The Religion of the Veda: The Ancient Religion of India (from Rig-Veda to Upanishads) c12: Index

The Religion of the Veda: The Ancient Religion of India (from Rig-Veda to Upanishads) c12

Language: English

Index

Aborigines of India, 24, 175 Abstract gods, 96, 109, 131, 135, 191, 242 Açoka or Piyadassi, Buddhist Emperor, 19, 53 Açvamedha, "horse-sacrifice" 213, 216 Açvins, or Dioscuri, 46, 90 *ff.*, 94, 110, 112 *ff.*, 141, 160, 167, 172 Aditi, 130 *ff.* Ādityas, 78, 92, 120, 129 *ff.*, 153; meaning of the word, 131 Agni and Soma, 78 Agni, "God Fire," 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, 110, 127, 156 *ff.*, 244; son of Ushas (Dawn), 73, 160; his descent from heaven (lightning), 165; produced by friction, 139, 158; progenitor of men (Āyu), 139, 158; servant of the gods, 162; and his brothers, story of, 162 Agni Jātavedas ("Omniscient"), 164, 189 Ahalyā, story of, 229 *Aham brahma asmi*, "I am the Brahma," 275 Ahura Mazda (Ormazd), 120 *ff.*, 126, 133, 232. *See* Asura Airyama, 129. *See* Aryaman Ajātaçatru, 219, 227 Akbar, Emperor, 52 *ff.* À Kempis, Thomas, 281 Alexander the Great, 18, 282 Altar, three altars, 161 Amesha Spentas, "Holy Immortals," 133 *ff.* Ança, 130 Andra, 176. *See* Indra Angiras, semi-divine priests, 144, 163 Anquetil du Perron, 54 Antiope of Bœotia, mother of Dioscuri, 116 *Āprī-hymns*, 78, 79 Apsaras (nymphs), 46, 191 Āraṇyaka Texts, 49, 50, 209 Arāti, "Demon of Grudge," 191 Arrested anthropomorphism, 85, 93, 165 Arta. *See* Ṛta Ārtabhāga, a theosopher, 260 Aryaman, 129, 134, 153 Aryan. *See* Indo-Iranian Aryans, Indian, geographical provenience of, 23 Ārya Samāj, a reform association, 9 Asceticism, criticised by Buddha, 282; by Professor Huxley, 283 Ascetic wanderer, 288 *Asha*. *See* Ṛta Asura = Ahura, 133 Atharvāngirasaḥ, "blessings and curses," 26, 29 Atharva-Veda, 17, 25 *ff.*, 39, 40 *ff.*, 77; its theosophy, 209

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Ātman, "Supreme Spirit," 87, 211, 270 *ff.*, 280. *See* Brahma *and cf.* Breath Atmospheric Gods, 92 Aurengzeb, Emperor, 52 Avesta and Veda, mutual relations of, 13, 15, 24, 118 Āyu, "Living," designation of fire and man, 139, 158

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Babylonian influence on Aryan religion, 133, 135 Baksheesh, 69 *ff.*, 71, 190 *ff.*, 194 *ff.*, 197, 227, 229, 252; hymn addressed to, 197 Behistan rock, cuneiform inscription on, 14 "Being and non-being," 235, 237, 238 "Belly and the members," fable of, 271 Benfey, Theodor, 102, 108 Bentinck, Lord William, 9 Bergaigne, Abel, 72 Bhaga, old word for "God," 109, 130, 134 Bhagavadgītā, 201, 281 Bhakti, "devotion," 195, 281. *Cf.* Devotion Bhrigu, a sage, 252 Bhrigvangirasaḥ, name of Atharva-Veda, 40 Bimbisāra, a Buddhist, 219 Brahma, the ultimate principle, 87, 118, 211, 232, 248, 260; meaning of the word, 205, 273; final shaping of, 273; without attributes, 277; pessimistic conception of, 267 *ff.*; Emerson's poem on, 277; final union with, 266, 289. *Cf.* Ātman

