[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Religion and philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion) › [Early Monastic Buddhism](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941) › v1.c19.s4.6 # Early Monastic Buddhism v1.c19.s4.6 Early Monastic Buddhism v1.c19.s4.6 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c19.s4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4.6) A Samaṇa's first duty was to provide himself with an alms-bowl and robes,⁴ observe the ten precepts, and render all possible services to his teacher. As a general rule he must be respectful to all monks,⁵ and should never speak ill of Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha nor adhere to any false belief.⁶ He was taught not only the moral laws, conduct and demeanour, but was also initiated into the mysteries of Buddhist philosophy. There are elaborate rules⁷ regulating the mutual duties and obligations of a teacher (upajjhāya) and his disciple (saddhivihārika) as also the cessation of their relation. The relation of a teacher and a disciple should be that of a father and son and it is by mutual reverence, confidence and communion that one can prosper in the dhamma and vinaya.⁸ It is not clear what was the function of the \*Ācariya\*.¹ It may be that he gave the \*nissayas\*, prescribed the \*kammaṭṭhānas\* for meditation to his disciple (\*antevāsika\*), in short, trained him up in the esoteric practices, while the \*upajjhāya\* taught the three \*piṭakas\* and imparted the general instructions, in other words, the exoteric aspects of Buddhism. In the absence of the \*upajjhāya\*, the \*ācariya\* had also to perform the functions of an \*upajjhāya\*, and \*vice versa\*. In the \*Mahāvagga\* and \*Cullavagga\*, (viii. 13-14) the functions of an \*ācariya\* and \*upajjhāya\* are given in identical terms, and it is enjoined that in the absence of one, the other had to perform the functions of both.² - [Previous: v1.c19.s4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4.5) - [Next: v1.c19.s4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4.7) - [Up: v1.c19.s4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dutt-1941.v1.c19.s4.6) · Pramāṇa