Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis c23: Bibliography

Gorakhnāth and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs c23

Language: English

c23.s1 A. Government Publications and Works of Officials — 16 parts
c23.s2 B. Other Works Yielding Ethnographic Data — 11 parts
c23.s3 C. Literary Sources — 36 parts
c23.s4 D. Works on Philosophy and Religion Including Tantra and Cult — 47 parts
c23.s5 E. Iconography, Inscriptions, Sculpture, Etc. — 18 parts
c23.s6 F. History, Description — 26 parts
c23.s7 G. Other Sources — 20 parts

Bibliography

c23.1

(Since, in the body of the text, the footnotes contain very full references to sources, it has been decided, for economy of space, to list here an abridged list of the works consulted in the preparation of *Gorakhnāth and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs*.)

A. Government Publications and Works of Officials

c23.s1.1

*The Census of India*, both Imperial and Provincial Reports and Tables, 1882, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931.

c23.s1.2

*The Gazetteers*, both Imperial and Provincial Series. The older works are of more value for students of culture.

c23.s1.3

ALEXANDER, E. B., *Statistical Description and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India*. Gorakhpur (Gazetteer, North-Western Provinces). Vol. IV. Allahabad, 1881.

c23.s1.4

BCI BALFOUR, EDWARD, *The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia*. London, 1885.

c23.s1.5

CONYBEARE, H. C., *Statistical and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India*. Bareilly. Allahabad, 1879.

c23.s1.6

CTC CROOKE, WILLIAM, *The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh*. 4 Vols. Calcutta, 1896.

c23.s1.7

ERN WP ELLIOT, SIR H. M., *Memoirs on the History, Folklore and Distribution of the Races of the North-Western Provinces of India*. 2 Vols. Revised by JOHN BEAMES. London, 1869. ENTHOVEN, R. E., *The Tribes and Castes of Bombay*. 3 Vols. Bombay, 1920, 1922.

c23.s1.8

MARTIN, MONTGOMERY, *The History, Antiquities, Topography and Statistics of Eastern India*. 3 Vols. London. 1838. (Contains DR. F. M. BUCHANAN’S work.)

c23.s1.9

NCS NESFIELD, J. C., *Brief View of the Caste System of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Together with an Examination of the Names and Figures Shown in the Census Report of 1882*. Allahabad, 1885.

c23.s1.10

*RTCB* RISLEY, H. H., *The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. Ethnographic Glossary.* 2 Vols. Calcutta, 1891.

c23.s1.11

RISLEY, H. H., *Census of India, 1901.* Vol. I. *India Ethnographic Appendix.* Calcutta, 1903.

c23.s1.12

*RTCP* ROSE, H. A., *A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province.* (Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883; by the late SIR DENZIL IBBETSON, K.C.S.I., and the Census Report for the Punjab, 1892, by THE HONORABLE MR. E. D. MACLEGAN, C.S.I., and compiled by H. A. ROSE, Lahore. 3 Vols. 1914.

c23.s1.13

*RTCCP* RUSSELL, E. V., and RAI BAHADUR HIRA LAL, *The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India.* 4 Vols. London, 1916.

c23.s1.14

*SHTC* SHERRING, M. A., *Hindu Tribes and Castes as Represented in Benares.* London, 1872.

c23.s1.15

*TCTSI* THURSTON, E. and RANGACHARI, K., *Castes and Tribes of South India.* Vol. II. Madras, 1909.

c23.s1.16

THURSTON, E., *A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the Viceroy of India.* Revised and Edited by SIR ROBERT LETHBRIDGE and ARTHUR N. WALLASTAN. London, 1886.

B. Other Works Yielding Ethnographic Data

c23.s2.1

BAINES, SIR ATHELSTANE, *Ethnography*, in *Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde.* Vol. II, Pt. 5. Strassburg, 1912.

c23.s2.2

*BHCS* BHATTACHARYA, JOGENDRA NATH, *Hindu Castes and Sects.* Calcutta, 1896.

c23.s2.3

BRIGGS, GEO. W., *The Chamārs.* Calcutta and London, 1920.

c23.s2.4

ENTHOVEN, R. E., *Folklore of Bombay.* Oxford, 1924.

c23.s2.5

*Gr* GRIERSON, G. A., Article, ‘Goraknāth’, in *ERE.* Vol. VI.

c23.s2.6

KHAKHAR, DALPATRAM PRANJINAN, Article, ‘The History of the Kanphatas of Kachh.’ In *IA.* 1878.

