[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Indian Epigraphical Glossary](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966) › c6 # Indian Epigraphical Glossary c6: Glossary Indian Epigraphical Glossary c6 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [c6.743](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.743) — 3 parts ### Glossary ### [c6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.1) \*ābādha\* (CII 1), illness. ### [c6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.2) \*ābādhā\* (EI 15), same as \*bādhā\* or \*vādhā\*; obstacle. ### [c6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.3) \*abātamāla\*, \*abātamālā\*, Prakrit; meaning doubtful (cf. \*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XV, p. 272; \*ZDMG\*, Vol. XL, pp. 345-46); explained as a kind of sculptured slab (LL). ### [c6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.4) \*abdapa\* (IA 16), the entrance of the sun into the Aries (\*Meṣa\*). ### [c6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.5) \*abda-pūjā\* (EI 32), a rite. ### [c6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.6) \*ābḍārkhānah\* (IE 8-3; EI 31), Persian; ‘water-house’; cf. \*Pānīy-āgārika\*. ### [c6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.7) \*abdhi\* (IE 7-1-2), ‘four’; see \*sāgara\*. ### [c6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.8) \*abdika-śrāddha\* (CII 4), an annual rite in honour of a dead person. ### [c6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.9) \*abhāvya\* (EI 11, 16), income or proceeds; cf. \*rāja-rāja-puruṣādibhiḥ svaṃ svam=ābhāvyaṃ parihartavyam\*; see also \*rāja-bhāvya\*, etc. Cf. ‘the income (\*abhāvya\*) derived from the loads on bullocks going on their way or coming to Nāḍlāi’ (\*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XI, p. 36). ### [c6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.10) \*abhaya\* (EI 24), pose of hand (\*mudrā\*); see \*abhaya-mudrā\*. ### [c6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.11) (\*SITI\*), place of security to persons in distress; called \*añjinānpugal-idam\* in Tamil. Cf. \*abhaya-śāsana\*. ### [c6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.12) \*abhaya-hasta\* (SII 2), pose of hand known as \*abhaya-mudrā\* (q. v.). ### [c6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.13) \*abhaya-mudrā\* (HA), pose of hand offering protection, in which the palm of the right hand, facing the devotee, is held with fingers upwards. Cf. \*abhaya-hasta\*. ### [c6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.14) \*abhaya-śāsana\* (EI 12, 27; SITI), ‘grant of shelter’, ‘charter of security’; a deed offering protection; a grant recording the provision of shelter. ### [c6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.15) \*abhigāmika-guṇa\* (CII 3, 4), certain attractive qualities. ### [c6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.16) \*abhighāta\* (LP), an injury. ### [c6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.17) \*abhihāra\* (CII 1), a reward. ### [c6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.18) \*abhijñāna\* (LP), a token by which the identity of a person is recognised. ### [c6.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.19) \*abhikāra\*, cf. \*kṛt-abhikāra\* (CII 1), probably, one who has committed an offence under the instigation of another. ### [c6.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.20) abhilekhitaka (IE 8-8), probably, a written complaint. ### [c6.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.21) abhinava (EI 5; IA 18), name of a tax; cf. abhinava-mārgaṇaka-prabhṛti-sarv-ādāyair=upetaḥ, epithet of the gift village. It may also mean ‘new’ and the reference may be to the new mārgaṇaka tax. See abhinava-mārgaṇaka. ### [c6.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.22) abhinava-mārgaṇaka (Ep. Ind., Vol. III, p. 264, note 1), name of a tax. See mārgaṇaka, mārg-ādāya, etc. ### [c6.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.23) abhipreta (CII 1), intention. ### [c6.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.24) Ābhīra (IE 8-3), member of the cowherd community. ### [c6.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.25) abhirakta (CII 1), beloved one. ### [c6.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.26) abhiṣeka (EI 4), coronation; cf. abhiṣeka-kkāṇi, abhiṣeka-kkāṇikkai (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; presents offered to the king at the time of his coronation. ### [c6.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.27) abhiṣeka-maṇḍapa (SITI), a hall where ceremonial baths are taken; the coronation hall; also called tiru-mañjana-śālai and kuḷikkum-iḍam in Tamil. ### [c6.