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Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs c3: Additions and Corrections

Studies in the Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs c3

Language
English

Additions and Corrections

c3.1

At p. 6. (in lines 9-15) omit "Vijñāneśvara tells us . . . are perhaps sufficient to show that" and read instead "Varied Smṛti topics are dealt with in the fairly early Upapurāṇas such as the Narasimha-p., which come down from about the fifth or sixth century A.D. and claim to be parts of the Matsya and other Purāṇas. From these it is evident that."

c3.2

At p. 6 omit foot-notes 36-37.

c3.3

At p. 43 (in lines 37-38) omit "which borrows, among others, chaps. 207 (24b to the end) and 115-120 from the Matsyap." and read instead "from which the Matsya-p. has borrowed a large number of chapters."

c3.4

At p. 44 omit the first 8 lines of the foot-notes.

c3.5

At p.101 (in lines 23-25) omit "and 112,......, it is probable" and read instead "and 112, 52-59 tally respectively with Padma-p. (Sṛṣṭi-kh.) 31, verses 105-145 and 150-157, it is probable".

c3.6

At p.128 (in line 12), immediately after "(I, 25, 23)" add "and the Ekāmra-p."

c3.7

At p.129 (in line 18), *transpose* "Sattva" and "Rajas".

c3.8

At p.198 (in line 20), for "(sammita)" read "(samita)".

c3.9

At p.201 (in line 20), immediately after "(II, 311)" add "and ascribed to the Brahmāṇḍa-p."

c3.10

At p.201 (at the end of the foot-note) add "So, their early origin cannot be denied."

c3.11

At p.204 (in line 11), for "devotion" read "faith".

c3.12

At p.262 (in line 36), for "sections" read "groups".

c3.13

At p.282 for line 12 of the first column read "p. 490 = 241, 2".

c3.14

The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.

c3.15

The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.

c3.16

The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.

c3.17

The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.

Cites (6)