c23.s2.7

NORTHEY, MAJOR W. BROOK, M.C. and MORRIS, CAPT. J. C., *The Gurkhas.* London, 1928.

c23.s2.8

POSTANS, L. T., Article, ‘An Account of the Kanphatas of Dhinodhar in Cutch with the Legend of Dharamnath, their Founder.’ In *JRAS.* 1839.

c23.s2.9

RAGHUNATHJI, Article, ‘Bombay Beggars and Criers.’ In *IA*, Vol. X.

c23.s2.10

SYED, SIRAJ UL HASSAN, *The Castes and Tribes of H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions*. Vol. I. Bombay, 1920.

c23.s2.11

TEMPLE, RICHARD, C., *Punjab Notes and Queries*. Allahabad, London. Vol. IV. 1883–87.

C. Literary Sources

c23.s3.1

ABBOTT, J. E., *The Poet Saints of Mahārāṣṭra*. Series, 10 Vols. Poona, 1926–34.

c23.s3.2

BHATTACHARYYA, B., (Editor) *Sādhanamālā*. 2 Vols. Baroda, 1925, 1928.

c23.s3.3

BHATTACHARYYA, B., *Two Vajrayāna Works*. Baroda, 1929.

c23.s3.4

GRIERSON, G. A., Article, ‘The Song of Manik Chandra.’ In *JASBe*. 1878.

c23.s3.5

GRIERSON, G. A., Article, ‘The Versions of the Song of Gopi Chand.’ In *JASBe*. 1885.

c23.s3.6

GRIERSON, G. A., *The Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustan*. Calcutta, 1889.

c23.s3.7

HUME, E. R., *The Thirteen Upanishads, Translated from the Sanskrit, with an Outline of the Philosophy of the Upanishads and an Annotated Bibliography*. Oxford, 1921.

c23.s3.8

IYANGER, S., *Haṭhayogapradīpika*. Second Edition. Adyar, 1933.

c23.s3.9

MACAULIFFE, MAX ARTHUR, *The Sikh Religion, Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors*. 6 Vols. Oxford, 1909.

c23.s3.10

MITRA, RAJENDRALALA, *The Yoga Aphorisms of Patañjali, With the Commentary of Bhoja Raja and an English Translation*. Calcutta, 1883.

c23.s3.11

PANCHAM SINH, *Haṭhayogapradīpika*. Translation into English. *Sacred Books of the Hindus*. Allahabad, 1915.

c23.s3.12

PANGARKAR, R. L., *Śrī Jñāneśvaramahārāja Carita*. Poona, 1912.

c23.s3.13

RAMA PRASADA, *Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras with the Commentary of Vyāsa and the Gloss of Vāchaspati Misra*. Allahabad, 1912.

c23.s3.14

ŚĀSTRI, MAHĀMAHOPĀDHAYA HAREPRASĀD, Editor. *Rāmacarita*, by Sandhyakāra Nandi. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vol. III (1910–14). Calcutta, 1914.

c23.s3.15

SMITH, R., *Faqire und Faqirtum*. Berlin. Second Edition. 1921.

c23.s3.16

STEELE, MRS. F. A., *Tales of the Punjab*. London, 1917.

c23.s3.17

SWYNNERTON, CHARLES, *Romantic Tales from the Punjab, with Indian Nights Entertainment*. New Edition in one volume. London, 1906.

c23.s3.18

TAYLOR, J., *Prabodha Chandrodaya, or Rise of the Moon of Intellect*, by KRISHNA-MISRA. Bombay, 1886.

c23.s3.19

THIBAUT, GEORGE, *The Vedānta Sūtras with the Commentary of Rāmanuja*. SBE. London, 1904.

c23.s3.20

THIBAUT, GEORGE, *The Vedānta Sūtras with the Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya*. SBE. 2 Vols. London, 1904.

c23.s3.21

TRUMP, ERNEST, *The Ādi Granth*. London, 1877.

c23.s3.22

VASU, S. C. (Translator), *The Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā*. Adyar, 1933. First printing, Allahabad, 1895.

c23.s3.23

VIDHYARAVASA, S. C. (Translator), *Śiva Saṃhitā*. Allahabad, 1923.

c23.s3.24

WOODROFFE, SIR JOHN (Arthur Avalon), *Principles of Tantra*. 2 Vols. London, 1916.

c23.s3.25

WOODROFFE, SIR JOHN (Arthur Avalon), *Tantra of the Great Liberation*. London, 1913.