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.28) abhiṣeka-nāman (SITI), the name or title assumed by a king at the time of his coronation. ### [c6.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.29) abhiṣikta (CII 1), cf. dvādaśa-varṣ-ābhiṣikta, ‘when one has been anointed twelve years’, ‘when twelve years have elapsed from one’s coronation’. See Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIII, pp. 333 ff. ### [c6.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.30) abhiṣṭa-devatā (IA 18), same as iṣṭa-devatā; the favourite deity; the tulelary deity. ### [c6.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.31) abhisthāna, correctly abhiṣṭhāna; used in the sense of adhiṣṭhāna, ‘the residence’, ‘a city’, or ‘the headquarters’. Cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIV, p. 219. ### [c6.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.32) Abhitvaramāṇa, Abhitvaramāṇaka (IE 8-3; EI 31; HD), the letter-carrier or a special kind of messenger. Cf Ep. Ind., Vol. XVII, p. 321 (dūta-praiṣaṇika-gamāgamik-ābhitvaramāṇaka); Vogel, Ant. Ch. St., pp. 125-26. ### [c6.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.33) ābhoga (IE 8-4), a territorial unit; similar to bhoga; cf. Gorajj-ābhoga. ### [c6.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.34) abhra (IE 7-1-2), ‘cypher’. ### [c6.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.35) abhyanga (IA 22), smearing the body with oil. ### [c6.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.36) Ābhyantara (HD), an officer specially intimate or in close contact with the king. Cf. Antaraṅga. See Rājatarangiṇī, VIII. 426. But cf. also Ābhyantarika, Abhyantar-opasthāyaka. ### [c6.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.37) Abhyantara-bhāṇḍār-ādhikārin, cf. Bhītara-bhaṇḍār-ādhikārin (IE 8-3; EI 28). ### [c6.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.38) ābhyantar-ādāya, cf. bāhy-ābhyantar-ādāya (IE 8-5); internal revenue income of a village; probably, taxes payable to the village authorities as against those payable to the king. Cf. antar-āya, abhyantara-siddhi, antaḥ-kara, etc. See bāhya. ### [c6.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.39) abhyantara-siddhi, abhyantara-siddhika (IE 8-5; EI 20, 22), same as ābhyantara-siddhi; internal income or revenue, or taxes payable to the village authorities as against those payable to the king; cf. tribhog-ābhyantara-siddhi, bāhy-ābhyantara-siddhi, bāhy-ābhyantar-ādāya; also sarv-ābhyantara-siddhi (EI 20), and antaḥ-siddhika (CII 4), a privilege of the donee of rent-free land. According to some (CII 4), it refers to the privilege of the donee offering full power of adjudication in law-suits. But expressions like tribhog-ābhyantara-siddhi (q. v.) render it doubtful. See bāhya, siddhi, siddh-āya. ### [c6.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.40) ābhyantara-siddhi (CII 4), same as abhyantara-siddhi; explained by some as ‘the powers of adjudication’; probably, taxes payable to the village authorities as against those payable to the king. See abhyantara-siddhi, etc. ### [c6.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.41) Abhyantarika (IE 8-3), a guard of the inner apartments of the palace; cf. Ābhyantarikā. See Ābhyantara, Abhyantaropasthāyaka. ### [c6.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.42) Ābhyantarikā, a female guard of the inner apartment of the palace; probably also a concubine (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXV, p.3). ### [c6.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.43) Abhyantar-opasthāyaka (LL), a servant. ### [c6.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.44) Abhyāsin (SII 13), a student. ### [c6.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.45) abhyavahāra-maṇḍapa (EI 3), dining hall. ### [c6.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.46) abhyupāgama (IE 8-8), arrival. ### [c6.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.47) abhyūṣa (EI 7), a cake. ### [c6.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.48) abhyutsarpita (CII 2-1), same as utsarpita; erected. ### [c6.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.49) abhyutthita, cf. abbhuṭṭhio khāmavo (HA), obeisance to one’s teacher (i.e. a Jain monk) with formal query about the his health and confession of one’s own weakness. ### [c6.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.50) abja (IE 7-1-2), ‘one’. ### [c6.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.51) abja-dala (IE 7-1-2), ‘one hundred’. ### [c6.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.52) Āboṭī (EI 11), an inferior class of Brāhmaṇas in Rajasthan. ### [c6.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.53) ā-candr-ārkkam (SITI), ‘so long as the moon and the sun last’; ‘in perpetuity’. ### [c6.