Samnyasa Upanishads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation c8: Index to the Introduction
Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation c8
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Index to the Introduction
c8.1
Ādityas, 47 Advaita Vedānta, 3, 11, 16–18, 61, 79, 99, 111 Agastya, 51 Age, 28. *See also* Āśrama; Old age Agehananda Bharati, 94 Agni Vaiśvānara, 48 Agnihotra. *See under* Sacrifice Agriculture, 29–31 *Ahiṃsā*. *See* Non-injury Aims of life, 53 Ājīvika, 12 Ancestors. *See* Forefathers Animals, 50–51 acting like, 107–12 eating of, 66 five-nailed, 66 Anthill, 110 Āpastamba, 15 Apsaras, 47 Arjuna, 54 Aruṇi, 82 Aryan, 21–22, 29–30 Asita, 51 *Āśrama*, 15–16, 33, 36, 52–57, 67, 84–85. *See also* Class; *Dharma* classical system, 54–55, 72 original system, 52–54 Aśvaghoṣa, 110
c8.2
Austerity. *See* Penance Avadhūta, 99–100
c8.3
Bahūdaka, 98–99, 107 Bailey, G., 53*n*.39 Bald, 85 Bāṇa, 13 Barley, 30 Bathing, 62, 76–77 Baudhāyana, 15–16 Beard, 50 Beast. *See* Animals Begging, 43, 45, 63–64, 103–5 like bees (*mādhūkara*), 104, 110 from all castes, 79 like cows, 105, 110 like pythons, 104, 110–11 *See also* Food Begging bowl, 63–64, 66, 96, 104–6; hand/stomach as, 105 Belvalkar, S. K., 21 Berger, P., 28*n*.16, 29, 46, 51–52 Biardeau, M., 20 Birds, 50 Birth, 47–48 Blind, 41, 85 Blood, 76 Bodewitz, H. W., 21*n*.3, 68*n*.15
c8.4
Index
c8.5
Body, 69 as corpse, 69, 77 description of, 69, 76–77, 80 detachment from, 76–77 as house, 76 impurity of, 76–77, 80 of women, 77–78 Brahman, 17, 41, 43–44, 63, 79–80, 91–92 Brāhmaṇa literature, 24, 27, 37 Brahmin, 9, 35–38, 43, 47, 52, 60, 72, 75, 83–84, 87–89, 91–92, 108 Breaths, 68, 86–87 Bṛhadratha, 77, 79 Bṛhaspati, 97 Buddha, 32, 34–35, 37–38, 53 Buddhism, 11–12, 15, 32–33, 37–38, 43, 53, 59, 73, 76
c8.6
Call (*praiṣa*), 63, 73–74, 94–96 Caste, 28, 32, 67, 83; outcaste, 74–76, 85 Cattle, 29, 50 Celibacy, 37, 42–46, 49, 52–57 Choice, 33–34, 52–54 City, 30–38, 45–46, 52. *See also* Town; Village Clothes, 50, 63, 82, 96–97, 105–7 ochre, 106 patched garment, 77, 105 *See also* Loincloth Class (*varṇa*), 28, 83 Collins, S., 23n.6, 76n.24 Corpse, 69, 76–77 Cosmology, 23–25, 42, 76 Cremation. *See* Funeral Cyavana, 110
c8.7
Daughter, 27, 50 Day, 44, 57 Deaf, 85 Death, 23–25, 27, 29, 33, 39–40, 42, 56–57, 61, 69, 72, 75, 90–91, 93 imminent death, 90–91, 95 ritual death, 89–94 Debts, 47–52, 72, 90 Deer skin, 50, 107 Degrâces-Fahd, A., 7 Detachment, 60, 69, 75–78, 85, 99 Deussen, P., 5–6, 37 *Dharma*, 25, 28, 53–57, 62–64, 82 *svadharma*, 67 *varṇāśramadharma*, 57, 81 Dikshit, T.R.C., 6–7 Dirt, 50 Disease. *See* Sickness Dumb, 85 Dumont, L., 20–21, 28, 32 Dutt, S., 12n.18
c8.8
Eating, 68, 79, 105, 109–11. *See also* Begging; Food Edgerton, F., 66n.13 Epics, 8, 14–16 Ethics, 28–29, 36, 54, 61, 72; metaethical, 40 Enunch, 85
c8.9
