[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Reference works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference) › [Indian Epigraphical Glossary](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966) › c9 # Indian Epigraphical Glossary c9: Appendix III: Names of Coins, Metal Weights, etc. Indian Epigraphical Glossary c9 - **Language:** English ### Appendix III: Names of Coins, Metal Weights, etc. ### [c9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.2) accu, Tamil; name of a coin; money; tax or income. ### [c9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.3) āchu, same as āsu; cf. accu. ### [c9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.4) āḍa, also spelt aḍḍa; name of a coin; half of a fanam; cf. aḍḍaga and aḍḍuga. ### [c9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.5) aḍatālisa-gānī, 6 aṭha-gānīs or ṭaṅkas. ### [c9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.6) aḍḍa, same as āḍa (q.v.). ### [c9.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.7) aḍḍa-cinna, cf. āḍa or aḍḍa and cinna or sinna. ### [c9.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.8) aḍḍaga, also spelt aḍḍuga; same as āḍa, aḍḍa. ### [c9.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.9) aḍḍuga, same as aḍḍaga. ### [c9.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.10) aḍi-kkāśu, ‘tax collected from the stall-keepers in the market’; see kāśu. ### [c9.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.11) aḍimai-kkāśu, ‘fee collected from the temple servants (or for their maintenance)’; see kāśu. ### [c9.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.12) ādivarāha-dramma, ‘a dramma issued by Ādivarāha (Patīhāra Bhoja I, c. 836-85 A.D.)’; same as śrīmad-ādivarāha-dramma; see dramma. ### [c9.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.13) ādya-māṣa, the original māṣa of 5 ratis as opposed to the later māṣa of various weights upto 10 ratis. Cf. māṣa. ### [c9.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.14) ājīvaka-kāśu, same as Tamil āśuva-kkāśu; ‘tax collected from the Ājīvakas (or for the maintenance of the Ājīvaka monks)’; see kāśu. ### [c9.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.15) akkam, one-twelfth of a kāśu (q.v.). ### [c9.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.16) akṣa, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.17) alag-accu, see accu. ### [c9.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.18) ambili-gadyāṇa, see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.19) amudan-accu, see accu. ### [c9.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.20) anai-accu, see accu. ### [c9.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.21) āṇaka, Sanskritized form of Muhammadan āna=English anna. ### [c9.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.22) aṇḍika, aṇḍikā, ¼ of a māṣa; also regarded as the same as paṇa which was 1/12 or 1/16 of a dīnāra or suvarṇa in value. ### [c9.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.23) aṅka-gadyāṇa, see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.24) anna, Anglicised form of Muhammadan āna; 1/16 of rupee, property, etc. ### [c9.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.25) ardha-kakiṇī, half of a kākiṇī (q.v.). ### [c9.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.26) arṇikā, equal to 2 māṣas. aṣṭamikā, same as śatamāna. āsu, cf. accu. āśuva-kkāśu, same as ājīvaka-kāśu (q.v.); see kāśu. aṭha-gānī, same as ṭaṅka. aureus, Roman gold coin (124 grains); same as the gold denareus (q.v.). badara, same as tola or tolaka. baḍi-māḍuvulu, see māḍa. balotra, name applied to an Indian silver coin by the Muslim chroniclers of the early medieval period. barāḍ, modified form of varāṭaka (q.v.). bārah-gānī, 1½ aṭha-gānīs or ṭaṅkas. belliya-dramma, Kannaḍa; ‘silver dramma’; see dramma. bhāga, see hāga, pāga. bhairava-gadyāṇa ‘a gadyāṇa minted by a goldsmith named Bhairava’; cf. bṛhat-bhairava-gadyāṇa; see gadyāṇa. bhīmapriya-dramma, ‘a dramma minted by a goldsmith named Bhīma’; see dramma. ### [c9.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.27) bhujabala-māḍai, ‘a māḍai issued by a ruler named or entitled Bhujabala’; see māḍa, māḍai. binduka, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). bṛhat-bhairava-gadyāṇa, ‘the bigger bhairava-gadyāṇa (q.v.)’; see gadyāṇa. buḍī, Bengali name for a unit equal to 5 gaṇḍās; cf. voḍī, voḍrī, kapardaka-voḍī; also kākinī. cāmara, also called cāmara-māḍa; probably ‘a māḍa bearing the figure of a fly-whisk’; see māḍa. cāmara-māḍa, see cāmara and māḍa. carsam (karṣa ?), equal to 4 māḍas; see māḍa. cash, Anglicised spelling of kāśu. ‘cast’, see ‘die-struck’ and ‘punch-marked’. caubīsa-gānī, 3 aṭha-gānīs or ṭaṅkas. cau-gānī, ½ of an aṭha-gānī or ṭaṅka. cavala, also spelt cavela; ⅛ of a pagoda (q.v.). cavela, same as cavala. cha-gānī, ¾ of an aṭha-gānī or ṭaṅka. cīna-kkanakkam, Tamil; ‘Chinese gold coin’. cinna, also spelt sinna; same as fanam (q.v.); ⅕ of a pagoda (q.v.) ### [c9.