The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c4: Contents

The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c4

Language: English

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The twenty-nine chapters of this work are numbered, for practical convenience, in one single arithmetical sequence. But they are grouped in five main divisions, or PARTS, as follows :

| PART | CHAP. |
| I. THE SOURCES (4 chapters, pages 1–57) . . . . | 1–4 |
| II. THE GODS AND DEMONS OF THE VEDA (12 chapters) | 5–16 |
| III. VEDIC RITUAL (6 chapters, pages 252–402) . . . | 17–22 |
| IV. THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD (3 chapters, pages 403–432) | 23–25 |
| V. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE VEDA (4 chapters, pages 433–613) . . . . . . | 26–29 |

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CONTENTS OF PART I.—THE SOURCES

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| CHAP. | PAGE |
| 1. The Rigveda and the Aryans . . . . . . | 1 |
| 2. The later Saṁhitās and the Brāhmaṇas . . . . | 16 |
| 3. The later literature . . . . . . . | 27 |
| 4. The Avesta and Comparative Mythology . . . . | 32 |
| § 1. The Avesta . . . . . . . | 32 |
| § 2. Comparative Mythology and Religion . . . | 36 |
| § 3. The origin of religion . . . . . . | 42 |
| § 4. The mingling of races and cultures . . . | 51 |
| § 5. Popular and hieratic religion . . . . | 55 |

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CONTENTS OF PART II.—THE GODS AND DEMONS OF THE VEDA

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| 5. The nature of the Gods and Demons . . . . . | 58 |
| § 1. Nature Gods and abstract Deities . . . . | 58 |
| (*a*) Anthropomorphism . . . . . . | 58 |
| (*b*) Theriomorphism and the worship of animals . | 61 |
| (*c*) Animatism, Sondergötter, and Abstract Deities . | 63 |
| § 2. Fetishism . . . . . . . | 66 |
| § 3. Animism and the spirits of the dead . . . | 71 |
| § 4. The term Deva . . . . . . . | 75 |

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8. The Great Gods—Celestial . . . . . . . 95 § 1. Dyaus the Father . . . . . . . 95 § 2. Varuṇa, Mitra, and the Ādityas . . . . . . 96 § 3. Sūrya, Savitṛ, and Pūṣan . . . . . . . 104 § 4. Viṣṇu . . . . . . . . 108 § 5. Vivasvant . . . . . . . . 112 § 6. The Açvins . . . . . . . . 113 § 7. The Goddess Dawn . . . . . . . 119 § 8. The Moon . . . . . . . . 122
9. The Great Gods—Aerial . . . . . . . 124 § 1. Indra . . . . . . . . 124 § 2. Trita Āptya . . . . . . . 134 § 3. Apāṁ Napāt . . . . . . . 135 § 4. Ahi Budhnya . . . . . . . 136 § 5. Aja Ekapād . . . . . . . 137 § 6. Mātariçvan . . . . . . . . 138 § 7. Vāyu and Vāta . . . . . . . 139 § 8. Parjanya . . . . . . . . 140 § 9. The Waters . . . . . . . . 141 § 10. Rudra . . . . . . . . 142 § 11. The Maruts or Rudras . . . . . . . 150
10. The Great Gods—Terrestrial . . . . . . . 154 § 1. Agni . . . . . . . . 154 § 2. Bṛhaspati and other forms of Agni . . . . . 162 § 3. The God Soma . . . . . . . 166 § 4. The Rivers . . . . . . . . 172 § 5. The Earth . . . . . . . . 174 § 6. The Sea . . . . . . . . 174
11. The Minor Gods of Nature . . . . . . . 176 § 1. The Ṛbhus and the Ṛtus . . . . . . 176 § 2. The Gandharvas and Apsarases . . . . . . 179 § 3. Spirits of the Forest, the Trees, the Plants . . . . 184 § 4. Spirits of Agriculture, Pasture, and the Mountains . . . 186 § 5. Deities of the House . . . . . . . 188 § 6. Divine Implements . . . . . . . 188 § 7. Divine Animals . . . . . . . 189 § 8. Totemism . . . . . . . . 195 § 9. The lesser Nature Goddesses . . . . . . 197 § 10. Constellations and Time Periods . . . . . 200 12. Abstract Deities and Sondergötter . . . . . 203 § 1. The nature of Abstract Deities . . . . 203 § 2. Tvaṣṭṛ and other Agent Gods . . . . 204 § 3. The Creator Gods . . . . . 206 § 4. Subjective Deities . . . . . 210 § 5. Deified states or conditions . . . . 211 § 6. Aditi and Diti . . . . . 215 § 7. The wives of the Gods . . . . 218

