[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Indian Epigraphical Glossary](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966) › c8 # Indian Epigraphical Glossary c8: Appendix II: Tax Names in Dravidian Languages Indian Epigraphical Glossary c8 - **Language:** English ### Appendix II: Tax Names in Dravidian Languages ### [c8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.2) \*abhiṣeka-kkāṇikkai\* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; presents offered to a king at the time of his coronation. ### [c8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.3) \*ācārya-pūjanai\* (SITI), honorarium payable to priests. ### [c8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.4) \*accu-taṛi\*, \*accu-ttaṛi\* (SITI), Tamil; a variety of loom; tax payable on looms. ### [c8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.5) \*accu-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; probably, the same as \*pŏn-vari\*; duty payable for minting gold or metal into coins; cf. \*akkaśālai-vari\*. ### [c8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.6) \*adhikāra-ppeṛu\* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; probably, presents offered to an officer. ### [c8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.7) \*adhikāra-varttanai\* (SITI), customary payments made to an officer at stipulated periods. ### [c8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.8) \*aḍimai-kkāśu\* (SITI), Tamil; fee collected from temple servants. ### [c8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.9) \*aḍi-kkāśu\* (SITI), Tamil; tax collected from stall-keepers in markets. ### [c8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.10) \*āḍi-ppaccai\* (SITI), Tamil; probably, perquisites payable in grain in the month of \*Āḍi\* after the harvest. ### [c8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.11) \*ādirai-ppāṭṭam\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle; cf. \*attiṛai-pāṭṭam\*. ### [c8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.12) \*āḍukkalai-ppuṛam\* (SITI), Tamil; an endowment for the kitchen expenses of a temple. ### [c8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.13) \*akkaśālai-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; tax payable to the mint for minting coins; cf. \*accu-vari\*. ### [c8.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.14) \*āḷ-amañji\* (SII 12), a levy; explained as ‘workmen pressed into service without wages’ (SITI); Sanskrit \*viṣṭi\*. ### [c8.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.15) \*allāya-mānyam\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; probably, the right to receive a handful of grain or a prescribed quantity of an article sold in the market as wages for measuring. ### [c8.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.16) \*āḷ-nel\*, \*āṇel\* (SITI), Tamil; a tax payable in paddy. ### [c8.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.17) \*alpamirai\* (SITI), Tamil; a minor tax payable in grains. ### [c8.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.18) \*aḷu\* (SITI), Tamil; a variety of market dues; probably, the same as \*aḷḷu\* and \*allāya-mānyam\*. ### [c8.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.19) \*alugal-śarakku\* (SITI), Tamil; the right of collecting the refuse and waste thrown in the village. ### [c8.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.20) āḷ-vari (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; poll-tax. See \*per-kkaḍamai\*, \*per-vāśi\*. ### [c8.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.21) āṇai-ccālai (SITI), Tamil; ‘an elephant stable’; tax payable for the maintenance of the elephant stable. ### [c8.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.22) āṇḍ-eḻuttu-ttevai (SITI), Tamil, a tax of uncertain import. ### [c8.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.23) aṅgāḍi-kkūli, aṅgāḍi-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; tax on bazars, shops, etc. ### [c8.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.24) anniyāya-vāva-daṇḍa-irai (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; penal tax imposed on some unauthorised item of occupation or enjoyment. ### [c8.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.25) antara-viniyogam (SITI), Sanskrit; individual share to make up the shortage in the total revenue occasioned by the grant of exemptions of antar-āyam or uḷ-vari. ### [c8.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.26) antar-āyam (SITI), Sanskrit; internal revenue; taxes levied by a local body; also called uḷ-vari. ### [c8.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.27) antarāya-kkāśu; antarāya-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; internal taxes; minor taxes like the profession tax, etc., payable to the village assembly. ### [c8.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.28) anuvattanai (SITI), a class of contingent dues which come under the head \*vattanai\*. ### [c8.