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.28) ciravida, Telugu; supposed to be a kind of gadyāṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.29) dām, derivative of dramma (q.v.); copper coin, 1/40 of a Mughal rupee (q.v.). ### [c9.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.30) dama, same as dāma or dramma (q.v.). ### [c9.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.31) dāma, same as dām or dramma (q.v.). ### [c9.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.32) damma, same as dramma (q.v.). ### [c9.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.33) dāṅg, corrupt form of ṭaṅka (q.v.); cf. dāṅk. ### [c9.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.34) dāṅk, corrupt form of ṭaṅka (q.v.); cf. dāṅg. ### [c9.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.35) daric, gold coin of ancient Iran (about 133 grains); double daric = Greek stater or tetradrachma, four times the drachma in weight. ### [c9.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.36) dāya-dramma, ‘tax or money to be paid’; see dramma. ### [c9.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.37) dehlīwāl, see jital. ### [c9.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.38) denarius, name of the Roman silver (also gold) coin; equal to Greek drachma; origin of the Indian coin name dīnāra, etc. ### [c9.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.39) dhānaka, same as māṣa; cf. hemadhānyaka; same as dhānika (q.v.); also called aṇḍika and regarded as equal to 4 kārṣāpaṇas or 1½ of suvarṇa (JNSI, Vol. II, p. 8). ### [c9.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.40) dhānika, equal to 4 kārṣāpaṇas or 64 paṇas according to the Kṛtyakalpataru. ### [c9.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.41) dhānya-māṣa, ½ of yava. ### [c9.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.42) dharaṇa, old silver coin of 32 ratis (about 58 grains); also called kārṣāpaṇa and purāṇa; 24 (actually about 20) ratis in weight and half of gadyāṇa in value according to medieval authorities; otherwise called dramma, śāna or ṭaṅka; sometimes regarded as a gold coin or weight equal to ten palas or 40 suvarṇas or niṣkas (3200 ratis); cf. śatamāna (silver) = 10 dharaṇas (320 ratis). ### [c9.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.43) dhvaṃśi, same as vaṃśya; a minute unit of measurement. ### [c9.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.44) didrachma, ‘two-drachma’, ‘double drachma’; see drachma. ### [c9.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.45) ‘die-struck’, coins on which the symbols and legends were impressed by means of an anvil and a single punch, both bearing negative representations, by placing a blank on the socket in the anvil and striking the punch placed on it by a hammer; see punch-marked. ### [c9.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.46) dīnāra, also spelt dinnāra; generally spelt dīnāra (q.v.); a cowrie-shell according to the Kashmir chronicle. ### [c9.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.47) dīnāra, derived from Roman denarius (124 grains); name of a gold coin equal to 16 silver coins called rūpaka, etc. (about 20 ratis); a silver coin according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; sometimes called kāśu in Tamil, etc.; sometimes regarded as half of satera or sateraka (Greek stater); see dīnāra. ### [c9.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.48) \*dināri\*, generally spelt as \*dināra\*; local modification of the Roman \*denarius\* prevalent in the Ikṣvāku kingdom in the Krishna-Guntur region. ### [c9.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.49) \*dināri-māṣaka\*, same as \*dināri\*, or one-sixteenth of a \*dināri\* or \*dināra\* in weight or value. ### [c9.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.50) \*dinnāra\*, see \*dināra\*. ### [c9.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.51) \*diramam\*, Tamil form of \*dramma\*. ### [c9.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.52) \*doḍḍa-varāha\*, see \*varāha\*. ### [c9.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.53) \*do-gāṇī\*, ¼ of an \*aṭha-gāṇī\* or \*ṭaṅka\*. ### [c9.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.54) \*dra\*, abbreviation of \*dramma\*. ### [c9.