c23.s3.26

WOODS, JAMES HOUGHTON, *The Yoga System of Patañjali*. Cambridge, 1914.

c23.s3.27

BHAVE, V. L., *Mahārāṣṭra Sārasvat*. 2 Vols. New Edition. Poona, 1925.

c23.s3.28

FARQUHAR, J. N., *Outlines of the Religious Literature of India*. London, 1920.

c23.s3.29

HODGSON, B. H., *Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet*. London, 1874.

c23.s3.30

HOPKINS, E. W., *The Great Epic of India, Its Character and Origin*. New York, 1901.

c23.s3.31

MACDONELL, A. A., and KEITH, A. B., *Vedic Index of Names and Subjects*. 2 Vols. London, 1912.

c23.s3.32

SEN, DINESH CHANDRA, *History of Bengali Language and Literature*. Calcutta, 1911.

c23.s3.33

SEN, DINESH CHANDRA, *Sati, A Mystical Story*. Calcutta, 1916.

c23.s3.34

SHEA, DAVID, and FRAZER, ANTHONY, *The Dabistan or School of Manners*. Translated from the Original Persian with Notes and Illustrations. 3 Vols. Paris, 1843.

c23.s3.35

*Temp* TEMPLE, RICHARD C., *The Legends of the Punjab*. 3 Vols. London, 1884–1900.

c23.s3.36

*WGIL* WINTERNITZ, DR. M., *Geschichte der Indischen Literature*. 3 Vols. Leipzig, 1913, 1920.

D. Works on Philosophy and Religion Including Tantra and Cult

c23.s4.1

BEHANAN, K. T., *Yoga: A Scientific Evaluation*. New York, 1937.

c23.s4.2

BRAHMA, N. K., *The Philosophy of Hindu Sādhanā*. London, 1932.

c23.s4.3

BROWN, G. W., *The Human Body in the Upanishads*. Jubbulpore, 1921.

c23.s4.4

COWELL, E. B., and GOUGH, A. E., *The Sarva Darśana Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy, by MADHAVA ACHARYA*. Translated by E. B. COWELL and A. E. GOUGH. Second Edition. London, 1894.

c23.s4.5

ELIOT, SIR CHARLES, *Hinduism and Buddhism*. 3 Vols. London, 1921.

c23.s4.6

*DHIP* DASGUPTA, SURENDRANATH, *A History of Indian Philosophy*. Vol. I, Cambridge, 1922.

c23.s4.7

*DHIP(II)* Vol. II, 1932.

c23.s4.8

*Hindu Mysticism*. Chicago, 1927.

c23.s4.9

*Das G.* *Yoga Philosophy (In relation to other systems of Indian Thought)*. Calcutta, 1930.

c23.s4.10

*DHP* DAVIES, JOHN, *Hindu Philosophy, The Sāmkhya Kārikā of Īśvara Kṛṣṇa*. London, 1894.

c23.s4.11

*D.Up.* DEUSSEN, P., *The Philosophy of the Upanishads*. English Translation by A. S. GEDEN. Edinburgh, 1906.

c23.s4.12

*GSY* GARBE, RICHARD, *Sāmkhya und Yoga. Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde*. Strassburg, 1896.

c23.s4.13

*GSP* GARBE, RICHARD, *Die Sāmkhya Philosophie*. Leipzig, 1894. New Edition, 1917.

c23.s4.14

GHOSH, JAJNESWAR, *A Study of Yoga*. Calcutta, 1933.

c23.s4.15

HALL, FITZ-EDWARD, *A Contribution Towards an Index to the Bibliography of the Indian Philosophical Systems*. Calcutta, 1859.

c23.s4.16

HAUER, J. W., *Der Yoga als Heilweg*. Vol. I. Stuttgart, 1932.

c23.s4.17

KSS KEITH, A. B., *The Sāmkhya System. A History of the Sāmkhya Philosophy.* Calcutta, 1916.

c23.s4.18

KEITH, A. B., *The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda.* 2 Vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1925.

c23.s4.19

RADHAKRISHNAN, S., *Indian Philosophy.* 2 Vols. New York, 1922, 1927.

c23.s4.20

SBH RAI BAHADUR ŚRĪSA CHANDRA VASU, *An Introduction to the Yoga Philosophy.* Allahabad, 1915.

c23.s4.21

RELE, VASANT G., *The Mysterious Kuṇḍalinī.* Bombay, 1927 (Third Edition, 1931).