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.29) arakkal (SITI), Tamil; an instalment of land-tax. ### [c8.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.30) arandai (EI 18), name of a tax. ### [c8.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.31) araśu-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; same as \*mahārāja-prayojana\*; probably, fees collected for payment for the performance of police duties in the rural areas. ### [c8.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.32) ārāycci, kāriyav-ārāycci (SITI), Tamil; cess paid for the superintendence of transactions. ### [c8.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.33) arcanā-bhoga, arcanā-vṛtti (SITI), Sanskrit; land set apart for meeting the expenses of worship (\*arcanā\*) in the village temple. ### [c8.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.34) arikoḷi, ariśi-ttuṇḍam (SITI); taxes of uncertain import. ### [c8.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.35) arikūli (SITI), Tamil; dues payable in handfuls of the stalks harvested. ### [c8.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.36) arimukkai (SII 12), a levy. ### [c8.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.37) arippadikkāval (SII 12), a levy. ### [c8.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.38) ariśi-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax for husking paddy into rice. ### [c8.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.39) ārraṅkarai-ttevai (SITI), Tamil; tax for keeping the river-bund in repair. ### [c8.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.40) ārru-kkulai (SITI), Tamil; ‘river-bund’; tax to repair breaches in the river-bund. ### [c8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.41) ārrukkāl-amañji (SITI), Tamil; unpaid labour to keep the channel from the river in good repair. ### [c8.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.42) aruntoḍu (SITI), Tamil; ‘eating-plate’; a tax payable according to the number of eating plates in feeding houses. ### [c8.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.43) āśuvikaḷ-kāsu, āśuva-kkāśu, āśuva-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable by the Ājīvakas or for maintaing Ājīvaka monks. ### [c8.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.44) āḷci-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; probably, a succession tax. ### [c8.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.45) ātirai (SITI), Tamil; probably, the expenses for the ārdrā festival in the month of Mārgaḷi. ### [c8.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.46) aṭiyurai (SITI), Tamil; offerings made at the feet of a high personage; written differently as aḍiyiṟai, aḍiyaṟai, etc. ### [c8.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.47) āṭṭai-kkānikkai (SITI), Tamil; annual contribution or presents. ### [c8.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.48) aṭṭirai-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle; cf. ādiraipāṭṭam. ### [c8.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.49) aṭṭaṇaikkāl (SITI), Tamil; a kind of stand or pedestal (probably of eight legs). ### [c8.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.50) āṭṭukk-īrai, āṭṭirai (SITI) Tamil; tax on sheep; also called āṭṭu-vari. ### [c8.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.51) aṭṭukkirai (SITI), Tamil; tax on charities. ### [c8.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.52) āvaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a document; generally, a sale-deed; also called villaiy-āvaṇam; cf. āvaṇa-kkaḷari (SITI), place where documents like the sale-deeds, etc., are registered; a registration office. ### [c8.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.53) avasara-varttanai (SITI), presents payable to an Avasara, an officer of the royal household having the duty of bringing to the notice of the king anything that demanded his immediate attention. ### [c8.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.54) āyam (SITI); ‘income’; tax in general. ### [c8.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.55) baṇṇigiteṟe, Kannaḍa; a kind of levy (A. R. Ep., 1958-59, p.12). ### [c8.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.56) bilkoḍe (EI 28), Kannaḍa; tolls. ### [c8.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.57) birāḍa (EI 24), name of a tax. ### [c8.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.58) baṇṇige (EI 28), name of a tax. ### [c8.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.59) bhatt-āya (SII 11-1), same as Sanskrit bhakt-āya. ### [c8.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.60) biṭṭi (SII 11-1), same as Sanskrit viṣṭi. ### [c8.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.61) bittu-kaṭṭe, Kannaḍa; same as bittu-vaṭṭa. ### [c8.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.62) bittu-vaṭṭa, a portion of the produce from the land irrigated by a tank, granted to a person who excavated or repaired the tank (\*A. R. Ep.