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.55) \*drachma\*, Greek silver coin; equal to 6 obols; Attic standard 67 grains, but the Indo-Greek standard was soon modified, their coins of 37 or 38 grains being called \*drachma\* or \*hemi-drachma\* by different scholars; origin of the Indian coin name \*dramma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.56) \*drakṣaṇa\*, same as \*dramkṣaṇa\* or \*tola\*; equal to 8 \*māṣas\* (80 \*ratis\*); \*cf.\* \*drakṣuṇa\*. ### [c9.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.57) \*drakṣuṇa\*, same as \*drakṣaṇa\* or \*tola\*. ### [c9.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.58) \*dramkṣaṇa\*, same as \*tola\*. ### [c9.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.59) \*drama\*, same as \*dramma\*. ### [c9.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.60) \*dramma\*, Indian form of Greek \*drachma\*; a silver coin 1/16 of a gold \*niṣka\* according to the \*Līlāvatī\*; name applied to the Śaka-type silver \*purāṇa\*, \*dharaṇa\* or \*kārṣāpaṇa\* (about 20 \*ratis\*, also called \*rūpaka\*); copper coin (\*dām\*) regarded as 1/40 of a Mughal rupee; money in general; the name first occurs on the Yaudheya coins. ### [c9.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.61) \*dramm-ārdha\*, half of \*dramma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.62) \*dramma-tribhāga\*, one-third of \*dramma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.63) \*draṅga\*, variant of \*dramma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.64) \*du-gāṇī\*, same as \*do-gāṇī\*. ### [c9.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.65) \*dukra\*, ½ of a \*phaḍiyā\*. ### [c9.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.66) \*dukānī\*, ½ of a \*phaḍiyā\*. ### [c9.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.67) \*phaḍiyā\*, see \*phaḍiyā\*. ### [c9.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.68) \*fanam\*, Anglicised form of Tamil \*paṇam\* (q.v.); Sanskrit \*paṇa\* (q.v.); a gold coin equal to 1/20 of a \*varāha\*. ### [c9.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.69) \*ga\*, abbreviation of \*gadyāṇa\*. ### [c9.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.70) \*gadhaiyā\*, same as \*gadhiyā\*. ### [c9.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.71) \*gadhaiyā-paisā\*, same as \*ghadhiyā\*. ### [c9.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.72) \*gaḍiāṇaka\*, \*cf.\* \*kumāra-gaḍiāṇaka\*, name of a tax; same as \*gadyāṇa\*. ### [c9.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.73) \*gadhiyā\*, also spelt \*gadhaiyā\*; copper coin imitated from old Sasanian issues. ### [c9.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.74) gadhiyā-paisā, same as gadhiyā (q.v.). ### [c9.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.75) gadiyāṇa, same as gadyāṇa. ### [c9.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.76) gadyā, abbreviation of gadyāṇa. ### [c9.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.77) gadyāṇa, same as gadyāṇa. ### [c9.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.78) gadyāṇa, a gold coin or weight; generally regarded as 48 ratis (about 88 grains) in weight; sometimes called ‘the gold gadyāṇa’; sometimes regarded as a coin like a farthing, equal to 1/4 or 1/5 of the paikamu (q.v.); regarded in some places as equal to 20 vals, 8 māṣas or 1/2 tola. ### [c9.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.79) gadyānaka, same as gadyāṇaka or gadyāṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.80) gadyāṇaka, same as gadyāṇa. ### [c9.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.81) gadyāṇa-ponnu, ‘gadyāṇa of gold’; same as pon-gadyāṇa; see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.82) gaṇḍā, equal to 4 cowrie-shells; 1/20 of a paṇa; cf. gaṇḍaka. ### [c9.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.83) gaṇḍagopāla-māḍai, ‘māḍa issued or minted by Gaṇḍagopāla’; see māḍai. ### [c9.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.84) gaṇḍaka, same as gaṇḍā. Cf. kākinī. ### [c9.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.85) gaṇḍa-māḍa, probably ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a rhinoceros’ or an abbreviation of Gaṇḍagopāla-māḍai (q.v.); sometimes characterised by the epithet ‘small’; sometimes also called kārṣāpaṇa, niṣka and gaṇḍa-niṣka; see māḍa. ### [c9.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.86) gaṇḍa-niṣka, same as gaṇḍa; see māḍa and niṣka. ### [c9.