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.54) acala-pravṛtti (SII 11-1), cf. ‘was administering Paṇḍigola as acala-pravṛtti’; a kind of tenure; probably, a permanent holding. See vṛtti, the same as pravṛtti. ### [c6.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.55) ācāra (IE 8-5; EI 30), a custom or customary law. ### [c6.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.56) (EI 20), religious practice, being regarded as five in number. ### [c6.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.57) Cf. navanavaty-ācāreṇa (LP), ‘99 per cent’, i.e. ‘certainly’. ### [c6.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.58) ācāra-pātra (EI 30), same as sthiti-pātra, ācāra-sthiti-pātra, etc.; a document relating to customary laws. ### [c6.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.59) ācāra-sthiti-pātra (IE 8-5), same as ācāra-pātra, etc.; regulation regarding customary laws; cf. sthiti-pātra, a charter relating to customary laws (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXX, p. 169). ### [c6.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.60) Ācārya (EI 33; BL), title of a religious teacher; used commonly by the Buddhists and Jains (LL; SII 1). ### [c6.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.61) (CII 3; EI 32 ; ML), a spiritual guide or teacher; a preceptor. ### [c6.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.62) Same as Sthān-ācārya (EI 17), a temple priest. ### [c6.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.63) (EI 8; IA 14), an architect; used in the sense of ‘a master’, i.e. ‘a master-mason’; cf. Ācāri (EI 17), an artisan. Pāli Ācariya is explained as ‘a master goldsmith’ in the P.T.S. Pāli-Eng. Dict. ### [c6.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.64) (LL), title of a sculptor. ### [c6.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.65) (HA; IA 19), Jain; a Sādhu who has the right of both reading the sacred texts publicly and explaining them authoritatively. ### [c6.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.66) ācāryakula (LL), a Buddhist temple; cf. devakula. ### [c6.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.67) ācārya-pīṭha (EI 16), a holy site; a site sanctified by a religious teacher. ### [c6.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.68) ācārya-pūjanā (SITI), honorarium payable to priests. ### [c6.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.69) ācchanna (EI 30), a word of doubtful import. ### [c6.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.70) accu (IE 8-8; SITI), Tamil; name of a coin; cf. ānai-accu, nall-ānai-accu, paḷamudal-ānai-accu, paḷañjalāgai-accu, paduccalāgai-accu, amudan-accu, uṇḍi-accu, etc. Cf. also pañcālav-accu (SITI), name of a coin probably struck by the body called pañcālattār or pañcakarmāra; uṇḍiy-accu (SITI); vaḷudiy-accu-varggam (SITI), a group of taxes payable in Pāṇḍya coins; yakki-accu (SITI), from Sanskrit Yakṣī; name of a coin current in the Koṅgu country. ### [c6.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.71) (EI 24), name of a tax. ### [c6.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.72) accu-pannāya (EI 16), department of taxation or coining. ### [c6.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.73) Accupannāyadhisṭhāyaka (IE 8-3), Kannaḍa; superintendent of the revenue from mints; sometimes also called Mahāsāmantādhipati, Mahāpradhāna, Bhānasavĕrgaḍe, etc., additionally. ### [c6.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.74) accuvari (SITI), Tamil; probably the same as \*poṇvari\*; the duty payable for minting gold into coins. ### [c6.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.75) \*āchu\* (CII 4), same as \*āsu\*, the name of a coin; cf. Tamil \*accu\*. ### [c6.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.76) \*acita\* (SITI), damage; injury. ### [c6.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.77) \*āḍa\*, \*aḍḍa\* (CITD), Telugu; a measure of capacity equal to 2 \*mānikas\* or one-eighth of a \*tūm\*; half, especially half of a \*fanam\* or a certain measure called \*kuñcamu\*; a weight representing the eighteenth portion of a \*varāha\* (q. v.). ### [c6.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.78) \*āḍāna\* (IE 8-5; EI 12; CII 4), a levy or impost; same as \*ādāya\*. ### [c6.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.79) \*āḍāṇaka\* (LP), same as \*aḍḍāṇaka\*; cf. \*āḍāṇake muktā\*, mortgaged; \*valitāya āḍāṇake muktam\*, Gujarātī \*vaḷat dāṇ mukyum\*, ‘something morgaged, the produce of which will pay off the debt in course of time’. ### [c6.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.80) \*ādatta\* (IE 8-5), \*adattā\* (EI 33), \*ādattā\* (EI 28), a tax of uncertain import; probably, interest or fine on arrears of tax. ### [c6.