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13. Groups of Deities . . . . . . 220 § 1. Dual Divinities . . . . . 220 § 2. Groups of Gods . . . . . 221

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14. Priests and Heroes . . . . . . 223 § 1. The Priests of the fire-cult . . . . 223 § 2. Other ancient Priests . . . . 226 § 3. Warriors . . . . . . 228 § 4. The First of Men . . . . . 228

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15. The Demons . . . . . . . 231 § 1. The Enemies of the Gods . . . . 231 § 2. The Enemies of Man . . . . 236

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16. The Gods and their worshippers . . . . . 243

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CONTENTS OF PART III.—VEDIC RITUAL

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17. The ritual in the Rigveda . . . . . 252

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18. The nature of the Vedic sacrifice . . . . . 257 § 1. The sacrifice as a gift . . . . 257 § 2. The sacrifice as a spell . . . . 260 § 3. The removal of sin by sacrifice and magic . . 264 § 4. Communion and sacrament in the sacrifice . . 268 § 5. The materials of the sacrifice . . . . 278 § 6. Fire and the sacrifice . . . . 285 § 7. The performers of the sacrifice . . . . 289

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19. Rites ancillary to the sacrifice . . . . . 300 § 1. The consecration . . . . . 300 § 2. The Avabhṛtha . . . . . 303 § 3. Taboos . . . . . . 304 § 4. The forms of prayer . . . . 310

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*At this point occurs the break between Chapters 1–19 and Chapters 20–29*
*The latter group is bound up as volume 32*

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| CHAP. | PAGE |
| 20. The sacrifices of the Çrauta ritual . . . . . . | 313 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. General characteristics . . . . . . . | 313 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. Establishment and re-establishment of the fires . . | 316 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. The Fire-god oblation or Agnihotra . . . . | 318 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. The new-moon and full-moon sacrifices . . . . | 319 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. The four-month or seasonal sacrifices . . . . | 321 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 6. First-fruit sacrifice (āgrayaṇa iṣṭi) and others . . . | 323 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 7. The animal sacrifice . . . . . . . | 324 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 8. The Soma sacrifice . . . . . . . | 326 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 9. The Pravargya or hot-milk sacrifice . . . . | 332 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 10. The Aikādaçina animal offering . . . . . | 333 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 11. Other forms of Jyotiṣṭoma . . . . . . | 334 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 12. Other Soma sacrifices of one day's duration . . . | 336 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 13. The Vājapeya or drink-of-strength . . . . | 339 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 14. The royal consecration . . . . . . | 340 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 15. The horse sacrifice . . . . . . . | 343 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 16. The human sacrifice . . . . . . . | 347 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 17. Other Ahīna rites . . . . . . . | 348 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 18. The Sattras or sacrificial sessions . . . . . | 349 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 19. The Sautrāmaṇī . . . . . . . . | 352 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 20. The piling of the fire-altar . . . . . . | 354 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 21. The Hotṛ formulae . . . . . . . | 356 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 22. Expiations . . . . . . . . | 356 |
| 21. The domestic ritual . . . . . . . . | 358 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. General character of the domestic sacrifices . . . | 358 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. The various offerings . . . . . . . | 359 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. Birth-ceremonies and others . . . . . . | 366 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. Studentship . . . . . . . . | 369 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. Marriage . . . . . . . . | 373 |
| 22. Magic in the ritual . . . . . . . . | 379 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. The relations of magic to religion . . . . . | 379 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. The nature of Vedic magic . . . . . . | 380 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. The removal of hostile influences . . . . . | 382 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. The attraction of beneficial substances and powers . | 386 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. Mimetic magic . . . . . . . | 388 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 6. Divination and ordeal . . . . . . . | 390 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 7. The magic spell . . . . . . . | 393 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 8. The magic sacrifice . . . . . . . | 396 |
| \ \ \ \ \ \ § 9. Yoga practices . . . . . . . . | 401 |