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.87) gandhashasti-māḍa, same as gandhavāraṇa-māḍa; probably, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of an elephant in rut’; see māḍa. ### [c9.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.88) gānī, cf. atha-gānī, equal to a ṭaṅka and weighing a tola. ### [c9.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.89) gara-dramma, see dramma. ### [c9.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.90) gāva-gadyāṇa, see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.91) ghaṭita-hīna-drammāḥ, ‘drammas (money) that are wanting’; see dramma. ### [c9.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.92) golakā, same as gulikā, etc. ### [c9.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.93) goḷakkai, Tamil; same as golakā (gulikā). ### [c9.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.94) grāsagraha, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.95) gulikā, same as golakā, etc.; a small coin apparently globular or circular in shape; supposed to be a coin issued by the Śambhuvarāya chiefs and also by the Pāṇḍyas; cf. vīrachampan-kuḷigai and vaḷḷāl-vaḷi-tiraṇṭāṇ-guḷikai. ### [c9.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.96) guñjā, same as rati or raktikā (1.83 or about 1 3/4 grains). ### [c9.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.97) hāga, Kannaḍa; same as Sanskrit bhāga; probably 1/4 of the standard coin; see pāga. ### [c9.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.98) haṃsapada, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.99) \*hema\*, same as \*māṣa\*; cf. \*hema-dhānyaka\*. ### [c9.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.100) \*hema-dhānyaka\*, same as \*māṣa\*; see \*hema\* and \*dhānaka\*. ### [c9.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.101) \*hema-ṭaṅka\*, ‘a gold \*ṭaṅka\* (q.v.)’. ### [c9.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.102) \*hemi-drachma\*, Greek; same as Sanskrit \*dramm-ārdha\* (q.v.); see \*drachma\*, \*dramma\*, etc. ### [c9.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.103) \*hon\*, variant spelling of \*hūn\*; same as \*varāha\*, \*gadyāṇa\* (gold \*gadyāṇa\*) and \*pagoda\* (\*star pagoda\*); cf. \*suvarṇa\*. ### [c9.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.104) \*hūn\*, same as \*hon\* or \*varāha\* (q.v.), etc. ### [c9.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.105) \*īla-kkaṟuṅ-kāśu\*, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.106) \*īla-kkāśu\*, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.107) \*inavari-kkāśu\*, ‘communal tax in cash’; see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.108) \*jagaḍaḷaṃ-gadyāṇa\*, see \*gadyāṇa\*. ### [c9.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.109) \*jaithala\*, same as \*jital\* (q.v.). ### [c9.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.110) \*jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-śrīmalla-priya\*, possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of \*Śreṣṭhin Śrīmalla\*’. ### [c9.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.111) \*jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-viśvamalla-priya\*, same as \*jīrṇa-viśvamalla-priya\*; possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of \*Śreṣṭhin Viśvamalla\*’. ### [c9.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.112) \*jital\*, a copper coin, 1/48 of a silver \*ṭaṅka\* of the Delhi Sulṭāns; also called \*delhīwāl\*; ⅓ of a silver \*tār\* which was itself 1/80 of a \*fanam\*. ### [c9.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.113) \*jīrṇa-viśvamalla-priya\*, same as \*jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-viśvamalla-priya\*, possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of \*Viśvamalla\*’; cf. \*vīsala-priya-dramma\*. ### [c9.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.114) \*kaḍā\*, Bengali, etc; cowrie-shell regarded as coin; ¼ of \*gaṇḍā\* and 1/80 of \*paṇa\* in some areas. Cf. \*kapardaka\*, etc. ### [c9.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.115) \*kahaṇa\*, Bengali, etc; also spelt \*kahāṇa\* and \*kāhāṇa\*; same as \*kāhāpaṇa\* = \*kārṣāpaṇa\*. ### [c9.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.116) \*kahāṇa\*, same as \*kahaṇa\* = \*kārṣāpaṇa\*. ### [c9.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.117) \*kāhāṇa\*, same as \*kahaṇa\* = \*kārṣāpaṇa\*. ### [c9.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.118) \*kāhāpaṇa\*, same as Sanskrit \*kārṣāpaṇa\* and modern \*kahaṇ\*, etc. ### [c9.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.119) \*kāka\*, same as \*kākinī\*. ### [c9.