\*, 1958-59, p. 10). ### [c8.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.63) \*brāhmaṇa-rāśa\* (rāja)-kkāṇam (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; tax payable by the Brāhmaṇa (\*purohita\*) to the king. ### [c8.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.64) \*cakra-kāṇikkai\* (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; profession-tax paid by the potters; also called \*tirigai-āyam\*. ### [c8.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.65) \*daṇḍa-kāṇam\* (SII 13), fines. ### [c8.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.66) \*daśabandha\* (SITI), Sanskrit; tax or cess levied to keep the sources of water supply, like the tank, etc., in good repair. ### [c8.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.67) \*dhāny-ādāya\* (SITI), Sanskrit; tax payable in grains. \*dhānya-varga\*, cf. \*tāniya-varakkam\*. ### [c8.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.68) \*eraḍu dogarāca-ppaṇṇu\* (EI 30), name of a tax. ### [c8.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.69) \*eccōru\* (SII 13), a tax or the obligation of free feeding. ### [c8.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.70) \*eḍai-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on weights. ### [c8.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.71) \*eḍuttu-kkoṭṭai\* (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import. ### [c8.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.72) \*eḍuttukkoṭṭi\* (SII 12), a levy. ### [c8.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.73) \*elavai\* (SITI), also spelt \*ělavai\*; Tamil; death-duty; fee for creamatorium. ### [c8.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.74) \*ěluṭṭu-viniyogam\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; dues payable as \*ěluṭṭu\* for the village-accountant to be apportioned among the villagers. ### [c8.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.75) \*eṇi-kkāṇam\* (SITI), Tamil; ladder tax evidently levied on toddy-drawers. ### [c8.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.76) \*eṇṇěy\* (SITI), Tamil; tax levied on the oil-trade; obligation for the supply of oil. ### [c8.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.77) \*eraḍu-bilkoḍě\* (IE 8-5), Kannaḍa; name of a tax. ### [c8.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.78) \*eri-āyam\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; income from fishing in the tank, etc.; amount payable by the owners of the fields irrigated by the tank for its upkeep. ### [c8.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.79) \*eri-īvu\* (SITI), Tamil; share in the expenses of the maintenance of the tank. ### [c8.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.80) \*er-kkaḍamai\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on ploughs. ### [c8.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.81) \*er-ppoṉ\* (SITI), Tamil; tax to be paid in cash for each plough; also called \*er-kkaṇikkai\*, etc. ### [c8.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.82) \*erumai-ppoṉ\* (SITI), Tamil; tax payable on buffaloes. ### [c8.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.83) \*erikkāḍi\* (SII 12), tank cess of one \*kāḍi\* of paddy per field. ### [c8.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.84) \*eri-mīṉ-pāṭṭam\* (SII 12), a tax; income from fish in the tank. ### [c8.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.85) \*hějjuṅka\*, same as \*pěrjuṅka\*, Kannaḍa; name of tax. ### [c8.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.86) \*iḍaṅgai-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; tax paid by the members of the \*iḍaṅgai\* community or the left-hand classes. ### [c8.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.87) idai-ppāṭṭam, also called idai-ppūṭci (SITI), Tanmil; tax on herdsmen or cattle-breeders. ### [c8.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.88) idaitturai, also spelt iḍatorai (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import. ### [c8.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.89) idaiyar-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on shepherds. ### [c8.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.90) ilaivāṇiya-ppāṭṭam (SITI), tax on the sellers of betel-leaves. ### [c8.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.91) iḍatorai, see idaitturai. ### [c8.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.92) ilakkulam (SII, 13), a tax. ### [c8.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.93) iḷam-puñjai, iḷam-puṭci (SITI), Tamil; tax for toddy-drawing. ### [c8.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.94) ilāñjanai-ppeṟu, also called lāñjinai-ppeṟu, lāñjanai-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; fee for affixing the royal seal; ilāñjanai=Sanskrit lāñchana. ### [c8.