c23.s4.22

MOHAN SINGH, *Gorakhnāth aud Mediaeval Hindu Mysticism.* Lahore, 1937.

c23.s4.23

THOMAS, E. J., *The History of Buddhist Thought.* New York, 1933.

c23.s4.24

ARTHUR AVALON, *The Serpent Power.* London, 1919.

c23.s4.25

ARTHUR AVALON, *Shakti and Shakta, Essays and Addresses on the Shakta Tantra Shastra.* Second Edition. London, 1920.

c23.s4.26

BRI BARTH, A., *The Religions of India.* London, 1882.

c23.s4.27

BVS BHANDARKAR, R. G., *Vāiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems.* Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie and Altertumskunde. Strassburg, 1913.

c23.s4.28

BHATTACHARYA, B., *Introduction to Buddhist Esoterism.* Oxford, 1932.

c23.s4.29

BRV BLOOMFIELD, M., *The Religion of the Veda.* New York, 1908.

c23.s4.30

BOSE, M. M., *The Post-Cāitanyā Sahajiyā Cult of Bengal.* Calcutta, 1930.

c23.s4.31

CROOKE, WILLIAM, *An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India.* Allahabad, 1894. Revised and Illustrated Edition. 2 Vols. London, 1896. New Edition prepared for the press by R. E. ENTHOVEN. Oxford, 1926.

c23.s4.32

DAVIDS, MRS. RHYS, *Outlines of Buddhism.* London, 1934.

c23.s4.33

GRISWOLD, H. D., *The Religion of the Ṛig Veda.* Oxford, 1923.

c23.s4.34

HRI HOPKINS, E. W., *The Religions of India.* Boston, 1895.

c23.s4.35

Judgment in the case of Mahant Brahm Nāth vs. Baba Gokul Nāth, Court of the Subordinate Judge of Gorakhpur of 1926.

c23.s4.36

*MVM* MACDONELL, A. A., *Vedic Mythology* (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde). Strassburg, 1897.

c23.s4.37

*MWB* MONIER-WILLIAMS, M., *Brahmanism and Hinduism*. London, 1891.

c23.s4.38

*OBTM* OMAN, JOHN CAMPBELL, *The Brahmans, Theists and Muslims of India*. Philadelphia.

c23.s4.39

*OCCS* *Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India*. London, 1908.

c23.s4.40

*OMAS* *The Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India*. London, 1903.

c23.s4.41

TARANATH, *Geschichte des Buddhismus in Indien aus dem Tibetischen ubersetzt von Anton Schiefner*. St. Petersburg, 1869.

c23.s4.42

UNDERHILL, M. M., *The Hindu Religious Year*. Calcutta, 1921.

c23.s4.43

*Or* VASU, NAGENDRA NATH, *Modern Buddhism and Its Followers in Orissa*. Calcutta, 1911.

c23.s4.44

VON GLASENAPP, H., *Der Hinduismus*. München, 1922.

c23.s4.45

WARD, W., *View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindus*. 4 Vols. 1817-20.

c23.s4.46

WILKINS, *Hindu Mythology*. Calcutta, 1913.

c23.s4.47

*Wi* WILSON, HORACE HYMAN, *Essays and Lectures Chiefly on the Religion of the Hindus. A Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus*. London. Edition. 1861. Vol. I. Edited by REINHOLD ROST. Also Vol. II. Was first published 1828, 1832.

E. Iconography, Inscriptions, Sculpture, Etc.

c23.s5.1

BHATTACHARYYA, B., *The Indian Buddhist Ikonography, Mainly Based upon the Sādhanamālā and other Cognate Tantric Texts*. Oxford, 1924.

c23.s5.2

BIDYABINOD, PANDIT B. B., *Supplementary Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Non-Muhammadan Series*. Vol. I. Calcutta, 1923.

c23.s5.3

BROWN, C. J., *The Coins of India*. Calcutta and London. 1922.

c23.s5.4

BURGESS, JAMES, *Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawar and Kachh* (Archæological Survey of Western India). London, 1876.

c23.s5.5

BURGESS, JAMES, *Archæological Survey of Western India*, Vol. V. London, 1883.

c23.s5.6

BURGESS, JAMES, and COUSENS, HENRY, *Revised List of Antiquarian Remains of the Bombay Presidency* (*Archæological Survey of India*). New Imperial Series, Vol. XVI. 1897.