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.120) \*kākanikā\*, same as \*kakanī\*, \*kakinī\* (q.v.). ### [c9.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.121) \*kakinī\*, equal to 20 cowrie-shells according to the \*Līlāvatī\*; ¼ of a \*paṇa\*; same as \*buḍī\*. Cf. \*gaṇḍā\*. ### [c9.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.122) \*kalañju\*, Tamil; name of a weight or coin weighing 10 \*mañjāḍis\* (32 \*ratis\* theoretically); sometimes called \*suvarṇa\* (q.v.). ### [c9.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.123) \*kāṇam\*, Tamil; name of a coin; a gold coin or weight. ### [c9.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.124) \*kāṇikē\*, also spelt \*kāṇiki\*; 1/64 part of a coin; money or tolls. ### [c9.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.125) \*kāṇiki\*, same as \*kāṇikē\* (q.v.). ### [c9.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.126) kaparda, same as kapardaka, etc.; cowrie-shell used as coin. ### [c9.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.127) kapardaka, also called kaparda, kapardikā, kapardī, etc.; cowrie-shell used as coin. Cf. kaḍā. ### [c9.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.128) kapardaka-purāṇa, ‘a purāṇa (q.v.) counted in kapardakas’. ### [c9.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.129) kapardaka-voḍī, ‘a voḍī counted in kapardakas’; cf. buḍī and voḍī. ### [c9.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.130) kapardī, same as kapardikā, kapardaka, etc. ### [c9.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.131) kapardikā, same as kapardī, kapardaka, etc. ### [c9.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.132) karṣa, name of a weight equal to 80 ratis or about 146 grains; sometimes regarded 100 ratis or about 183 grains; sometimes also regarded as 120 ratis in weight; a coin (cf. kārṣāpaṇa). ### [c9.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.133) kārṣāpaṇa, silver coin weighing 32 ratis (about 58 grains), also called purāṇa or dharaṇa; copper coin of 80 ratis or about 146 grains (sometimes 100 ratis or about 183 grains), also called paṇa; Śaka-type silver coin of about 20 ratis, also called rūpaka, dramma, etc.; gold coin of 80 ratis (cf. suvarṇa); name applied to gaṇḍa māḍa (probably ½ tola in weight), also called niṣka (q.v.); same as kāhaṇa, etc.; cf karṣa of 120 ratis. ### [c9.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.134) karṣ-ārdha, ‘half of a karṣa (q.v.).’ ### [c9.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.135) karuṇ-kāśu, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see kāśu, iḷa-kkāśu, etc. ### [c9.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.136) kāśu, Tamil; spelt in English as cash; name of a copper coin, 1/100 of a fanam; sometimes called dīnāra; money; tax; cf. kāśu-kaḍamai, ‘tax in coins’; also Sanskrit karṣa. ### [c9.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.137) kaṭhārī-aṅkuśa-gadyāṇa, probably, ‘a gadyāṇa bearing the representation of a dagger and a goad’; see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.138) kola, same as tola; equal to 2 śāṇas. ### [c9.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.139) koḷakkai, Tamil; same as goḷakā, etc. ### [c9.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.140) komarina-gadyāṇa, same as kumāra-gadyāṇa; name of a tax; see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.141) kovai, Tamil; name of a gold coin. ### [c9.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.142) kroḍa, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). ### [c9.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.143) kṛṣṇala, same as rati or guñjā (about 1 3/4 grains); regarded as equal to 3 ratis by the Kṛtyalalpataru which seems to confuse rati with yava. ### [c9.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.144) kṛṣṇarāja-rūpaka, ‘rūpaka issued by Kṛṣṇarāja (Kalacuri Kṛṣṇa, sixth century A.D.)’; see rūpaka. ### [c9.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.145) kṣudraka, same as dramkṣaṇa or tola (q.v.); cf. kṣudrama. ### [c9.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.146) kṣudrama, variant of kṣudraka; same as tola (q.v.). ### [c9.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.147) kumāra-gadyāṇaka, name of a tax; see gadyāṇa; cf. komarina-gadyāṇa and kumara-kaccāṇam. ### [c9.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.148) kumara-kaccāṇam, Tamil; same as kumāra-gadyāṇaka. ### [c9.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.149) kuḷigai, same as gulikā, etc. ### [c9.