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Brāhmaṇas, or Brāhmaṇa Texts, 45 *ff.*, 48, 209 Brahmaṇaspati: *see* Brihaspati Brahmanical philosophies, 2, 51, 108, 229 Brahmanism, extent of, 2; criticised, 221; contrasted with Buddhism, 3 Brāhma Samāj, a reform association, 9, 11 Brahma-Veda, name of Atharva-Veda, 40 Brahmodya, or Brahmavadya, theosophic riddles, 216 *ff.* Breath of life, as entity, 255. *Cf.* Ātman Brihaspati, "Lord of Prayer," 243, 273 Buddha, 213, 219, 282; date of, 18; his sphere of activity, 268 Buddhism, 2, 3, 108

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Çabalas = *Κέρβερος*, 106 Candragupta, or Chandragupta, 18, 282 Çankara, a philosopher, 221, 227 Caste, system of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 264; revulsion against, 8; its relation to theosophy, 225 Castor and Pollux (Poludeukes), 110, 113 Celestial gods, 92 Cerberus and Cerberi, myth of, 105 *ff.* Chāndogya-Upanishad, 234, 238, 260 Chandragupta. *See* Candragupta Chase, G. D., Professor, 115, 173

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Children of "Father Sky," 110, 112 Climate and nature, influence of upon mythology, 82; cause of pessimism, 265 Comparative Mythology, 108, 167; criticism of, 100 *ff.* Conflicting prayers and sacrifices, 185 "Cosmic order." *See* Ṛta Counsel of perfection, 126 Creation hymn, 229, 234 *ff.* Creative fervor, 237 Çrotriyas, or "Oral Traditionalists," 21 Çvetaketu Āruni, 223 Çvetāçvatara Upanishad, 279 Çyavana the Bhārgava, story of, 46

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Daksha, a god, 130 Dakshinā, "Baksheesh," name of Ushas, Dawn, 71. *See* Baksheesh *Dāna-stuti*, "gift-praises," 196 Dārā Shukoh, a Mogul prince, 52 *ff.* Darius I. Hystaspes, 14 Dawn, mother of Agni, 160. *See* Ushas Death, early notions of, 249 *ff.* "Death anew," or "Re-death," 253 Deivōs, "Shiners," Indo-European word for gods, 108, 148 "Desire," Kāma, personified, 237 Deucalion, myth of, 138 Deussen, Paul, Professor, 56, 233, 234 Devotion, 195, 202 *ff.*, 281; personified, 206, 273; contrasted with Faith, 193. *Cf.* Prayer. Devotional (creative) fervor, 237 Dhātar, "Maker," 242 Dhenā, "Holy Song," wife of Brihaspati, 244 Diespiter, Jupiter, 110 Dioscuri. *See* Açvins Dīrghatamas, author of a riddle-hymn, 210, 217, 229, 233 Djemshed (Yima Khshaeta), Persian epic hero, 143 Dogs of Yama, dogs of death, 105, 106, 251 Dreams and hallucinations, 255 Dyaus, Dyaush Pitar, "Father Sky," 66, 92, 95, 110, 139, 148, 152 *ff.*

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Economic conditions and pessimism, 264 Emerson's poem on Brahma, 278 Eros, "Love," personified, 237, 245 Ethics, Vedic system of, 126 *ff.* Ethnology, its relation to Mythology, 93

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Faith, conception of, 109, 186 *ff.*; personified, 189; faith and works, 190, 269; related to truth and wisdom, 188; reward of, postponed to heaven, 193 "Family-books" of Rig-Veda 27, 79, 210 Father God, 138 Fathers in heaven, 250, 251, 287 "Father Sky." *See* Dyaus.