c23.s5.7

CUNNINGHAM, SIR A., *Coins of the Indu-Scythians*. Calcutta. 1892.

c23.s5.8

CUNNINGHAM, SIR A., *Coins of Mediæval India. From the Seventh Century down to the Muhammadan Conquests*. London, 1894.

c23.s5.9

FERGUSSON, JAS., *History of India and Eastern Architecture*. Revised and Edited by JAMES BURGESS and R. PHENE SPIERS. 2 Vols. London, 1910.

c23.s5.10

FRANCKE, A. H., *Antiquities of Indian Tibet*. Calcutta. Vol. I, 1914; vol. II, 1926.

c23.s5.11

FRENCH, J. C., *The Art of the Pala Empire of Bengal*. Oxford, 1928.

c23.s5.12

GOPI NATH RAO, T. A., *Elements of Hindu Iconography*. 4 Vols. Madras, 1914-16.

c23.s5.13

KHAKHAR, D. P., *Report on the Architectural and Archæological Remains in the Province of Kachh*. With five papers on Kachh Antiquities, by the late SIR ALEX. BURNES. With a Prefatory Note by J. BURGESS, Archæological Surveyor and Reporter to Government, 1879.

c23.s5.14

RAPSON, E. J., *Indian Coins* (*Grundiss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde*). Strassburg, 1897.

c23.s5.15

SMITH, VINCENT A., *A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon*. Oxford, 1911.

c23.s5.16

SMITH, VINCENT A., *Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Including the Cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*. Oxford, 1906.

c23.s5.17

VOGEL, J. PH., *Indian Serpent Lore*. London, 1926.

c23.s5.18

WALSH, E. H., Article, ‘The Coinage of Nepāl.’ In *JRAS*, 1908.

F. History, Description

c23.s6.1

BANERJI, R. D., *The Palas of Bengal*. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vol. V. Calcutta, 1915.

c23.s6.2

BURNES, LIEUT. ALEXANDER, *Travels into Bokhara*. 3 Vols. London, 1834.

c23.s6.3

BURTON, R. F., *Scinde : or The Unhappy Valley*. 2 Vols. London, 1851.

c23.s6.4

*Duff* DUFF, C. MABEL (MRS. W. R. RICKMERS), *The Chronology of India. From the Earliest Times to the Beginnings of the Sixteenth Century.* London, 1899.

c23.s6.5

*EHI* ELLIOT, SIR H. M., *The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period.* Edited by PROF. JOHN DAWSON. 2 Vols. London, 1867–69.

c23.s6.6

FORBES, A. K.. *Rās Mālā.* Edited by H. G. RAWLINSON. London, 1924.

c23.s6.7

GAIT, E. A., *History of Assam.* Second Edition. Calcutta, 1926 (First Edition, 1906).

c23.s6.8

*GRP* GRIFFIN, SIR L. H., *The Rajas of the Punjab.* London, 1873.

c23.s6.9

GRIFFIN, SIR L. H., *The Panjab Chiefs.* New Edition by C. F. MASSEY. 2 Vols. Lahore, 1890.

c23.s6.10

HAMILTON, F. (formerly Buchanan), *An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha.* Edinburgh, 1819.

c23.s6.11

HART, CAPT., Article, ‘Some account of a Journey from Kurrachee to Hinglaj in the Lus territory, descriptive of the intermediate country and of the port of Soumeanee.’ *JASBe*, 1840, pp. 134 ff.

c23.s6.12

HOLDICH, SIR THOS. H., *The Gates of India.* London, 1910.

c23.s6.13

JARRET, COL. H. S., and BLOCHMANN, H., *Ain i Akbari by Abdul Fazl i Allami.* 3 Vols. Calcutta, 1894.

c23.s6.14

KIRKPATRICK, COLONEL, *An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (in 1793).* London, 1811.

c23.s6.15

KITTOE, LIEUT. M., Article, ‘Notes on a Journey to Girnar, etc.’ *JASBe*, (1838), Vol. VII, pp. 865 ff.

c23.s6.16

LANDON, P., *Nepal.* 2 Vols. London, 1928.

c23.s6.17

LÉVI, SYLVAIN, *Le Nepal (Annals du Musée Guimet).* Paris, 1905.

c23.s6.18

MARSHALL, SIR JOHN, *Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization.* 3 Vols. London, 1931.

c23.s6.19

MASSON, CHARLES, *Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Panjab.* 4 Vols. London, 1842–44.