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.81) \*ādāya\* (EI 33), income or impost; cf. \*bhūta-bhaviṣyad-vartamāna-niḥśeṣa-ādāya-sahita\* (IE 8-5); cf. also \*viseṇim-ādāya\* (EI 21), name of a tax. ### [c6.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.82) \*adbhuta\* (EI 33), same as \*utpāta\* (q. v.). ### [c6.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.83) \*adbhuta-dharma\*, cf. \*abbhuta-dhamma\* (EI 33), Buddhist. Cf. Childers, \*Pāli-Eng. Dict.\*, s.v. ### [c6.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.84) \*adbhuta-śānti\* (EI 33), a ceremony to avert evil. ### [c6.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.85) \*aḍḍa-cinna\* (EI 18), name of a coin. ### [c6.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.86) \*aḍḍaga\*, \*aḍḍuga\* (CITD), Telugu; half a \*fanam\*. ### [c6.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.87) \*aḍḍāṇaka\* (LP), a morgaged thing; cf. \*gṛh-āḍḍāṇaka-patra\* (LP), deed for mortgaging a house. ### [c6.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.88) \*Ādeśakārin\* (EI 10), an officer or agent, or a representative. ### [c6.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.89) \*Ādeśa-naibandhika\* (EI 7; CII 4), official designation indicating the recorder of orders. ### [c6.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.90) \*ādeya\* (EI 7, 12, 15; CII 3), ‘what is to be taken or levied’; a fiscal term meaning the same thing as \*ādāya\*, i.e. income or impost; dues (\*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXV, p. 237). ### [c6.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.91) \*āḍha\* (IE 8-6), same as \*ādhika\* or \*ādhaka\*; a measure of capacity; a land measure also called \*āḍhavāpa\*. ### [c6.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.92) \*āḍhā\* (IE 8-6), Bengali form of \*ādhaka\* and \*āḍhavāpa\*. ### [c6.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.93) \*adhaḥ\*, cf. \*s-ādha-ūrdhva\* (IE 8-5); what is below the surface of the ground; root-crops. ### [c6.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.94) \*ādhaka\* (IE 8-6; EI 27), a measure of capacity; often regarded as equal to 264 handfuls and to one-fourth of a droṇa; 16 to 20 seers according to Bengali authors; also used as a shortened form of ādhavāpa or ādhakavāpa. ### [c6.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.95) ādhāna, cf. dān-ādhāna-vikraya (IE 8-5); mortgaging. Cf. n=ādheyaṃ na ca vikreyam (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 218). ### [c6.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.96) ādhavāpa, also called ādhakavāpa (IE 8-6), ‘an area of land requiring one ādhaka measure of seed grains for being sown’; a land measure which was not the same in all ages and localities. ### [c6.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.97) Adhi (LP), contraction of Adhikārin, regarded by some as ‘a revenue officer like the Māmlatdār’. ### [c6.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.98) Adhi, Ādhi (IE 8-1; 8-8), shortened forms of Adhikaraṇika or Ādhikaraṇika. ### [c6.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.99) ādhi (SII 2; LP), a mortgage or deposit; ādhau kṛtam, ‘mortgaged’; cf. ādhau muktam, ādhau dattam. Cf. vinaṣṭ-ādhi-sakta (LP), used in connection with a lost thing which had been given in mortgage. ### [c6.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.100) adhika (EI 3), intercalary \[month\]. ### [c6.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.101) adhik-ākṣara (LP), ‘with words in excess’. ### [c6.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.102) adhika-paḍi (CITD), Sanskrit-Telugu; an extra allowance in food (grain, salt, vegetables and all that is required to prepare a meal, including firewood), sometimes also in money, granted to servants, friends or poor people. ### [c6.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.103) Adhikāra, cf. Tamil Adigāram (EI 25); same as Adhikārin (SII 1), explained as ‘a magistrate’. ### [c6.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.104) adhikāra-mel-eḻuttu (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; revisional order. ### [c6.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.105) adhikaraṇa (IE 8-1, 8-8; EI 28), an office; cf. rājakule=‘dhikaraṇasya, apparently referring to an office. See adhikaraṇ-āvadhāraṇā, ‘official investigation’ (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXI, p. 267). ### [c6.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.106) (EI 24), a court or department. ### [c6.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.107) (EI 30), a law-court. ### [c6.