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Festivals, public and tribal, 214 Fetish, 256 *ff.* Fire, emblem of Brahmanism, 189; production of, 139, 158. *Cf.* Agni Fjorgyn and Fjorgynn, 111 Flood, Hindu story of, 45, 143 "Forest-dwellers," 282, 288 Four stages of life, 4, 288 Future life, early notions of, 149, 249 *ff.*

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Ganges, a river, 23, 265 Garbe, R., Professor, 220 *ff.* Gārgya and Gārgī, theosophers, 223 Garutmant (the sun) 210, 218 *Gāthā nārāçansyaḥ*, "praises of men," 196 Ghee, food of the gods, 63, 161 "Gift-praises," 196 Girdle, sacred, 188 Gods, Indo-European words for, 108; three classes of, 87, 91; chronology of, 90, 93; relative importance of, 89, 90, 93; relative clearness of their origin, 93–96; daily order of their appearance, 90 *ff.*; character of, 184 *ff.*; glory of, 199 Gospel of John, beginning of, 206 Græco-Parthian rulers of India, 14 Greek and Hindu mythology compared, 83 Greeks' estimate of their own religion, 84 Grihyasūtras: *see* "House-Books"

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Hāridrumata, a teacher, 225 Heaven and Earth. *See* Dyaus Helena, sister of Dioscuri, 113 Hell, descriptions of, 252 Henotheism (Kathenotheism), 164, 199 Heracles and three-headed Geryon; Hercules and three-headed Cacus, 180 Hermits (ὑλόβιοι), 282, 288 Hestia-Vesta, 158 Hieratic religion of Veda, 60; belongs to the upper classes, 77 Hillebrandt, A., Professor, 179 *ff.* Hindu and Greek Mythology compared, 83 Hindu life and institutions intensely religious, 3, 4 Holiness, conception of, 109 Hopkins, E. W., Professor, 23, 155 Horse-sacrifice, 213, 216 "House-Books" (Grihyasūtras), 41, 77, 159, 285 Huxley's critique of asceticism, 283 Hymns, artistic quality of, 75, 203

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Ignorance, or "nescience," 276 Illusion (*māyā*), 276, 288 Images, absence of in Veda, 89 India and Persia, historical contact between, 14, 118 India, land of religions, 2; geographical isolation of, 11; her nature, climate, etc., 85, 265

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Indian and Persian religions contrasted, 118 India's exploration, future of, 22 India's religion, continuity of, 10 Indo-European period, 100; of religion, 16, 108 Indo-Iranian period, 100; of religion, 13, 118 Indo-Parthian Kingdoms, 14 Indra, 78, 89, 92, 94, 130, 131, 147, 157, 177, 186, 187, 217, 244; cause of scepticism, 174, 229 Indra and Agni, 78 Indra and Varuna, 78 Indra-Vritra myth, explanations of, 178, 179 Indus, a river, 23, 265 Initiation of a young Brahman, 188 Investiture of a young Brahman, 285 Ishtāpūrta, "sacrifice and baksheesh," 194 *ff.*, 252. *See* Baksheesh

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Jabālā, mother of Satyakāma, 225 Jājali, 225 Janaka, king of Videha, 214, 219, 226, 227 Jātavedas, "Omniscient," name of Agni, 164, 189 Jaundice, charm against, 42 Juggernaut, car of, 9 Jupiter, 110 Jyotishtoma-sacrifice, 77

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Kāla, "Time," personified, 245 Kāma, "Love," personified, 237, 245 Kanvas, a family of poets, 28, 203, 205 *Karma*, or spiritual evolution, 195, 257, 259, 284; Western estimate of, 261 *ff.* Kātyāyanī, wife of Yājnavalkya, 277 Kennings, 162 Kings, interested in theosophy, 214, 219, 220, 223, 227 Kronos, 84 Kuhn, Adalbert, 102, 108 Kumārila, a philosopher, 222, 227

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Lithuanian *dainōs*, or songs, 114, 172 Loge (Loki), Norse god of fire, 156 Logos, or "Word" (divine), 207, 273 Lost cattle, Lithuanian poem about, 172

