Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs c6: Abbreviations
Studies in the Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs c6
- Language
- English
Abbreviations
c6.1
| ABORI | = | Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. |
| Adbhs. | = | Adbhuta-sāgara (of Ballālasena). |
| Ag | = | Agni-purāṇa. |
| AnSS | = | Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series (Poona). |
| Āpas. | = | Āpastamba-dharmasūtra. |
| App. | = | Appendix or Appendices, as the case may be. |
| ASB | = | Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta). |
| ASI | = | Archæological Survey of India. |
| Bd | = | Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa. |
| Bhāg | = | Bhāgavata-purāṇa. |
| Bhandarkar, Vaiṣṇavism etc. | = | R. G. Bhandarkar, Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems. |
| Bhav | = | Bhaviṣya-purāṇa. |
| Bibl. Ind. Ser. | = | Bibliotheca Indica Series. |
| Bnār | = | Bṛhannāradīya-purāṇa. |
| Bod. Cat., or Bodleian Catalogue | = | Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Sanscriticorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae. |
| Br | = | Brahma-purāṇa. |
| BSOS | = | Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, London. |
| Bv | = | Brahmavaivarta-purāṇa. |
| Chap. or chaps. | = | Chapter or chapters. |
| CHI | = | The Cambridge History of India. |
| Com. | = | Commentary. |
| Corp. Inscr. Ind. | = | Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. |
| Dbh | = | Devibhāgavata-purāṇa. |
| D. U. Mss Lib. | = | Dacca University Manuscripts Library. |
| Ed. | = | Edition. |
| Ep. Ind. | = | Epigraphia Indica. |
| ERE | = | Hastings' Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. |
| Farquhar, Outline | = | J. N. Farquhar, An Outline of the Religious Literature of India. |
| Faus. | = | Fausböll's Jātaka. |
| Fick, Social Organisation | = | Richard Fick, Social Organisation in North-east India in Buddha's time. |
| Fol. | = | Folio or folios. |
| Gaut. | = | Gautama-dharmasūtra |
| Gd | = | Garuḍa-purāṇa. |
c6.2
Hv = Harivaṃśa. IHQ = Indian Historical Quarterly (Calcutta). Ind. Ant. = Indian Antiquary. Ind. Off. Cat., or India Office Catalogue = A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, London. JASB = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. JBBRAS = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. JBORS = Journal of the Behar and Orissa Research Society. JAOS = Journal of the American Oriental Society. JRAS = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kane, Hist. of Dhs. = P. V. Kane, History of Dharmaśāstra. Kh. = Khaṇḍa. Kūr = Kūrma-purāṇa. Lg = Liṅga-purāṇa. Macdonell, Skt. Lit. = A. A. Macdonell, A History of Sanskrit Literature. Mārk = Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa. Mat = Matsya-purāṇa. Mbh = Mahābhārata. McCrindle, Ancient India = J. W. McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian. Ms, Mss = Manuscript, Manuscripts. Nār = Nāradīya-purāṇa. P.; -p. = Purāṇa; -purāṇa. Pargiter, AIHT = F. E. Pargiter, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. Pd = Padma-purāṇa. Rapson, Cat. of Ind. Coins in the Brit. Mus. = E. J. Rapson, A Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum. S.B.E. = Sacred Books of the East. Shastri, Cat. of Sans. Mss, ASB = Haraprasad Shastri, A Descriptive Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the collection of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Shastri and Gui, Cat. of Sans. Mss, Cal. Sans. Coll. = Hrishikesh Shastri and Siva Chandra Gui, A Descriptive Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of Calcutta Sanskrit College. Śiv = Śiva-purāṇa. Sk = Skanda-purāṇa. Smith, EHI = V. A. Smith, The Early History of India including Alexander's Campaigns. Fourth edition.
c6.4
| **Tirtha-c.** | = | Tīrtha-cintāmaṇi (of Vācaspatimiśra). |
| **Uś.-saṃ.** | = | Uśanas-saṃhitā. |
| **Vā** | = | Vāyu-purāṇa. |
| **Vām** | = | Vāmana-purāṇa. |
| **Vaṅga.** | = | Vaṅgavāsī Press (Calcutta). |
| **Var** | = | Varāha-purāṇa. |
| **Veṅk.** | = | Veṅkaṭeśvara Press (Bombay). |
| **Viṣ** | = | Viṣṇu-purāṇa. |
| **Viṣṇudh.** | = | Viṣṇudharmottara. |
| **Wilson, Essays** | = | H. H. Wilson, Essays Analytical, Critical and Philological. |
| **Winternitz,** | | |
| **Ind. Lit.** | = | M. Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature. |
| **Yāj.** | = | Yājñavalkya or Yājñavalkya-smṛti (as the base may be) |
c6.5
The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.
c6.6
The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.
c6.7
The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.
c6.8
The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.
c6.9
STUDIES IN THE
c6.10
PURĀNIC RECORDS ON HINDU RITES AND CUSTOMS