c23.s6.20

OLDFIELD, H. O., *Sketches from Nepal.* 2 Vols. London, 1880.

c23.s6.21

RAPSON, E. J., *The Cambridge History of India.* Vol. I. Cambridge, 1922.

c23.s6.22

SACHAU, EDWARD C., *Alberuni's India, an Account of the Religions, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about A.D. 1030*. An English Edition with Notes and Indices. 2 Vols. London, 1910.

c23.s6.23

SHERRING, M. A., *The Sacred City of the Hindus (Benares)*. London, 1868.

c23.s6.24

Tod TOD, JAMES (LT.-COL.), *Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, or The Central and Western Rajput States of India*. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by WILLIAM CROOKE, C.I.E. 3 Vols. London, 1920.

c23.s6.25

VASU, N. N., *The Social History of Kamarupa*. 2 Vols. Calcutta.

c23.s6.26

WRIGHT, DANIEL, *History of Nepal, Translated from the Vamśavalī Parbatiyā, by Munshi Shew Shunkar Singh and Pandit Shri Gunanand, with Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal by the Editor*. Cambridge, 1877.

G. Other Sources

c23.s7.1

EB *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 13th Edition (also 14th Edition).

c23.s7.2

CR *Calcutta Review*.

c23.s7.3

EI *Epigraphia Indica*.

c23.s7.4

ERE *Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics*.

c23.s7.5

IA *Indian Antiquary*.

c23.s7.6

JAOS *Journal of the American Oriental Society*.

c23.s7.7

JAnth S. By } *Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay*.

c23.s7.8

JASBe *Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*.

c23.s7.9

JASBy *Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay*.

c23.s7.10

JASJ *Journal of the Asiatic Society of Japan*.

c23.s7.11

JRAS *Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society*.

c23.s7.12

PNQ *Punjab Notes and Queries*.

c23.s7.13

*Archæological Survey of India*.

c23.s7.14

*American Journal of Philology*.

c23.s7.15

*Journal Asiatique*.

c23.s7.16

*Asiatic Researches*.

c23.s7.17

the Roman world, and the most important events of the reign of Antoninus Pius, are related by his biographer, and the reader will not be sorry to find them here in a more concise form. The reign of Antoninus Pius is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history; which is only another mode of saying that its happiness was complete. During the twenty-three years of his administration, the Roman empire was governed by the same invariable maxims of justice and peace. The natives of a vast extent of country were protected by the same laws, and enjoyed the same privileges. The frontiers were defended by the same legions, and the same spirit of moderation and equity prevailed in the councils of the emperor. The death of Antoninus was lamented as a public calamity; and the memory of his virtues was preserved by the gratitude of his subjects, and the imitation of his successor.

c23.s7.18

The reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, which followed, was a period of great activity and of great events. The empire was attacked on all sides by the barbarians, and the emperor was obliged to spend the greater part of his life in the camp. He was a man of a mild and philosophical temper, and he would have preferred the quiet of the study to the tumult of the field. But he was a prince of a high sense of duty, and he did not shrink from the task which was imposed upon him. He defended the frontiers with vigour, and he defeated the enemies of Rome in many a hard-fought battle. His death was a loss to the empire, and it was felt by all classes of his subjects. He was the last of the good emperors, and with him the golden age of the Roman empire may be said to have terminated.

c23.s7.19

The character of the Roman government, under the Antonines, was that of a mild and paternal despotism. The emperor was the source of all power, and his will was the law of the land. But he was restrained by the influence of the senate, and by the force of public opinion. The senate was still a body of great dignity and importance, and its members were the principal officers of the state. The emperor was careful to consult them on all matters of importance, and he was always ready to listen to their advice. The public opinion was also a powerful check upon the actions of the emperor. The people of Rome were still a proud and independent race, and they were not afraid to express their dissatisfaction with the measures of the government. The emperor was aware of this, and he was always careful to avoid any act that would be likely to give offence to the people.

c23.s7.20

The administration of justice was one of the most important duties of the emperor. He was the supreme judge of the empire, and he was always ready to hear the complaints of his subjects. He was assisted by a council of jurists, who were the most learned men of the age. The laws were administered with impartiality, and the rights of the citizens were protected. The taxes were moderate, and they were collected with fairness. The public works were carried on with vigour, and the cities of the empire were adorned with magnificent buildings. The trade and commerce of the empire were encouraged, and the people were prosperous and happy. The Roman empire, under the Antonines, was a model of good government, and it was the envy of the world.