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.95) ilvari (SITI), Tamil; house-tax; cf. manai-ppaṇam, manav-irai. ### [c8.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.96) inavari (SII 12), inavari-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; communal tax. ### [c8.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.97) irai (SII 13; SITI), Tamil; a general term denoting revenue income and the taxes to be paid to government; land tax. ### [c8.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.98) irai-dravyam (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; explained as a lump sum paid in lieu of land tax; amount payable in commutation of the taxes payable on landed property. ### [c8.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.99) irai-kāval (SITI), Tamil; amount of deposit which yielded interest per annum equal to the tax due on the land; sometimes regarded as a tax for police duties. ### [c8.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.100) iraiyili-mudal (SII 13), same as irai-dravyam. ### [c8.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.101) iraiyili-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; amount paid for compounding taxes in order to make the land tax-free; also regarded as the amount payable to meet the shortage in the revenue occasioned by the grant of exemption from tax on certain lands. ### [c8.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.102) iraṅkolli, iraṅkolli (SITI), Tamil; ‘a washerman’; tax payable by washermen. ### [c8.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.103) iravu (EI 30), Tamil; royal dues. ### [c8.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.104) iruppu-kkaṭṭi (SITI), Tamil; probably, the cake of the Mahua seeds after the extraction of oil, largely used as soap; tax for the manufacture and sale of such cakes. ### [c8.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.105) iśai-kkiḍāy (SITI), Tamil; ‘beautiful ram’; dues to be paid for the ram kept for show; cf. aḻag-erudu-kkāśu. ### [c8.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.106) joḍi, also spelt śoḍi (SITI), Tamil; name of a small quit-rent. ### [c8.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.107) koḍai-vaḍaikkāy (SITI), Tamil; tax on arecanuts brought for sale. ### [c8.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.108) kaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; revenue, tax to be paid to the government in kind. ### [c8.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.109) kadir-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax paid in sheaves of corn. ### [c8.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.110) kāḍu-kāval (SITI), Tamil; tax for the preservation and maintenance of forests. ### [c8.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.111) kaṇakka-mikuḍi (SII 12), a tax. ### [c8.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.112) kaḷḷavalika (EI 28), name of a tax. ### [c8.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.113) kānika, Kannaḍa; also called kāṇika-kaṇĕ. ### [c8.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.114) kanikĕ-kappa, kappa-kānikĕ, etc.; customary presents; presents from inferior to superior (EI 33). ### [c8.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.115) kāṇikkai (EI 17, 21; SITI), Tamil; presents or customary payment as offerings to the king and other high officials. ### [c8.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.116) kaṇṇāla-kkāṇam (SII 13; EI 28), marriage fee; collected by the village assembly; same as vivāha-ppaṇam; cf. ugappār-pon. ### [c8.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.117) kaṇṇār-irai (SITI), Tamil; profession tax payable by a brazier. ### [c8.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.118) kānuka (CITD), same as kāṇika, etc. ### [c8.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.119) kappa (EI 33), Kannaḍa; tolls; ### [c8.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.120) karaṇikka-joḍi (SII 2; SITI), quit-rent of the Karaṇam or Karṇam (village-accountant or Paṭvārī). ### [c8.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.121) kārāṇmai (SITI), Tamil; a tenure with the hereditary right of enjoyment; cultivation right; tax for the same; also known as kārāṇkiḷamai. ### [c8.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.122) kāriya-ppeṟu (SITI), Tamil; probably, the same as kāriya-vārāycci, ārāycci. ### [c8.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.123) kāriya-vārāycci (SITI), Tamil; cess paid for the superintendence of transactions; same as ārāycci. ### [c8.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.124) kār-kaḍamai (SII 12), a tax. ### [c8.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.125) karppūra-vilai (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; sale-price paid for temple lands; price paid for cultivation rights of temple lands and in commutation of the taxes thereon. ### [c8.