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.108) (SITI), a class of law courts; probably, the chief court. ### [c6.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.109) (EI 30, 31), an administrative office or a board of administration. ### [c6.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.110) (EI 31), a district. ### [c6.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.111) (SII 2), same as Adhikārin, a magistrate. ### [c6.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.112) adhikaraṇa-daṇḍa (SITI), fine imposed by the adhikaraṇa or law-court. ### [c6.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.113) Adhikaraṇa-lekhaka (EI 30), a scribe pertaining to a law-court or office. ### [c6.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.114) (HD), the official recorder or scribe \[who drew up deeds of sale and the like after having measured the land to be sold\]. Cf. Rājatarangiṇī, VI. 38; Viṣṇu Dh. S., VII, 3. ### [c6.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.115) Adhikaraṇika, Ādhikaraṇika (IE 8-1; EI 28), an officer belonging to or in charge of an adhikaraṇa or office. ### [c6.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.116) Adhikāra-varttanā (SITI), customary payments made to an officer at stipulated periods; probably the same as Sanskrit-Tamil adhikāra-ppeṟu, adhikāra-ppōṉ, etc. ### [c6.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.117) Adhikārika, Ādhikārika (IE 8-3; EI 2, 23, 28; CII 4; BL; HD), ‘an officer’; same as Adhikārin, Niyogika, Adhyakṣa, etc., regarded as meaning a minister, magistrate, superintendent, governor or director. See Ep. Ind., Vol. XXIV, p. 184. ### [c6.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.118) Adhikāri-mukhya (EI 33), explained as ‘the chief minister’. ### [c6.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.119) Adhikārin (IE 8-3; EI 28; BL), ‘an officer’; same as Ādhikārika; cf. Kannaḍa Vērgaḍe, etc., and Sanskrit Adhyakṣa, meaning a superintendent, governor or director. ### [c6.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.120) (ASLV), explained as ‘a special officer or royal agent’. ### [c6.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.121) (EI 7), explained as ‘a minister’. ### [c6.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.122) (SII 2), explained as ‘a magistrate’. ### [c6.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.123) Cf. Viḍaiy-adhikāri, Viḍaiyil-adhikāri (SITI), an officer issuing royal orders. ### [c6.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.124) Adhikṛta (EI 23, 24), ‘an officer’; cf. Adhikārin. ### [c6.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.125) Adhimahārāja (EI 15), royal title. Cf. Adhirāja. ### [c6.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.126) Adhipati (LL), a king; cf. pati. ### [c6.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.127) ādhi-patra (LP), a mortgage bond. ### [c6.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.128) Adhirāja (IE 8-2), sometimes used as an imperial title, but sometimes as the title of a feudatory. Cf. Adhimahārāja. ### [c6.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.129) (BL), title of a subordinate ruler. ### [c6.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.130) (LL), designation of a supreme king. ### [c6.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.131) Adhirājarāja (EI 9), royal title. Cf. Rājarāja, Rājādhirāja, etc. ### [c6.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.132) adhirājya (EI 24), a realm or kingdom. ### [c6.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.133) ādhirājya (CII 3), a derivative from the title Adhirāja; supreme sovereignty. ### [c6.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.134) adhisthāna, adhiṣṭhāna (CII 1), cf. dharm-ādhisthāna, dharm-ādhiṣṭhāna, ‘the establishment of morality’. ### [c6.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.135) adhiṣṭhāna (IE 8-3; EI 24, 28, 31; LL), the capital or headquarters of an administrative unit; a city or town; the chief city. See abhisthāna. ### [c6.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.136) (EI 9), probably, residence. ### [c6.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.137) (EI 8), same as sthāna. ### [c6.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.138) (EI 24), cf. \*adhiṣṭhānam\*, ‘under the supervision of’. (\*SITI\*), the base of the \*vimāna\* in a temple; a seat. \*Adhiṣṭhāna-adhikaraṇa\* (IE 8-3; EI 23; BL), administrative office or board at the headquarters of a territorial unit; office of the administrators of a city; the city office. ### [c6.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.139) \*Adhiṣṭhāyaka\* (EI 16), official designation; same as \*Adhyakṣa\* (q.v.). ### [c6.