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CONTENTS OF PART IV.—THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD

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| CHAP. | PAGE |
| 23. The abodes of the dead . . . . . . | 403 |
| \t§ 1. The nature of the dead . . . . . . | 403 |
| \t§ 2. The places of the dead . . . . . . | 406 |
| \t§ 3. The transmutation of the dead . . . . . | 415 |
| 24. The disposal of the dead . . . . . . . | 417 |
| 25. The cult of the dead . . . . . . . | 425 |
| \t§ 1. The living and the dead . . . . . . | 425 |
| \t§ 2. The offerings to the dead in the domestic ritual . . | 427 |
| \t§ 3. The offerings to the dead in the Çrauta ritual . . . | 429 |

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CONTENTS OF PART V.—THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE VEDA

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| 26. The beginnings of Vedic Philosophy . . . . . . | 433 |
| 27. The Theosophy of the Brāhmaṇas . . . . . . | 440 |
| \t§ 1. The general character of the Brāhmaṇa philosophy . . | 440 |
| \t§ 2. The highest principle of the universe . . . . | 442 |
| \t§ 3. The theory of the sacrifice . . . . . . | 454 |
| \t§ 4. The ethics of the Brāhmaṇas . . . . . | 468 |
| \t§ 5. Modes of thought and categories . . . . . | 482 |
| 28. The Philosophy of the Upaniṣads . . . . . . | 489 |
| \t§ 1. The origin of the Upaniṣads . . . . . . | 489 |
| \t§ 2. The extant Upaniṣads . . . . . . . | 497 |
| \t§ 3. The interpretation of the Upaniṣads . . . . | 507 |
| \t§ 4. The problem and conditions of knowledge . . . | 513 |
| \t§ 5. The nature of the Absolute . . . . . . | 516 |
| \t§ 6. The Absolute and the Universe . . . . . | 522 |
| \t§ 7. Māyā and Prakṛti—Illusion and Nature . . . . | 529 |
| \t\t(*a*) Illusion . . . . . . . . . | 529 |
| \t\t(*b*) Nature . . . . . . . . . | 532 |
| \t\t(*c*) The origin of the Sāṁkhya and Buddhism . . . | 535 |
| \t§ 8. The Supreme and the Individual Souls . . . . | 551 |
| \t§ 9. The four states of the Soul . . . . . . | 567 |
| \t§ 10. The doctrine of transmigration . . . . . | 570 |
| \t§ 11. The way of salvation . . . . . . | 581 |
| \t§ 12. The ethics of the Upaniṣads and Yoga . . . . | 584 |
| \t§ 13. The significance of the philosophy of the Upaniṣads . . | 592 |
| 29. Greece and the philosophy of India . . . . . . | 601 |

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APPENDIX

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| | PAGE |
| A. The age of the Avesta and the Rigveda . . . . | 614 |
| B. The sacrifice of Puruṣa and the origin of the world . . . | 619 |
| C. The Aryan conception of the heaven . . . . | 621 |
| D. The drink of immortality . . . . . | 623 |
| E. The Indo-European fire-cult . . . . . | 625 |
| F. Cremation and burial . . . . . | 626 |
| G. The Dravidian element in Indian thought . . . | 629 |
| H. Pythagoras and Parmenides . . . . . | 634 |

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| General Index . . . . . . . | 639 |
| Sanskrit Index . . . . . . . | 675 |