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Macdonell, A. A., Professor, 131 Maitreyī, wife of Yājnavalkya, 223, 277 Man, origin of, 138, 149 Manicheism, 85 Mannus, son of Tuisto, 140 Manu, Manush Pitar, "Father Manu," 140, 143 Manu, Law-Book of, 256, 259 Mārtānda, 130 Maruts, 92 "Master-singers," 201, 202 Mātariçvan, 165, 210, 218 Maurya dynasty, 18, 283 Māyā, "Illusion," 276, 288 Megasthenes, Greek author, 282

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Metempsychosis. *See* Transmigration Metres, 24; belonging to different hours of the day, 80; to individual gods, 80 Mithraism, 85 Mitra (Persian Mithra, Mithras), 92, 120 *ff.*, 129, 132 *ff.*, 153, 210, 218 Moderation in asceticism, 282, 284 Mohammedanism in India, 10, 52 *ff.* Mokshamūlara, Sanskrit name of Max Müller, 53 Monism, idea of unity, 56 *ff.*, 210, 218, 233, 247, 269. *See* Pantheism Moon and "Sun-Maiden," marriage of, 114 Morning and evening star, 114 *ff.*, 172 "Mother Earth," 95, 110, 138, 148 Mountains as winged birds, legend of, 48 Muir, Dr. John, 154 Müller, Max, 53, 71, 102, 164, 199 Mystics, Christian, 275, 281 Mythology, 29; in its relation to Ethnology, 103. *Cf.* Indo-Iranian, and Indo-European

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Naciketas, a theosopher, 192, 223 *Na neti*, "no, no," 277 Nature myth, 29, 81, 108, 148, 152 *ff.*; nature phenomena in legends, 48; in riddles, 217 Neoplatonism, 207 Nidhanas of the Sāma-Veda, 37

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Odhin, a Norse god, 155 Oldenberg, H., Professor, 72, 133 *ff.*, 273 Onesikritos, a Greek, 283 Opaque gods, 96, 174 Oupnekhat, Persian translation of the Upanishads, 54 *ff.*

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Pairs of gods, 78 Pantheism, 242. *See* Monism Pantheon of the Veda, 78, 88 *ff.* Parāçara, a Rishi, 225 Paradise, 250, 287; solar, 169 *ff.* Parameshthin, "He who occupies the highest place," 242 Parjanya, God of Thunder, 92, 111, 178, 181 "Parliament of Religions," in Chicago, 9 Parsis in India, 10, 14, 118 Patrons of sacrifice, 193 *ff.*, 215; of theosophy, 219 Perkunas, Lithuanian God of Thunder, 111, 115 Persian and Hindu religion contrasted, 118 Persian names in *arta*, 12 Pessimism, 3, 4, 212, 263; its origin, 264; its final fixation, 267 Philosophy, its relation to practical life, 10. *See* Theosophy Phœbus Apollo and Marsyas, 84 Pischel, R., Professor, 113 Poetic inspiration, 75, 201 *ff.* Popular religion, 42, 77

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Prajāpati, "Lord of Creatures," 236, 240, 245, 246, 271 Prāna, "Breath of Life," personified, 245 Pravāhana Jaivali, a royal theosopher, 224 Prayer beatified and deified, 205, 243. *Cf.* Devotion Prayer of the gods, 205 Prehistoric gods, 90, 96, 99 *ff.* Priests, various kinds of, 80, 216 Prithivī, "Earth," 92. *Cf.* "Mother Earth" Purūravas and Urvaçī, story of, 46 Purusha, "cosmic man," and supreme spirit, 242, 279 Pūshan, 92, 170, 171