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.126) kārttigai-kkāśu, kārttigai-kkāṇi, kārttigai-ppaccai, kārttigaiy-ariśi (SITI), Tamil; payments in kind in the month of Kārttigai, i.e. during the harvest; cf. āḍi-ppaccai. ### [c8.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.127) karuvi-paṇam, karivi-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on the implements in cash, probably paid by the barbers. ### [c8.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.128) karuvūla-vari (SITI), Tamil; fee for the safe-custody of precious articles in the treasury; or fee for the watch of the treasury. ### [c8.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.129) kāś-āyam (SITI), kāśu-āyam; Tamil-Sanskrit; tax and dues payable in coin; also called kāśāya-vargam, kāśu-vargam and kāśu-kaḍamai. ### [c8.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.130) kāśu-kaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable in coin. ### [c8.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.131) kāṭci (SITI), Tamil; presents offered to a highly superior person at the time of meeting. ### [c8.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.132) kāṭciy-eradu-kkāśu (SITI), Tamil; tax probably on bulls kept for show. ### [c8.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.133) kāṭṭāl-kāśu (SITI), Tamil; tax of uncertain import. ### [c8.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.134) kaṭṭaṇam (SITI), Tamil; periodical presents made to superiors by their subordinates. ### [c8.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.135) kaṭṭ-āyam (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; consolidated amount payable for the minor taxes; also written as kaṇḍ-āyam; sometimes taken as the compulsory payment of certain dues. ### [c8.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.136) kattigai-ppaccai (SII 12), see kārtigai-kkāśu, etc. ### [c8.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.137) katti-kkāṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on weapons like sword, etc., or tax on the manufacture of swords or arms. ### [c8.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.138) kaṭṭu-kkuttagai (SITI), Tamil; rent fixed at the time of farming out the land; payment of consolidated rent. ### [c8.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.139) kaṭṭumukkai (SITI) Tamil; ‘three handfuls in the bundle’; a contribution of three handfuls for every bundle of paddy stalks harvested, which were payable to the temples; cf. arimukkai. ### [c8.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.140) kāval-peṟu (SII 12), name of a tax; cf. kāval-kāni, the right to guard temples. ### [c8.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.141) kīḻ-irai (SITI; SII 12), Tamil; minor taxes, or tax fixed at a lower rate. ### [c8.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.142) kīḻ-irai-ppāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; small cesses and taxes like min-pāṭṭam, etc. ### [c8.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.143) kiṟṟu-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on thatched sheds. ### [c8.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.144) kirukula (SITI), Tamil; commercial tax or tolls on retail articles; also called kirukūla-viśeṣam; cf. kūlam. ### [c8.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.145) kōḍi-kkaḍami (SITI), Tamil; explained as a tax for the cultivation of the medicinal plant kōḍi-veli, otherwise known as citra-mūlam; probably, the same as kodi-kkaḍamai, tax on new cloth; cf. tiru-ppudiyidu. ### [c8.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.146) kol-kūli (SITI), Tamil; tax for measuring or weighing. ### [c8.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.147) kol-nirai-kūli (SITI), Tamil; tax on articles measured by weight. ### [c8.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.148) kōḷmurai-ppāḍu (SITI), Tamil; customary dues. ### [c8.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.149) kōḷu (SITI), Tamil; tax on ploughshares. ### [c8.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.150) kōḷvari (SITI), Tamil; tax in kind. ### [c8.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.151) \*ko-murai\* (SITI), Tamil; revenue due to the king. ### [c8.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.152) \*ko-pada-vāram\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; tax due to the king. ### [c8.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.153) \*koṭṭai-kkūli\* (SITI); ‘wages on nuts’; probably, charges for the upkeep of forts; cf. \*koṭṭai-magamai\*. ### [c8.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.154) \*koṭṭai-magamai\* (SITI), Tamil; tax for the maintenance of forts. ### [c8.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.155) \*koyil-vāśi\* (SITI), Tamil; minor taxes payable to the palace. ### [c8.