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.ap.kathavatthu) — Moggaliputta Tissa, Pāli - [Paṭisambhidāmagga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.patisambhidamagga) — Pāli - [Mahāvastu](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.avadana.mahavastu) — Sanskrit - [Milindapañha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.milindapanha) — Pāli - [Theragāthā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.theragatha) — Pāli - [Suttanipāta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.suttanipata) — Pāli - [Vimānavatthu](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.vimanavatthu) — Pāli - [Petavatthu](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.petavatthu) — Pāli - [Cariyāpiṭaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.khuddaka.cariyapitaka) — Pāli - [Dīghanikāya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.digha) — Pāli - [Majjhimanikāya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.majjhima) — Pāli - [Suttantapiṭaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp) — Pāli - [Visuddhimagga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada_postcanon.manuals.visuddhimagga) — Buddhaghosa, Pāli - [Saṃyuttanikāya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.samyutta) — Pāli - [Aṅguttaranikāya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada.sp.anguttara) — Pāli - [Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.ramayana.valmiki) — Vālmīki, Sanskrit - [Samantapāsādikā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.vinaya.sastra.samantapasadika) — Sanskrit - [Mahābodhivaṃsa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.theravada_postcanon.vamsa.mahabodhivamsa) — Upatissa (Mahābodhivaṃsa), Pāli --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.malalasekera-1937.v1) · Pramāṇa