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Rāja Rammohun Roy, a reformer, 8, 53 *Rājasūya*, "coronation" of a king, 213 Rāmakrishna, a saint and ascetic, 227, 229, 281 Religion, science of, 151 Religious liberty, 8, 19, 53 Renan, Ernest, 85 Retribution, 252, 262 Reverence, Indo-European conception of, 109 Ribhus, 78 Riddles, theosophic, 210, 215 *ff.*, 218 Rig-Veda, 17, 25 *ff.*; geography of, 23; language of, 26; character of, 29; erroneous view of its authors and redaction, 61 *ff.*; quality of its hymns, 63; utilitarian and ritual character of, 31, 67, 75, 182; religious essence of, 198 *ff.* *See* Veda Ritual and theosophy, 213, 218 Royal caste, its influence upon theosophy, 214, 223, 227 *Ṛta* (*asha*, *arta*), "cosmic order," 120, 121, 125 *ff.*, 232; date of the conception, 12, 19, 135 Rudra, 92

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Sacraments in daily life of Hindus, 4, 285 Sacrifice, philosophy of, 33, 215 Sacrifice post, 67, 79 Sacrificers, origin of, 138 Sages as creators, 237 Salvation, 5, 211, 247, 263, 269, 289 Sāma-Veda, 25 *ff.*; Veda of music, 36; popular origin of, 38; inferior position of, 39; connected with god Indra, 37; related to Shamanism, 38 Sandrakottos, Sandrokyptos (Candragupta), 18, 282 Sānkhya philosophy, 2 Saraṇyū, mother of the Açvins, 91, 113, 141 *ff.* Satyakāma, son of Jabālā, a low-caste theosopher, 225 Saulē, Lettish "Sun-Maiden," 115 *ff.* *See* "Sun-Maiden" Savarnā, wife of Vivasvant, 142 Savitar, 74, 86, 91, 92, 240. *See next* Sāvitrī, or Gāyatrī stanza, 86, 202, 273, 286. *See preceding* Scepticism, 174, 181, 229; philosophic, 238

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Scheffler, Johannes, a mystic, 275 Schopenhauer and Upanishad philosophy, 55 *ff.* Seleukos, a Græco-Persian king, 282 Self-hypnosis, 9, 284 Senā, wife of Indra, 244 Sentimental regard of gods, 200 Shah Jehan, a Mogul Emperor, 52 Shah Nameh, Persian Epic, 144 Shankar Pandurang Pandit, 21 Sikhs, religion of, 10 Skambha, "Support," 242 *Soma* (*haoma*), plant, and liquor pressed from it, 77, 78, 120, 122, 138, 143, 145, 147, 175; its function in Vedic religion, 65, 147; in Avestan religion, 147; brought from heaven by an eagle, 146, 165; personified, 78, 92, 172; as the moon, 113 "Sons of God," Lithuanian myth of, 110, 114 Stages of life, four, 4, 288 *Stobhas* of the Sāma-Veda, 37 Sun, universal worship of, 104; progenitor of man, 139, 141; as shepherd and finder of lost objects, 172 *ff.* *See* Savitar, and Sūrya Sun and moon as dogs, 105, 251 "Sun-Maiden," 90, 91, 112 *ff.*, 115 *ff.*, 172 Sūrya (Helios) 86, 87, 92, 112, 153, 154, 172 Sūryā. *See* "Sun-Maiden" Suttee, or widow-burning, 9 Svayambhū, "The Self-existing," 242 Symbolic gods, 96, 109, 131, 135, 191, 242

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Talmud, 209, 215, 222 *Tapas*, "creative fervor," 237 *Tat tvam asi*, "Thou art the That," 233, 269, 275 Tauler, John, a mystic, 281 Teacher and pupil, 188, 286 Tel-el-Amarna, cuneiform tablets of, 11, 135 Temples, absence of, 89 Terrestrial gods, 92 Theosophy, beginnings of, 208, 215, 219; time of its appearance, 209 *ff.*, 221; place where it originated, 212 *ff.*; its authors, 219, 227; chronology of, 233 Thor (Donar), 111 Thrita and Āthwya, 146 Thugs, sect of, 9 Thunder, god of, 111, 148 "Time," "Father Time," personified, 245 Totemism, 138 *ff.*, 256 Transcendental gods, 244 Translucent gods, 96, 166 *ff.* Transmigration of souls, 3, 57, 211 *ff.*, 224, 247; origin and explanation of, 254 *ff.*; date of, 257; Western estimate of, 261 *ff.*; release from, 258 Transparent gods, 93–96, 151 *ff.* Trita Āptya, 146 Truth and untruth, 128 Tuisto, father of Mannus, 140 Tulādhāra, a low-caste theosopher, 225 Tvashtar, 91, 141, 240 "Twilight of the gods," 98, 230