Family, 27, 42, 98, 102 Fasting, 43. *See also* Penance Father, 26–27, 42, 49–51, 56, 85, 90–91, 96 Feces, 76, 80 Feldhaus, A., 111n.15 Fire, 25, 56, 60, 85, 91, 103 abandonment of, 62, 71, 83, 86–89, 92 and breath, 86–89 internalization of, 68, 71, 86 depositing in fire drills, 87–88 depositing in self, 69, 86–89, 91 domestic, 86 of knowledge, 69 of stomach, 68, 86 three, 86 Fire drill, 87–89; abandonment of, 62 Food, 30, 50, 64, 69, 79, 99, 103–5, 109–11 fear of, 105 like medicine, 105 *See also* Begging; Eating Forefathers, 62–63, 74, 93 debt to, 47–52 path of, 44–45 offerings to (*śrāddha*), 72, 90, 95 Frauwallner, E., 37, 44 Freedom. *See* Liberation Funeral, 72, 74, 90–91
c8.10
Gambling, 47–48 Ganges, 20–21, 29–31, 35 Garment. *See* Clothes Gautama, 15–16
c8.11
Gāyatrī, abandonment of, 63 Ghosh, A., 30, 31*n*.19, 34 Ghost (preta), 74, 93 Gods, 23–24, 40, 50, 56, 63, 94 debt to, 47–52 path of, 44–45 worship of, 62 Gokhale, B. G., 35*n*.22 Gold, 50, 73 Gombrich, R., 30–32, 34–36, 53 Guild, 28, 31
c8.12
Haṃsa, 98–99, 107 Hara, M., 108 Harappa, 30 Heart, 43 Heaven, 40–41, 61, 75–76, 79 Heesterman, J. C., 20–25, 69–71, 93 Hell, 75, 79 Hermeneutics, 64–67 Hermit, 52, 55, 84–85, 89 Heterodox, 22 Home, 45, 89, 101; homeless, 43, 101–3 Householder, 21, 35, 42–46, 52, 55, 60, 67, 84–85, 104 Husband, 25–29, 50
c8.13
Ignorance, 40–42, 99. *See also* Knowledge Immortality, 23–29, 40, 42, 49 Impurity, 69, 76–77 Incest, 50–51 Individual, 28–29, 32, 34, 42, 54, 72; individualism, 32–33 Indra, 47, 97 Indus Valley Civilization, 30 Infant, 96 Ingalls, D.H.H., 108 Initiation, 9–10, 52, 55, 63, 85, 96–97 Injunctions, 62, 63–67, 81. *See also* Prohibitions exclusive specification, 65–67 general, 65 specific, 65 Iron, 30
c8.14
Jaigīṣavya, 51 Jainism, 11–12, 15, 32–33, 37–38, 53, 59, 110 Jājālin, 110 Janaka, 42
c8.15
Johnston, E. H., 110*n*.12
c8.16
Kane, P. V., 9–10, 17*n*.30 Kapila, 14 Karma, 39–41, 43, 49, 61–62, 64, 72 Karmandin, 13 King, 24–25, 30–33, 36–38 monarchy, 30 royal consecration, 24 Knowledge, 17, 38–39, 42–43, 61, 69, 99 and liberation, 78–81 as sacrificial string and topknot, 69 *See also* Ignorance Krishnan, Y., 74 Kṣatriya, 37 Kuṭīcaka, 64, 98–99, 107
c8.17
Leslie, I. J., 103*n*.4 Lewis, I. M., 111*n*.16 Liberation, 3, 23, 39–42, 45, 48, 61, 74–76, 78–81; liberation while alive, 80–81, 100 Life-cycle rites. *See* Rites of passage Ling, T., 30*n*.18 Liquor, 74, 77 Loincloth, 96–97, 105–7. *See also* Clothes Lorenzen, D. H., 108*n*.10 Luckmann, T., 28*n*.16, 46, 51–52
c8.18
McNeill, W., 34–35 Madness, 107–12 Mahāvīra, 37 Malamoud, C., 47*n*.35 Mantra, abandonment of, 62–63 Manu, 17 Marriage, 25–29, 42, 47–57, 60, 72, 85–86, 90 Maruts, 47 *Mātrā*, 96. *See also* Renouncer, requisites of Meat, 66 Meditation, 56 Mendicancy. *See* Begging Merchants, 30–33, 36 Mīmāṃsā. *See* Hermeneutics Mohenjo Dāro, 30 Mokṣa. *See* Liberation Monasticism, 14 monasteries, 18 monastic orders, 16
c8.19
Money, 31 Moon, 44, 81 Mother, 50, 85, 97
c8.20