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.140) \*adhivāsa\*, cf. \*adhivāsa-sakta-cāturvarṇya-samakṣam\* (LP), ‘in the presence of the people of the four castes living in the vicinity’; cf. \*adhivāsa-saktīya\* (LP); neighbours. ### [c6.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.141) \*Adhvapa\* (EI 20), official designation; same as \*Mārgapati\*, etc. ### [c6.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.142) \*Adhyakṣa\* (EI 24; CII 4), the head of a department; the superintendent of a department; a superintendent or director; sometimes mentioned in the list of officials (\*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXXI, p. 80). Cf. \*Mahādhyakṣa\*. ### [c6.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.143) (IA 20), explained as the \*Dūtaka\* or \*Ājñapti\*, i.e. executor of grants. ### [c6.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.144) \*Adhyakṣa-pracāra\* (EI 12, 15), a list of superintendents of departments; probably also a notice setting forth the distribution of the \*Adhyakṣas\* in various departments and stations. ### [c6.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.145) \*Adhyāpaka\* (EI 32), a teacher. ### [c6.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.146) \*a-dhyātam\*, ‘without any consideration or hesitation’ (\*Select Inscriptions\*, p. 239). ### [c6.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.147) \*adhyayana\* (SII 1), study of the Vedas. ### [c6.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.148) \*Adhyayana-bhaṭṭa\* (IA 12), assistant officiating priest (also called \*Sādhācārya\*) at the temple at Rāmeśvaram. ### [c6.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.149) \*adhyayan-āṅga\* (SITI), same as \*adhyayana-vṛtti\* (q. v.). ### [c6.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.150) \*adhyayana-vṛtti\* (SITI), tax-free land endowed for reciting the Vedas in temples. ### [c6.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.151) \*adhyetṛ\* (EI 32), a student. ### [c6.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.152) \*ādi\* (IE 7-1-2), ‘one’. ### [c6.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.153) \*ādikāra\* (CII 1), an initiator; one who starts a practice or to do a particular deed. ### [c6.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.154) \*Ādikartṛ\* (CII 3), ‘an originator’; epithet of the Jain Tīrthaṅkaras. ### [c6.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.155) \*Ādirāja\* (EI 12), an ancient king, e.g., Bharata, Nala, Nahuṣa, etc.; founder of a royal family (\*Select Inscriptions\*, pp. 412, 415). ### [c6.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.156) \*āditya\* (IE 8-2; EI 33), ending of royal titles like Vikramā- ditya, Kramāditya, Mahendrāditya, etc., probably popularised by the Imperial Guptas in the fourth century A.D. (IE 7-1-2), ‘twelve’. āditya-kāca (EI 32), probably, the jewel called sūryakānta. ādivarāha-dramma (EI 30; CII 4), name of a coin (dramma) styled after Ādivarāha, i.e. Pratihāra Bhoja I (c. 836-85 A.D.). adri (IE 7-1-2; EI 25), ‘seven’. ādvaliśa (IA 17), or dvaliśa; regarded as a word of doubtful meaning; but really, a geographical name. ādya-māṣa, the original māṣa 5 ratis in weight, later its weight being regarded as 6, 7 or 10 ratis (JNSI, Vol. XV, p. 139). See māṣa. aga (IE 7-1-2), ‘seven’. (SII 3), earth or land. āgama (SII 1), a doctrine; cf. Lākul-āgama (EI 32), the doctrine of Lakula (Lakulīśa). Cf. āgama-samaya. Cf. s-āgama-nirgama-praveśa (IE 8-5), ‘together with approaches, ingress and egress’. āgama-nigama-dāna (LP), tax for importing and exporting. agamārga (SITI), a variety of dance performed in the presence of the gods in temples. āgama-samaya, cf. Lākul-āgama-samaya (EI 32), the tenets of Lakula’s doctrine. āgāmin (IE 8-5; EI 19; SITI), future income, future benefits; one of the 8 kinds of rights in the property; cf. aṣṭa-bhoga. agara (EI 19), a corrupt form of agrahāra, often noticed in Tamil inscriptions. agara-brahmadeya (SITI), village granted to Brāhmaṇas; also called agara (agrahāra) and brahmadeya. See agara. agara-pparru (SITI), Tamil; same as agara or agrahāra; land granted to Brāhmaṇas. Agasāli (EI 28), a goldsmith; same as Akṣaśālin. āghāṭa (EI 16), boundary; cf. āghāṭana, āghāṭī. āghāṭana (Ep. Ind., Vol. XII, p. 264, text line 42), same as āghāṭa, boundary; see also āghāṭī. āghāṭī (EI 23), same as āghāṭa; boundary; see also āghāṭana. aghoṣa (IE 7-1-2), ‘thirteen’ \[being the number of surds in the Sanskrit alphabet\]. agni (IE 7-1-2), ‘three’. ### [c6.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.157) \*agni-cayana\* (EI 32; IA 19), a sacrificial rite. ### [c6.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.158) \*Agnicit\* (SII 2), title of a Brāhmaṇa. cf. \*agni-cayana\*. ### [c6.