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Uddālaka Āruni, a theosopher, 221 Unity, idea of. *See* Monism Universe, threefold division of, 91, 169 Upanishads, 2, 52 *ff.*, 209, 215, 222, 257 *ff.*, 274, 287; discovery of, 52; critical estimate of, 57, 58; Hindu estimate of, 57; influence of, on Western philosophy, 55; relation of to ritual, 35, 209 Uranos, 84; identical with Varuna, 136 Urvaçī, an Apsaras, 46 Ushas, "Dawn," a goddess, 30, 66 *ff.*, 71 *ff.*, 78, 90 *ff.*, 110, 127, 152 *ff.*, 251 Utilitarianism, 61, 183, 198

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Vāc, Vāc Sarasvatī, "Holy Speech," personified, 191, 243 Vājaçravasa, a zealous Brahman, 192 Vala and the cows, myth of, 180 Varuna, 92, 94, 119, 121, 128 *ff.*, 153, 162, 167, 174, 200, 250; identical with Uranos, 136; collapse of, 232 Vasishthas, a family of Vedic authors, 28, 123, 186 Vāta, and Vāyu, "Wind," personified, 87, 92, 155, 181 Veda, 17 *ff.*; date of, 18, 209; canon of, 17; oral tradition of, 21; unhistorical character of its tradition, 20, 23; date of its manuscripts, 21; literary beginnings of, 24; character of its literature, 25, 65, 76, 80; its composers, 27, 28, 61; its metres, 24, 80; mode of acquiring it in school, 188, 286. *See* Rig-Veda Veda and Avesta, mutual relations of, 13, 15, 24, 118 Veda and Mahābhārata, 16 Vedānta philosophy, 2, 51, 229 Vedas, Concordance of, 18, 35 Viçpalā, a racing mare, 113 Viçvakarman, "Fabricator of universe," 242 Vidhātar, "Arranger," 242 Vishnu, 92, 168 *ff.* 195 Vivasvant (Vivanhvant), father of Yama and Manu, 120, 139, 141 *ff.*, 146 Vivekānanda, Svāmi, a religious reformer, 9, 225, 229 Vrishākapāyī, 91 Vritra, a demon, 175 *ff.* Vritrahan (Verethraghna, Vahagn), epithet of Indra, 176

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Wagner, Richard, 59, 156 Warrior caste, its relation to theosophy, 219, 220 *ff.* Whitney, William D., 18, 234 Woman's incantation against rival, 43 Women as theosophers, 233, 279 Wotan, a Teutonic god, 155

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Yājnavalkya, a theosopher, 214, 221, 223, 227, 287, 261, 277, 279, 284, 290 Yajur-Veda, 25 *ff.*, 31 *ff.*, 127

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Yama, king of paradise and hell, 105, 140, 144, 145, 162, 210, 250, 251 Yama and Yamī, the first pair, 48, 120, 129, 140, 144 Yāska, author of Nirukta, 90 Yima, Yima Khshaeta, 143. *See* Yama Ymir, cosmic man in the Edda, 242 "Yodels" in Sāma-Veda, 37

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Zarathushtra (Zoroaster), 118 Zeus, Zeus Pater, 83, 95, 110, 152. *See* Dyaus Zeus Bagaios, 109 Zoroastrian angels (Amesha Spentas), 133 *ff.* Zoroastrian (Parsi) religion, 11, 13, 118 *ff.*