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.150) kulottuṅga-māḍa, ‘māḍa issued by Kulottuṅga (i.e. Coḷa-Cālukya Kulottuṅga I, 1070-1120 A.D.)’; see māḍa. ### [c9.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.151) lāgi-drammāḥ, ‘expenses incurred’; see dramma. ### [c9.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.152) lohaḍiyā, equal to 20 pāvīsās or 100 cowrie-shells. ### [c9.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.153) lohitaka, equal to 3 māṣas (30 ratis). ### [c9.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.154) lokki-gadyāṇa, ‘gadyāṇa minted at Lokki (modern Lakkundi in the Dharwar District, Mysore State)’; see gadyāṇa. ### [c9.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.155) māḍa, Telugu; gold or silver coin, 40 ratis (about 73 grains) in weight; half of a dīnāra; half of a pagoda, or tenth of a paṇa (fanam) in value; same as māḍha, māḍhā, māḍai; 50 per cent; cf. gaṇḍa-māḍa also called kārṣāpaṇa and gaṇḍa-niṣka; Tamil modification of Sanskrit māṣa. ### [c9.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.156) māḍa-badipātuka, fraction of a māḍa; see māḍa. ### [c9.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.157) māḍai, Tamil; same as māḍa, etc. ### [c9.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.158) māḍha, Oḍiyā; also spelt māḍhā; same as māḍa, etc. ### [c9.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.159) mahāpaṇa, cf. māppaṇam. ### [c9.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.160) malla-nandi-māḍa, probably, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a wrestler and a bull’, or ‘māḍa minted by Mallanandin’; see māḍa. ### [c9.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.161) malla-māḍa, possibly, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a wrestler’, or an abbreviation of malla-nandi-māḍa; see māḍa. ### [c9.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.162) mamkṣuṇa, equal to 7 māṣas (70 ratis). ### [c9.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.163) maṇḍa, equal to 5 māṣas (50 ratis); cf. māḍa. ### [c9.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.164) mañjāḍi, 1/10 of a kaḷañju, 1/100 of a śatamāna; sometimes regarded as 5½ grains in weight, but may be about 4 grains also. ### [c9.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.165) māppaṇam, same as Sanskrit mahāpaṇa; may be also ‘tax of one paṇa per mā measure of grains’. ### [c9.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.166) marici, a minute unit of measurement. ### [c9.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.167) māṣa, name of a weight or a coin weighing 5 ratis originally; later regarded as 10 ratis in weight; ¼ of a śāna and ⅛ of a śatamāna; sometimes regarded as 1/20 of a paṇa of 100 ratis (i.e. 5 ratis); a gold coin (as opposed to the silver māṣaka) according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; cf. ādya-māṣa, māḍa. ### [c9.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.168) māṣaka, same as māṣa; according to the Kṛtyakalpataru, a silver coin as opposed to the gold māṣa ### [c9.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.169) mṛḍa, name of a weight like māñjāḍi (q.v.). Cf. pṛḍa, pruḍ. ### [c9.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.170) \*mudal-tiramam\*, \*mudarriramam\*, Tamil; ‘tax payable in cash’; cf. \*tiramam\*=\*dramma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.171) \*nalā\*, same as \*śatamāna\* (q.v.). ### [c9.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.172) \*nal-kāśu\*, see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.173) \*nall-ānai-accu\*, see \*accu\*. ### [c9.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.174) \*nānā\*, same as \*nāṇaka\*; cf. Kuṣāṇa coins bearing the representation of the West Asian mother-goddess Nana. ### [c9.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.175) \*nāṇai\*, same as \*nāṇaka\*, \*nānā\*. ### [c9.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.176) \*nāṇaka\*, a coin; see \*nāṇai\*, \*nānā\*. ### [c9.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.177) \*nat-kāśu\*, see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.178) \*nellūr-māḍai\*, ‘the Nellore \*māḍai\*’; see \*māḍa\*, \*māḍai\*. ### [c9.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.179) \*niṣka\*, gold coin or weight equal to one \*karṣa\* (80 \*ratis\* or about 146 grains) of 16 \*māṣas\* or to 4 or 108 or 150 \*suvarṇas\* (q.v.); silver coin equal to one \*śatamāna\* (320 \*ratis\*); sometimes identified with \*māḍa\* (q.v.). ### [c9.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.180) \*obol\*, Greek coin; ⅙ of \*drachma\* (q.v.). ### [c9.