[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Religion and philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion) › [The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925) › v1.c4 # The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c4: Contents The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c4 - **Language:** English ### Contents ### [v1.c4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.1) The twenty-nine chapters of this work are numbered, for practical convenience, in one single arithmetical sequence. But they are grouped in five main divisions, or PARTS, as follows : ### [v1.c4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.2) | PART | CHAP. | | I. THE SOURCES (4 chapters, pages 1–57) . . . . | 1–4 | | II. THE GODS AND DEMONS OF THE VEDA (12 chapters) | 5–16 | | III. VEDIC RITUAL (6 chapters, pages 252–402) . . . | 17–22 | | IV. THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD (3 chapters, pages 403–432) | 23–25 | | V. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE VEDA (4 chapters, pages 433–613) . . . . . . | 26–29 | ### [v1.c4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.4) CONTENTS OF PART I.—THE SOURCES ### [v1.c4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.5) | CHAP. | PAGE | | 1. The Rigveda and the Aryans . . . . . . | 1 | | 2. The later Saṁhitās and the Brāhmaṇas . . . . | 16 | | 3. The later literature . . . . . . . | 27 | | 4. The Avesta and Comparative Mythology . . . . | 32 | | § 1. The Avesta . . . . . . . | 32 | | § 2. Comparative Mythology and Religion . . . | 36 | | § 3. The origin of religion . . . . . . | 42 | | § 4. The mingling of races and cultures . . . | 51 | | § 5. Popular and hieratic religion . . . . | 55 | ### [v1.c4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.6) CONTENTS OF PART II.—THE GODS AND DEMONS OF THE VEDA ### [v1.c4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.7) | 5. The nature of the Gods and Demons . . . . . | 58 | | § 1. Nature Gods and abstract Deities . . . . | 58 | | (\*a\*) Anthropomorphism . . . . . . | 58 | | (\*b\*) Theriomorphism and the worship of animals . | 61 | | (\*c\*) Animatism, Sondergötter, and Abstract Deities . | 63 | | § 2. Fetishism . . . . . . . | 66 | | § 3. Animism and the spirits of the dead . . . | 71 | | § 4. The term Deva . . . . . . . | 75 | ### [v1.c4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.8) 8. The Great Gods—Celestial . . . . . . . 95 § 1. Dyaus the Father . . . . . . . 95 § 2. Varuṇa, Mitra, and the Ādityas . . . . . . 96 § 3. Sūrya, Savitṛ, and Pūṣan . . . . . . . 104 § 4. Viṣṇu . . . . . . . . 108 § 5. Vivasvant . . . . . . . . 112 § 6. The Açvins . . . . . . . . 113 § 7. The Goddess Dawn . . . . . . . 119 § 8. The Moon . . . . . . . . 122 9. The Great Gods—Aerial . . . . . . . 124 § 1. Indra . . . . . . . . 124 § 2. Trita Āptya . . . . . . . 134 § 3. Apāṁ Napāt . . . . . . . 135 § 4. Ahi Budhnya . . . . . . . 136 § 5. Aja Ekapād . . . . . . . 137 § 6. Mātariçvan . . . . . . . . 138 § 7. Vāyu and Vāta . . . . . . . 139 § 8. Parjanya . . . . . . . . 140 § 9. The Waters . . . . . . . . 141 § 10. Rudra . . . . . . . . 142 § 11. The Maruts or Rudras . . . . . . . 150 10. The Great Gods—Terrestrial . . . . . . . 154 § 1. Agni . . . . . . . . 154 § 2. Bṛhaspati and other forms of Agni . . . . . 162 § 3. The God Soma . . . . . . . 166 § 4. The Rivers . . . . . . . . 172 § 5. The Earth . . . . . . . . 174 § 6. The Sea . . . . . . . . 174 11. The Minor Gods of Nature . . . . . . . 176 § 1. The Ṛbhus and the Ṛtus . . . . . . 176 § 2. The Gandharvas and Apsarases . . . . . . 179 § 3. Spirits of the Forest, the Trees, the Plants . . . . 184 § 4. Spirits of Agriculture, Pasture, and the Mountains . . . 186 § 5. Deities of the House . . . . . . . 188 § 6. Divine Implements . . . . . . . 188 § 7. Divine Animals . . . . . . . 189 § 8. Totemism . . . . . . . . 195 § 9. The lesser Nature Goddesses . . . . . . 197 § 10. Constellations and Time Periods . . . . . 200 12. Abstract Deities and Sondergötter . . . . . 203 § 1. The nature of Abstract Deities . . . . 203 § 2. Tvaṣṭṛ and other Agent Gods . . . . 204 § 3. The Creator Gods . . . . . 206 § 4. Subjective Deities . . . . . 210 § 5. Deified states or conditions . . . . 211 § 6. Aditi and Diti . . . . . 215 § 7. The wives of the Gods . . . . 218 ### [v1.c4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.9) 13. Groups of Deities . . . . . . 