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.159) \*agnihotra\* (EI 22; CII 3, 4), offerings to fire; a particular sacrifice, often mentioned as one of the five sacrificial rites (\*mahāyajña\*) which are the daily duties of a Brāhmaṇa. ### [c6.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.160) \*Agnihotrin\* (CII 4), epithet of a Brāhmaṇa performing the \*agnihotra\* sacrifice. ### [c6.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.161) \*agni-kārya\* (EI 33; SII 3), fire-oblation. ### [c6.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.162) \*Agni-kula\*, ‘a family, the progenitor of which was born from the fire pit of a sage’. See \*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXXV, p. 162, for a 12th century ‘Fire family’ in the Nanded District, Maharashtra. ### [c6.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.163) \*agni-kuṇḍa\* (CII 4), fire-pit; an emblem of the worship of the Fire or Sun. ### [c6.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.164) \*agni-skandha\* (CII 1), masses of fire. ### [c6.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.165) \*agniṣṭhā\* (SITI), firewood. ### [c6.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.166) \*agni-sthitikā\*, fire-place (\*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXXV, p. 107). ### [c6.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.167) \*agniṣṭoma\* (CII 3), a particular sacrifice. ### [c6.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.168) \*Agnyāhita\* (EI 15), same as \*Āhitāgni\*, ‘a Brāhmaṇa perpetually maintaining and consecrating the sacred fire in his house’. ### [c6.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.169) \*agra\* (EI 24), same as \*agra-bhāga\*; the king’s share. ### [c6.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.170) (CII 1), cf. \*anyatra agreṇa parākrameṇa\*, ‘without a great effort’. ### [c6.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.171) \*agra-bhāga\* (CII 2-1; ML), the principal share; same as \*agra\*, \*agra-pratyāya\*, the king’s share. ### [c6.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.172) \*agrabhāga-pratyamśa\* (CII 2-1), same as \*agra-bhāga\*, \*agra-pratyamśa\*. ### [c6.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.173) \*agra-bhṛti\* (CII 1), a superior personage. ### [c6.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.174) \*agra-dharmarājikā\* (ML), the chief Dharmarājikā (a \*stūpa\* enshrining the relics of the Dharmarāja or Buddha). ### [c6.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.175) \*agahara\*, \*agāhara\*, \*āgahara\* (Chamba), corruptions of \*agrahāra\*. ### [c6.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.176) \*Agrahara\* (EI 24), a collector of the king’s share. See \*agra\*. ### [c6.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.177) \*agrahāra\* (IE 8-4; EI 30; CII 4; SII 1; HRS; Chamba), rent-free land given to Brāhmaṇas; a rent-free village; a Brāhmaṇa village; sometimes suffixed to names of localities especially in South India. It was primarily, ‘a rent-free village in the possession of Brāhmaṇas’; but there are occasional references to \*dev-agrahāra\* (rent-free holding in the possession of a deity), \*vaiśy-agrahāra\* (rent-free holding in the possession of the Vaiśyas), etc.; sometimes spelt \*agrahāra\* (CII 3). See \*mah-agrahāra\*, \*brahmapurī\*, \*caturvedi-maṅgala\*, etc.; also \*aṅga-bhoga\*. ### [c6.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.178) \*agrahāra-pradey-āṃśa\* (EI 33), a small rent payable for land granted to Brāhmaṇas and declared rent-free. ### [c6.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.179) \*Agrahārika\*, \*Agrahārika\* (IE 3-8; EI 23; HD; CII 3; etc.), the owner of an \*agrahāra\*; sometimes probably, the superintendent of \*agrahāras\*; same as \*Agrahārin\*. Cf. \*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXIV, p. 127. ### [c6.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.180) \*Agrahārin\*, \*Agrahāriṇa\* (EI 23, 24), the holder of an \*agrahāra\*; headman or owner of an \*agrahāra\* village. Cf. \*Agrahārika\*. ### [c6.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.181) \*Agrahāriṇa-mahattara\* (EI 24), headman among the \*Agrahāriṇas\*, i.e. owners of an \*agrahāra\* (rent-free village in the possession of Brāhmaṇas). ### [c6.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.182) \*āgrahāyaṇī\* (EI 8), \*Mārgaśīrṣa\* su-di 15. ### [c6.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.183) \*agraja\* (EI 23), the elder brother (or cousin); rarely used wrongly in the sense of ‘the eldest son’ (EI 9). ### [c6.