Nails, pairing, 68 Nārada, 82 Narain, A. K., 35*n*.22 *Nibandha*, 16, 18 Night, 44, 57 *Nivṛtti*, 53, 64, 67 Non-injury, 54, 95 Nudity, 63, 106–7
c8.21
Old age, 25, 40, 55–56, 58, 77, 90 Olivelle, P., 5*n*.6, 7*n*.11, 17*n*.27, 59, 64*n*.10, 65*n*.12, 71*n*.17, 74*n*.21, 81*n*.26, 83*n*.3, 84*n*.4, 91*n*.15, 99*n*.1, 103*n*.4, 106*n*.8 OM, 63 Orthodox, 22 Outcasts. *See* Caste
c8.22
Pachow, W., 12*n*.18 *Paddhati*, 16, 83 Pañcaśikha, 14 Pande, G. C., 21*n*.4 Pāṇini, 13–14 Paramahaṃsa, 64, 98–99, 107 Pārāśarya, 13 Passions, 56, 77–78 Patañjali, 13 Penance, 43–45, 50, 56. *See also* Fasting Pilgrimage, 62 Poison, 77, 108 *Praiṣa*. *See* Call Praise, 107–12 Prajāpati, 24, 27, 42, 82 *Prātimokṣa*, 12 *Pravṛtti*, 52, 64 Prebish. C. S., 12*n*.18 Priest, 69–70, 95, 97 Procreation, 26–29, 35, 39, 42–52, 67, 72 Prohibitions, 64–67. *See also* Injunctions Property, partition of, 90 Purāṇa, 8, 15–16 Purification, 76–77 Puruṣa hymn, 24
c8.23
Rainy season, 102 Ramanathan, A. A., 7 Rāmānuja, 10, 17 Ranade, R. D., 21*n*.4 Rationality, 109, 111–12 Rebirth, 33, 39–40, 45, 49–50, 61, 72, 80 Renouncer, 52, 55 acting like animals, 107–12 apostates, 74–75 body of, 68–69 classification of, 98–100, 103 codes of conduct, 12–14 courting dishonor, 107–12 customs of, 101–12 beyond *dharma*, 81 disguise, 107 emblems of, 11, 97, 99, 106–7 false, 79 family ties, 71–73 female, 84 freedom from injunctions, 81, 99, 105 funeral of, 74 homeless, 76, 101–3 as image of god, 69 impurity of, 92–94 independence of, 70–71 liberated, 80–81 mad, 107–12 new name, 96 poverty, 103 requisites, 96–97, 105–7 residence, 102–3 wandering, 89, 101–3 Renunciation, 5, 32, 58–60 antinomianism, 81, 99, 101, 107–12 apostacy, 74–75 benefits for relatives, 71–73 only for Brahmins, 83–84 conflict with society, 46–57 consent of relatives, 85 as death, 89–94, 96 definition of, 63 and detachment, 75–79 disabilities, 85 eliminates ghostly state, 74, 93 erasing sins, 71, 73–74 of fire, 86–89, 102–3 formula of, 94–95 as initiation, 96 as internalization of ritual, 68–71 and knowledge, 79–81 legal effects of, 71, 74, 90
c8.24
and liberation, 78–81 literature on, 11–18 nature of, 58–71 as negative state, 105–6 as new birth, 96–97, 106 as non-ritual state, 60–68, 90, 92, 96 origin of, 19–23 as perfection of ritual, 60, 68–71, 93 at the point of death, 74, 95 purpose of, 58, 78–81 qualification for, 60, 83–85 rite of, 59–60, 82–97 of rites, 59, 106 ritual effects of, 60, 68, 71–75 and sacrificial theology, 69–71 social significance of, 73 time for, 75, 83–85 of women, 84 Retirement, 55–56 Rice, 30 Rites, 12, 40–42, 56–57, 61, 75, 79, 81, 92, 99 abandonment of, 59–67, 75, 78, 81–83, 86 anti-ritualism, 37 cause of bondage, 78–79 definition of, 64 rites of passage, 32, 54–56
c8.25