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.156) \*kuḍi-kkāṇam\* (SITI), Tamil; fee paid by the tenants; probably, the same as \*kuḍi-kkāśu\* and \*kuḍi-ppaṇam\*. ### [c8.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.157) \*kuḍimai\* (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; taxes in general (with the exception of land revenue) payable to the state for the protection of the civil rights it offers; tenancy tax. ### [c8.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.158) \*kudirai-māṟṟu\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on horses. ### [c8.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.159) \*kudirai-ppaṇḍi\* (SITI), Tamil; ‘a stable’; tax for the same. ### [c8.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.160) \*kudirai-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on horses; also known as \*kudirai-māṟṟu\*, \*kudiraiv-iḷāḍam\*; probably the same as \*kudirai-ppaṇḍi\*. ### [c8.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.161) \*kudiraiv-iḷāḍam\* (SITI), Tamil; ‘horse-shoe’; fee for shoeing horses; probably connected with \*kudirai-ppaṇḍi\*. ### [c8.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.162) \*kuḷavaḍai\* (EI 17), tax for the enjoyment of the tank and its income. ### [c8.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.163) \*kūlam\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on grains and pulses; cf. \*kirukulam\*. ### [c8.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.164) \*kumara-kaccāṇam\* (SITI), Tamil; explained as a tax payable in coin for the maintenance of the temple of Kumāra or Subrahamaṇya; but same as \*kumāra-gadyāṇa\* (q. v.). ### [c8.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.165) \*kūṟṟariśi\* (SITI), Tamil; obligation of husking paddy belonging to the temple into rice and the charges to be met for the same. ### [c8.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.166) \*kuṟṟu-nel\*, \*kūṟṟu-nellu\* (SITI), Tamil; tax for husking paddy payable to king. ### [c8.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.167) \*kuśa-kkāṇam\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on potters; also known as \*tirigaiāyam\*, \*śakkara-kkāṇikkai\*. ### [c8.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.168) \*lañjanai-pperu\*, \*lañjinai-pperu\*, see \*ilañjanai-pperu\*. ### [c8.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.169) \*māḍai-kkūli\* (SITI), Tamil; tax for minting gold into coins. ### [c8.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.170) \*mādā-ppaḍi\* (SITI), Tamil; allowances payable monthly; also called \*mādārikka\*, \*mādan\* and \*mādārikkai\*. ### [c8.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.171) \*māḍu-kāṇikkai\* (SITI), Tamil; obligation of supplying draught cattle to the visting nobles by the tenants. ### [c8.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.172) magamai, maganmai, magaṇamai (SITI), Tamil; small portion of the income or of the value of articles of merchandise collected as voluntary contribution by the merchants from among themselves for the maintenance of temples, etc. ### [c8.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.173) maganmai (SITI), Tamil; poll-tax. ### [c8.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.174) makkaḷ-peṟu (SITI), Tamil; one’s obligations as a citizen; probably, dues payable to a temple, or poll-tax. ### [c8.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.175) mallāyi-maghamai (SITI), Tamil; probably a customary collection in the market. ### [c8.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.176) māmagam (SITI), Tamil; tax payable in cash probably for the great Māgha (Mahāmāgha) festival; or, a mistake for mārgam. ### [c8.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.177) manai-meyppāṉ-kollum-irai, tax for the supervisor of houses or the building-supervisor; cf. meyppāṉ (SITI), Tamil; ‘shepherd; grazier;’ a supervisor; probably related to kaṅkāṇi. ### [c8.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.178) manai-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; house tax; also called manai-vari. Cf. ilvari. ### [c8.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.179) maṇaiy-irai (SITI), Tamil; house-tax. ### [c8.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.180) maṇḍai-ppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; tax on cattle grazing in the village common. ### [c8.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.181) maṇḍala-mudanmai-ppeṟu (SITI), Sanskrit-Tamil; fee for presents offered to the rulers of the maṇḍala or district. ### [c8.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.182) maṇ-madil (SITI), Tamil; ‘high wall or rampart made of mud’; tax for the erection and upkeep of such a wall. ### [c8.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.183) māppadakku (SITI), Tamil; payment at the rate of one padakku or two kuruṇi for every mā. ### [c8.