History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas: A Vanished Indian Religion c1: Front matter
History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion c1
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Front matter
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY
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D.G.A. 79.
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Fig. 344.
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Fig. 353.
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BUDDHA DISPUTING WITH THE HERETICS. (From Grünwedel, *Alt-Buddhistische Kultstätten.*)
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HISTORY AND DOCTRINES OF THE ĀJĪVIKAS A VANISHED INDIAN RELIGION
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by A. L. BASHAM, B.A., Ph.D.
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Lecturer in Ancient Indian History at the School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
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With a foreword by L. D. BARNETT, Esq., C.B., F.B.A., Litt.D., M.A.
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LUZAC & COMPANY LTD. 46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C.1.
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD., FORE STREET, HERTFORD.
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To My Revered *GURU* L. D. BARNETT --- | --- FOREWORD BY DR. L. D. BARNETT | xi PREFACE | xiii BIBLIOGRAPHY | xix ABBREVIATIONS | xxxi
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PART I. HISTORY OF THE ĀJĪVIKAS
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I. INTRODUCTION | 3
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The Historical Background to the Rise of Ājīvikism.
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II. THE SIX HERETICS
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The Record of the *Sāmañña-phala Sutta* | 11 Other Buddhist References to the Doctrines of the Heretics | 18
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III. MAKKHALI GOSĀLA AND HIS PREDECESSORS
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Ājīvika Leaders before Makkhali Gosāla | 27 Nanda Vaccha and Kisa Saṅkicca | 27 The Immediate Predecessors of Makkhali Gosāla | 30 Makkhali Gosāla | 34 Birth of Makkhali Gosāla | 35 The Meeting of Gosāla with Mahāvīra | 39 The Peregrinations of the Two Ascetics | 41 Gosāla and the Sesamum Plant | 47 Gosāla and Vesiyāyaṇa | 49 Gosāla Attains Magical Power and becomes the Leader of the Ājīvikas | 50
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IV. THE LAST DAYS OF MAKKHALI GOSĀLA
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The Six *Disācaras* | 56 Gosāla is Exposed by Mahāvīra | 58 Gosāla Visits Mahāvīra | 60 Gosāla’s Delirium | 61 Ayampula Visits Gosāla | 62 Gosāla’s Repentance and Death | 64 --- | --- The Date of Gosāla’s Death . . . . . 66 The Name and Titles of Makkhali Gosāla . . 78
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V. PŪRAṆA AND PAKUDHA Pūraṇa Kassapa . . . . . . 80 The Death of Pūraṇa . . . . . 84 Pakudha Kaccāyana . . . . . . 90
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VI. THE EARLY ĀJĪVIKA COMMUNITY (I) The Wandering Philosophers . . . . 94 Etymology of the Term Ājīvika . . . . 101 The Ājīvika Initiation . . . . . 104 The Ājīvika Life . . . . . . 107 The Ājīvika Community . . . . . 109 The Ājīvika Sabhā . . . . . . 115 Song and Dance . . . . . . 116
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VII. THE EARLY ĀJĪVIKA COMMUNITY (II) Begging and Dietary Practices . . . . 118 Accusations of Worldliness and Immorality . . 123 The Final Penance . . . . . . 127 Ājīvika Laymen . . . . . . 131 Relations between Ājīvikas and Buddhists . . 134 Relations between Ājīvikas and Jainas . . 138
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VIII. ĀJĪVIKAS IN THE NANDA AND MAURYA PERIODS Mahāpadma . . . . . . . 142 Ājīvikism in Maurya Times . . . . 145 The Barābar and Nāgārjunī Caves . . . 150
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IX. ĀJĪVIKAS IN LATER TIMES References in Sanskrit Literature . . . 161 Varāhamihira and Utpala . . . . 168 Silāṅka and the Trairāśikas . . . . 174 Nemicandra on the Ājīvikas . . . . 181 Lexicographical References . . . . 182 The Last References to Ājīvikas . . . 184
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X. THE SOUTHERN ĀJĪVIKAS The Inscriptions . . . . . . 186 Ājīvikas in Tamil Literature . . . . 196 APPENDIX TO PART I—THE ICONOCLAST ASCETICS OF KASHMĪR . . . . . . 205
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PART II. DOCTRINES OF THE ĀJĪVIKAS
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--- | --- XI. ĀJĪVIKA SCRIPTURES | The *Mahānimittas*, the *Maggas*, and the *Oṇpaṭu-kaṭir* | 213 Pāli and Prākṛit Quotations | 216 Quotations by the Commentators | 220
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XII. *NIYATI* | 224 *Niyativāda* Dialectic | 228 The Development of the *Niyati* Doctrine | 235
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XIII. ĀJĪVIKA COSMOLOGY | The Categories of the *Sāmañña-phala Sutta* | 240 The Eight Last Things | 254 The Six Inevitables | 255 Other Ājīvika Categories | 256 *Maṇḍala-mokṣa* | 257
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XIV. OTHER DOCTRINES OF THE ĀJĪVIKAS | The Elements | 263 Ājīvika Atomism in Relation to other Indian Atomic Doctrines | 267 The Soul | 270 The Gods | 272 Ājīvika Logic | 274 The Status of Makkhali Gosāla | 275
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XV. CONCLUSION | Summary | 278 Dr. Barua’s Three Questions | 279 The Influence of the Ājīvikas | 279 The Place of the Ājīvikas in Indian History | 283