[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Religion and philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion) › [The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925) › v1.c5 # The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c5: Transliteration The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads v1.c5 - **Language:** English ### Transliteration ### [v1.c5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c5.1) The system of transliteration adopted by W. D. Whitney in his \*Sanskrit Grammar\* and C. R. Lanman in his \*Sanskrit Reader\* has been followed. For purposes of pronunciation the vowels may be treated as in Italian, but \*a\* is analogous to the sound in English ‘but’. The consonants may be pronounced as in English, the diacritical marks being ignored, except in the following cases: \*c\* is similar to \*ch\* in church: \*ç\* and \*ṣ\* are approximately \*sh\* in shun: \*s\* is always surd as in sun: \*ṁ\* or \*ṅ\* is a nasalization of the preceding vowel: the aspirates like \*th\* are pronounced approximately like \*th\* in pothook. The letter \*ṛ\* may be taken as nearly \*ri\*. Similarly \*ḷ\* is \*li\* or \*lri\*. ### [v1.c5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c5.2) The complete alphabet is as follows: vowels: a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ e ai o au; gutturals: k kh g gh ṅ; palatals: c ch j jh ñ; domals: ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ; dentals: t th d dh n; labials: p ph b bh m; semivowels: y r l v; further: ṅ ṁ ḥ. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v1.c5) · Pramāṇa