220 § 1. Dual Divinities . . . . . 220 § 2. Groups of Gods . . . . . 221 ### [v1.c4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.10) 14. Priests and Heroes . . . . . . 223 § 1. The Priests of the fire-cult . . . . 223 § 2. Other ancient Priests . . . . 226 § 3. Warriors . . . . . . 228 § 4. The First of Men . . . . . 228 ### [v1.c4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.11) 15. The Demons . . . . . . . 231 § 1. The Enemies of the Gods . . . . 231 § 2. The Enemies of Man . . . . 236 ### [v1.c4.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.12) 16. The Gods and their worshippers . . . . . 243 ### [v1.c4.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.13) CONTENTS OF PART III.—VEDIC RITUAL ### [v1.c4.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.14) 17. The ritual in the Rigveda . . . . . 252 ### [v1.c4.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.15) 18. The nature of the Vedic sacrifice . . . . . 257 § 1. The sacrifice as a gift . . . . 257 § 2. The sacrifice as a spell . . . . 260 § 3. The removal of sin by sacrifice and magic . . 264 § 4. Communion and sacrament in the sacrifice . . 268 § 5. The materials of the sacrifice . . . . 278 § 6. Fire and the sacrifice . . . . 285 § 7. The performers of the sacrifice . . . . 289 ### [v1.c4.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.16) 19. Rites ancillary to the sacrifice . . . . . 300 § 1. The consecration . . . . . 300 § 2. The Avabhṛtha . . . . . 303 § 3. Taboos . . . . . . 304 § 4. The forms of prayer . . . . 310 ### [v1.c4.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.17) \*At this point occurs the break between Chapters 1–19 and Chapters 20–29\* \*The latter group is bound up as volume 32\* ### [v1.c4.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.18) | CHAP. | PAGE | | 20. The sacrifices of the Çrauta ritual . . . . . . | 313 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. General characteristics . . . . . . . | 313 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. Establishment and re-establishment of the fires . . | 316 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. The Fire-god oblation or Agnihotra . . . . | 318 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. The new-moon and full-moon sacrifices . . . . | 319 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. The four-month or seasonal sacrifices . . . . | 321 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 6. First-fruit sacrifice (āgrayaṇa iṣṭi) and others . . . | 323 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 7. The animal sacrifice . . . . . . . | 324 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 8. The Soma sacrifice . . . . . . . | 326 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 9. The Pravargya or hot-milk sacrifice . . . . | 332 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 10. The Aikādaçina animal offering . . . . . | 333 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 11. Other forms of Jyotiṣṭoma . . . . . . | 334 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 12. Other Soma sacrifices of one day's duration . . . | 336 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 13. The Vājapeya or drink-of-strength . . . . | 339 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 14. The royal consecration . . . . . . | 340 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 15. The horse sacrifice . . . . . . . | 343 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 16. The human sacrifice . . . . . . . | 347 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 17. Other Ahīna rites . . . . . . . | 348 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 18. The Sattras or sacrificial sessions . . . . . | 349 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 19. The Sautrāmaṇī . . . . . . . . | 352 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 20. The piling of the fire-altar . . . . . . | 354 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 21. The Hotṛ formulae . . . . . . . | 356 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 22. Expiations . . . . . . . . | 356 | | 21. The domestic ritual . . . . . . . . | 358 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. General character of the domestic sacrifices . . . | 358 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. The various offerings . . . . . . . | 