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.181) \*pāda-viṃśopaka\*, ‘one-fourth of a \*viṃśopaka\* (q.v.)’; cf. \*pāvisā\* which is the same as \*paisā\*. ### [c9.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.182) \*padmanidhi-malla-māḍa\*, probably, ‘\*maḍa\* bearing the figure of a wrestler meant for depositing in a temple treasury’; but cf. \*malla-māḍa\*, etc.; see \*māḍa\*. ### [c9.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.183) \*paduccalāgai-accu\*, see \*accu\*. ### [c9.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.184) \*pāga\*, same as Kannaḍa \*hāga\*; ¼ of the standard coin; probably the same as Sanskrit \*bhāga\*. ### [c9.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.185) \*pagoda\*, also called ‘star \*pagoda\*’; Anglicised form of the name of the gold coin called \*gadyāṇa\*, \*hūn\* (\*hon\*) or \*varāha\*; since the word \*pagoda\* also meant ‘a temple’, the coin seems to have been so named owing to the representation of a temple or a deity on it; \*pagoda\* may be a corruption of \*bhagavatī\* meaning ‘the mother-goddess’. ### [c9.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.186) \*paikamu\*, Telugu; supposed to be a small coin equal to ¼ or ⅕ of a \*gadyāṇa\* (q.v.). ### [c9.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.187) \*paisā\*, 1/64 or 1/100 of a \*rupee\*; same as \*pāvisā\*=\*Sanskrit pāda-viṃśaka\* (\*°viṃśatika\* or \*°viṃśopaka\*). ### [c9.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.188) \*pala\*, weight of 320 \*ratis\* (cf. \*śatamāna\*); equal to 4 or 5 \*suvarṇas\* according to the \*Yājñavalkyasmṛti\*. ### [c9.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.189) \*palamudal-ānai-accu\*, same as \*palañśalāgai\*; see \*accu\*. ### [c9.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.190) \*palam-pulli-māḍai\*, see \*māḍa\*, \*māḍai\*, etc. ### [c9.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.191) \*palañjalāgai-accu\*, same as \*palañśalāgai\*; see \*accu\*. ### [c9.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.192) \*palañ-kāśu\*, see \*kāśu\*. ### [c9.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.193) palañ-śalāgai, Tamil; a kind of coin (accu) probably of the shape of a śalākā. Cf. śrī-yakki-palañ-śalāgai. ### [c9.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.194) pal-ārdha, ½ of a pala (q.v.). ### [c9.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.195) paṇa, same as the copper kārṣāpaṇa, 80 ratis in weight according to Manu, etc.; equal to 80 cowrie-shells according to the Līlāvatī; regarded in East India during the late medieval period as equal to 80 cowrie-shells and 1/16 of a kāhaṇ = kārṣāpaṇa (q.v.); 1/16 of a suvarṇa according to some; 1/48 of a kārṣāpaṇa according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; same as Tamil paṇam (q.v.). ### [c9.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.196) paṇam, Tamil; spelt fanam in English; same as Sanskrit paṇa (q.v.); but in Tamil, a small gold coin or money in general; cf. paṇa-vargam, ‘taxes in cash’, also called kāś-āya-vargam (literally, ‘taxes payable in kāśu, i.e. cash or money’). ### [c9.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.197) paṇa-purāṇa, ‘purāṇa (q.v.) counted in paṇas (q.v.)’; cf. kapardaka-purāṇa and kapardaka-voḍi. ### [c9.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.198) paṇa-vāśi, Tamil; ‘discount for the exchange of coins’; see paṇam. ### [c9.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.199) pañcālav-accu, see accu. ### [c9.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.200) pañciyaka-drama, probably, ‘dramma minted by the pañca or pañcakula i.e. the Pañcāyat Board’; or ‘dramma equal to five copper coins’; see dramma. ### [c9.201](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9.201) pāṇi, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). _First 200 of 313 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9)_ ## Linked texts (5) - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit - [Līlāvaī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.kavya.prakrit.lilavai) — Kouhala, Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit - [Yājñavalkyasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.yajnavalkya) — Yājñavalkya, Sanskrit - [Nāradasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.narada) — Nārada, Sanskrit - [Kṛtyakalpataru](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.nibandha.mahanibandha.krtyakalpataru) — Lakṣmīdhara Bhaṭṭa, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.sircar-1966.c9) · Pramāṇa