Śabara, 75 Sacrament, 55 Sacrifice, 23–29, 35, 39–41, 43–45, 47–51, 60–62, 67, 75, 84, 86, 88, 91 in breaths, 68 fire sacrifice (*agnihotra*), 25, 62, 87, 90 implements of, 62 preclassical, 69–70 sacrificial theology, 20–21, 23–29, 36, 40, 42 sexual imagery, 27–28 Sacrificer, 69–71, 93 Sacrificial string, 9–10, 64, 99 abandonment of, 62, 69, 84, 91–92, 106 internal, 69 of knowledge, 84, 92 Safety, gift of, 95–96 Śākāyanya, 80 Śaṃkara, 16, 40 Sāṃkhya, 14
c8.26
*Saṃnyāsa*, 59–60, 100. *See also* Renunciation Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads, 5–19, 58, 60–61, 78–79, 82–83, 98; dates, 8–11 *Saṃsāra*, 39–40, 42, 53, 61, 75, 80 Śaunaka, 82 Sāyaṇa, 48 Schopen, G., 73*n*.18 Schrader, O. F., 5–8 Schweitzer, A., 19–20 Sect, 16, 36, 73, 85 Seers, 24, 50; debt to, 47–52 Semen, 42 Sex, 27–28, 67 Shastri, A. M., 13*n*.19 Shaving, 64, 68 Shoes, 105 Sickness, 34–35, 59, 76 Sin, 74–75; original, 48 Singh, S., 21 Sister, 50 Śiva, 81 Skin. *See* Deer skin Slavery, 74 Sling, 105–6 Smith, Jonathan Z., 5*n*.7 *Smṛti*, 9–10, 14–18, 64 Soma, 47 Son, 26–29, 40, 42–46, 49–51, 56, 84–85, 91 Sprockhoff, J. F., 6–11, 18*n*.32, 44–46, 58–59 *Śrāddha*. *See* Forefathers, offerings to Śrī-Vaiṣṇava, 10–11, 17–18, 99 Staff, 63, 75, 95–97, 99, 105–7 single staff, 79, 99 triple staff, 64, 69, 79, 99, 106 of wisdom, 79 *See also* Tripod Student, 52, 55, 84, 86 return of, 55, 85 studentship, 47, 85 Śūdra, 60, 83 Suffering, 33–35, 40 Sun, 40, 44–45 *Sūtra*, 16–18 *Svadhā*/*svāhā*, 63
c8.27
Teacher, 80, 86, 96–97; violating wife of, 74 Thief, 74
c8.28
Topknot, 9–10 abandonment of, 62, 69, 91–92, 106 internal, 69 of knowledge, 84, 92 Town, 102–3. *See also* City Trade, 30–33 Travel, 87–89 Tripod, 105. *See also* Staff Turīyātīta, 99–100 Twice-born, 49
c8.29
Upaniṣad, 3–11, 13, 18, 36–38, 44–45 Upaniṣadbrahmayogin, 6–7 Urban. *See* City Urine, 76, 80 Uśas, 47
c8.30
Varadācārya, 10–11 *Varṇa*. *See* Class, *Dharma* Varuṇa, 47 Vasiṣṭha, 15 Vāsudevāśrama, 17 Veda, 3–5, 12, 14–16, 24, 38, 41–43, 56, 64, 73–74, 84 authority of, 14–15, 41 canon, 4, 14–15 *jñānakāṇḍa*, 3 *karmakāṇḍa*, 3 Vedic schools, 13–14 Vedic society, 22, 32 Vedic theology, 23–29, 37, 69, 72 Vedic world, 21, 23, 35–36, 39, 46, 51 Vedāṅga, 13 Vedānta, 4, 72. *See also* Upaniṣad Vedānta Deśika, 10, 17 Vidyāraṇya, 17 Village, 29, 31–32, 34, 38, 44–46, 101–3, 109. *See also* City; Town; Wilderness Viśiṣṭādvaita, 10 Viṣṇu, 69; emblem of, 75 Viśveśvara Sarasvatī, 17
c8.31
Waghorne, J. P., 69 Waistband, 96–97, 106–7 Wandering, 43 Water pot, 96–97, 105–7 Water strainer, 105 Weber, A., 5 Weber, Max, 32*n*.20 Wezler, A., 21 Wife, 26–28, 50, 56, 84–85, 90 Wilderness, 44–46, 103, 109. *See also* Village Williams, R. B., 69*n*.16 Winternitz, M., 57*n*.40 Women, 60, 76–78, 84 avoiding, 77–78 gynephobia, 78, 84 as poison, 77 renunciation of, 84 sexual organs of, 28, 78 tempting men, 77–78, 84 World, 28–29, 51, 76, 99 ascetic, 42–46 conflict between, 46–57 as illusory, 79 Vedic, 21, 23 world-negating, 19–20 Worm, 102, 107 Writing, 31
c8.32
Yoga, 108 Yādava Prakāśa, 10–11, 17 Yājñavalkya, 42, 92