359 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. Birth-ceremonies and others . . . . . . | 366 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. Studentship . . . . . . . . | 369 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. Marriage . . . . . . . . | 373 | | 22. Magic in the ritual . . . . . . . . | 379 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 1. The relations of magic to religion . . . . . | 379 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 2. The nature of Vedic magic . . . . . . | 380 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 3. The removal of hostile influences . . . . . | 382 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 4. The attraction of beneficial substances and powers . | 386 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 5. Mimetic magic . . . . . . . | 388 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 6. Divination and ordeal . . . . . . . | 390 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 7. The magic spell . . . . . . . | 393 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 8. The magic sacrifice . . . . . . . | 396 | | \ \ \ \ \ \ § 9. Yoga practices . . . . . . . . | 401 | ### [v1.c4.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.19) CONTENTS OF PART IV.—THE SPIRITS OF THE DEAD ### [v1.c4.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.20) | CHAP. | PAGE | | 23. The abodes of the dead . . . . . . | 403 | | \t§ 1. The nature of the dead . . . . . . | 403 | | \t§ 2. The places of the dead . . . . . . | 406 | | \t§ 3. The transmutation of the dead . . . . . | 415 | | 24. The disposal of the dead . . . . . . . | 417 | | 25. The cult of the dead . . . . . . . | 425 | | \t§ 1. The living and the dead . . . . . . | 425 | | \t§ 2. The offerings to the dead in the domestic ritual . . | 427 | | \t§ 3. The offerings to the dead in the Çrauta ritual . . . | 429 | ### [v1.c4.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.21) CONTENTS OF PART V.—THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE VEDA ### [v1.c4.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.22) | 26. The beginnings of Vedic Philosophy . . . . . . | 433 | | 27. The Theosophy of the Brāhmaṇas . . . . . . | 440 | | \t§ 1. The general character of the Brāhmaṇa philosophy . . | 440 | | \t§ 2. The highest principle of the universe . . . . | 442 | | \t§ 3. The theory of the sacrifice . . . . . . | 454 | | \t§ 4. The ethics of the Brāhmaṇas . . . . . | 468 | | \t§ 5. Modes of thought and categories . . . . . | 482 | | 28. The Philosophy of the Upaniṣads . . . . . . | 489 | | \t§ 1. The origin of the Upaniṣads . . . . . . | 489 | | \t§ 2. The extant Upaniṣads . . . . . . . | 497 | | \t§ 3. The interpretation of the Upaniṣads . . . . | 507 | | \t§ 4. The problem and conditions of knowledge . . . | 513 | | \t§ 5. The nature of the Absolute . . . . . . | 516 | | \t§ 6. The Absolute and the Universe . . . . . | 522 | | \t§ 7. Māyā and Prakṛti—Illusion and Nature . . . . | 529 | | \t\t(\*a\*) Illusion . . . . . . . . . | 529 | | \t\t(\*b\*) Nature . . . . . . . . . | 532 | | \t\t(\*c\*) The origin of the Sāṁkhya and Buddhism . . . | 535 | | \t§ 8. The Supreme and the Individual Souls . . . . | 551 | | \t§ 9. The four states of the Soul . . . . . . | 567 | | \t§ 10. The doctrine of transmigration . . . . . | 570 | | \t§ 11. The way of salvation . . . . . . | 581 | | \t§ 12. The ethics of the Upaniṣads and Yoga . . . . | 584 | | \t§ 13. The significance of the philosophy of the Upaniṣads . . | 592 | | 29. Greece and the philosophy of India . . . . . . | 601 | ### [v1.c4.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.23) APPENDIX ### [v1.c4.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.24) | | PAGE | | A. The age of the Avesta and the Rigveda . . . . | 614 | | B. The sacrifice of Puruṣa and the origin of the world . . . | 619 | | C. The Aryan conception of the heaven . . . . | 621 | | D. The drink of immortality . . . . . | 623 | | E. The Indo-European fire-cult . . . . . | 625 | | F. Cremation and burial . . . . . | 626 | | G. The Dravidian element in Indian thought . . . | 629 | | H. Pythagoras and Parmenides . . . . . | 634 | ### [v1.c4.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4.25) | General Index . . . . . . . | 639 | | Sanskrit Index . . . . . . . | 675 | --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c4) · Pramāṇa