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.184) māppaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a tax payable at the rate of one paṇam for every mā. ### [c8.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.185) māppaṭṭaḍai (SITI), Tamil; tax probably for the penning of cattle; may also be mara-ppaṭṭaḍai, ‘a timber depot’; tax payable for the same. ### [c8.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.186) mara-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil; tax payable for trees. ### [c8.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.187) mara-mañjāḍi (SITI), Tamil; tax of one mañjāḍi for every tree. ### [c8.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.188) mārg-ādāyam (SITI), Sanskrit; tolls on the articles in transit. ### [c8.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.189) mariyādi (SITI), Tamil; customary dues; also spelt mar-jādi, mariśādi, maruśādi, etc., and used in the sense of manner, way, extent, limit. ### [c8.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.190) māṭṭukkarai (SITI), Tamil; probably, a tax on cattle (cows and buffaloes). ### [c8.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.191) māvinda-kkaḍamai (SITI), Tamil, tax payable to the king. melaḍi (SITI), Tamil; taxes paid in kind. melviṭṭiya-vaḍḍāravuḷa, cf. vaḍḍāravuḷa. mel-veṭṭa-pperu (SITI), land set apart for meeting expenses of public works (veṭṭi). meṇi-ppōn (SITI), Tamil; poll-tax; tax on individuals. merai (SITI), Tamil; portion of the crop given at the threshing floor to certain village officers and servants as perquisite. mer-pāḍi-kāval (SITI), Tamil; policing duty over the nāḍu. See nāḍu-kāval. meṭṭu-nilam (SITI), Tamil; ‘high land’; tax payable for the cultivation of such land. miḷagu-taragu (SITI), Tamil; brokerage on pepper trade. monampāṭṭam (SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import. mudarriraman, mudal-tiramam (SITI), Tamil; tax (payable in cash) of uncertain import; tiramam is the coin called dramma (from Greek drachma). mullaḍiśinnam (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; a tax of uncertain import; probably, payment for clue in detection. mūngil-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax on bamboos. muttāvaṇam (SITI), Tamil; a tax probably on the sale of pearls. nāḍu-kāval (SITI), Tamil; ‘policing duty of the nāḍu’; tax payable by the residents in the division for the same. nāḍu-talaiyārikkam (SITI), Tamil; police-tax of the nāḍu; same as nāḍu-kāval. nal-kiḍā, nar-kiḍā (SITI), Tamil; cess for the upkeep of the show-ram; or, tax for show-rams. nall-ērudu (SII 12; SITI), Tamil; cess for the maintenance of a model bull, which was probably also used for breeding purposes; cf. aḷagerudu-kkāśu, kāṭci-ērudu-kkāśu, etc. nall-erumai (SITI), tax for the maintenance of specimen buffaloes. nar-kiḍā (SII 12), a tax. nāṭṭu-kkaṇakku-vari (SITI), Tamil; tax payable for the maintenance of the revenue accounts of the nāḍu or the country as a whole. nāṭu-kkāṇikkai (SITI), Tamil; presents payable to or by the assembly of the nāḍu. ### [c8.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.192) \*nāṭṭupāti\* (SITI), Tamil, \*nāḍu-upādi\*; the obligations to be met and taxes payable to the local assembly of the \*nāḍu\*. ### [c8.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.193) \*nāṭṭu-viniyogam\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; individual share payable to make up the shortage in the total revenue by the grant of exemptions by the assembly of the \*nāḍu\*. ### [c8.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.194) \*nĕll-āyam\* (SITI), Tamil-Sanskrit; tax payable in paddy; also known as \*nĕy-kaḍamai\*. ### [c8.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.195) \*nĕy\* (SITI), Tamil; tax on the traders in ghee; same as \*nĕy-vilai\*; cf. also \*eṇṇĕy\*. ### [c8.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.196) \*nilattiṟappu-kaḍamai\* (SII 12), a tax. ### [c8.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.197) \*nīrāṇikka-vari\* (SITI), Tamil; tax for the supervision of the regulation of water supply in a village. ### [c8.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.198) \*nīr-kkāṇam\* (SITI), Tamil; water-cess; also known as \*nīr-vilai\*. ### [c8.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.199) \*nīr-nilai-kkāśu\* (SITI), Tamil; tank-cess. ### [c8.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.200) \*niruṇi-suṅka\* (SII 11-1), water tax. ### [c8.201](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8.201) \*nīr-vilai\* (SITI), Tamil; water-cess. _First 200 of 351 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8)_ ## Linked texts (3) - [Epigraphia Indica](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.epigraphy.corpora.ei) - [Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.epigraphy.corpora.arie) - [South Indian Inscriptions](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.epigraphy.south.sii) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c8) · Pramāṇa