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.184) \*agrajanman\* (EI 9), same as \*agraja\* (q.v.); wrongly used to mean ‘the eldest son’ instead of ‘the elder brother’ (cf. \*agraja\*). ### [c6.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.185) (EI 24), a Brāhmaṇa. ### [c6.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.186) \*Agra-mahādevī\* (SITI), chief queen of a king. ### [c6.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.187) \*Agra-mahāmahiṣī\* (IE 8-2), title of a chief queen; cf. \*Mahiṣī\*, \*Agra-mahiṣī\*, \*Mahāmahiṣī\*, \*Agra-mahādevī\*. ### [c6.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.188) \*Agra-mahiṣī\* (IE 8-2; EI 22; LL; ML), designation of the chief queen; cf. \*Mahiṣī\*, \*Agra-mahādevī\*, etc. ### [c6.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.189) \*agra-maṇḍapa\* (SITI), front hall of a temple. ### [c6.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.190) \*agra-prāsāda\*, same as \*tala-vṛtti\* (\*Ep. Ind.\*, Vol. XXXI, p. 166, note 2). ### [c6.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.191) \*agra-pratyaṃśa\* (EI 23; CII 2-1; ML), principal share; same as \*agra-bhāga\*. ### [c6.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.192) \*agra-pratyāya\* (EI 23), principal share or income; same as \*agra-bhāga\*. ### [c6.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.193) \*agra-śālā\* (SII 3), a temple-kitchen. ### [c6.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.194) \*āgrayaṇa\* (EI 7), the first Soma libation at the \*agniṣṭoma\* sacrifice; oblation consisting of first-fruits at the end of the rainy season. ### [c6.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.195) \*agrika\* (LP), ‘the previous one’. ### [c6.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.196) agrika-pāyā (LP), original foundation; cf. Gujarātī pāyā, foundation. Agronomoi (IE 8-3), Greek; probably the same as Rajjuka. āhaḍa (EI 1), probably, a quarry. Ahamvīra, see Amīra. Cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIV, p. 178. ahan (CII 3), ‘a day’; used to denote the solar, or more properly civil, day. āhāra (IE 8-4; EI 27; CII 1, 3, 4), a district; cf. āharaṇī. Cf. grām-āhāra (IE 8-4), a group of villages. (IA 17), cf. s-āhāra in Buddhist literature explained as sa-janapada. Āhāra= \[land for\] food; cf. bhoga. āharaṇī (IE 8-4; EI 16), a district or its subdivision; cf. Hastakavapr-āharaṇī (Ep. Ind., Vol. XI, p. 109); also cf. āhāra. āhāra-viṣaya (IE 8-4), originally an āhāra, but later a viṣaya; cf. Kheṭak-āhāra-viṣaya. āhavanīya (EI 32), the sacred fire. ahi (IE 7-1-2), ‘eight’. ahi-daṇḍa (IE 8-5; EI 12, 28, 33), professional tax levied from snake-charmers or levy for their maintenance. aidūka, same as eḍūka (q.v.). airāvata (IE 7-1-2), ‘one’; sometimes hastin, etc., are used in this sense though they really mean ‘seven’. aiśvary-āṣṭaka (EI 33), same as aṣṭa-bhoga (q. v.). aitada (EI 28), derived from etad. ājīvaka-kāsu (SITI), same as Tamil āśuva-kkāśu, āśuvikaḷ-kāśu, āśuva-kkaḍamai; tax payable by Ājīvakas or for the maintenance of Ājīvaka monks. ### [c6.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.197) Ājñā (IE 8-3; EI 27; BL; CII 3), an order or command; same as ājñapti or ājñāpti supposed to be connected with giving the order for the drawing up of a charter; person receiving a king’s order regarding the preparation of a charter; usually translated as ‘executor of a grant’; standing alone, the word is supposed to indicate the office of the Dūtaka, though the latter seems to have been additionally responsible for giving the donee the possession of the gift land. Cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. XIV, p. 362 (of the Gaṅga year 149) where the words are ājñā mahāmahattara-Śivavarmā; also svayam=ājñā (CII, Vol. III, p. 115; Ep. Ind., Vol. XVI, p. 19) taken to mean that the king employed no Dūtaka to convey the details of his grant to the local officers, but that he gave the details in person. ### [c6.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.198) The expression \*sva-mukh-ājñā\* (literally, the oral order of the king) is also explained in the same way. The suggestion that \*Ājñādāpaka\* sometimes occurs as a synonym of \*Dūtaka\* is wrong. See \*Ājñapti\*, \*Ājñā-sañcārin\*, etc. \*Cf. Ind. Ep.\*, pp. 143-44. \*Cf. Tamil āṇai\* (EI 23), sign; the insignia. ### [c6.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.199) \*Ājñā-bhogika\* (EI 21; BL), \*Ājñā\* and \*Bhogika\* wrongly made into a single official designation. See \*Ājñā\* and \*Bhogika\*. ### [c6.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c6.200) \*Ājñā-dāpaka\* (BL; HD), wrongly taken as a compound expression meaning an officer (\*Ind. Ant.\*, Vol. XIV, p. 161). See \*Ājñā\* and \*Dāpaka\*. _First 200 of 6,949 passages. 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