The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies v2.c14: Front matter
The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies v2.c14
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Front matter
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Vol. II the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.
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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.
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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.
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The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.
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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHIES
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Vol. II: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa
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EDITED BY
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KARL H. POTTER
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PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Princeton, New Jersey Copyright © 1977 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey
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All Rights Reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book
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This book was composed in India by Shantilal Jain at Shri Jainendra Press, New Delhi
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Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Contributors:
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Usharbudh Arya, University of Minnesota Gopikamohan Bhattacharya, Kurukshetra University Janakivallabha Bhattacharya, Jadavpur University Sibajiban Bhattacharya, University of Burdwan Masaaki Hattori, University of Kyoto Bimal Krishna Matilal, University of Toronto Jitendranath Mohanty, Universities of Calcutta and Oklahoma E. R. Sreekrishna Sarma, Sri Venkatesvara University S. Subrahmanya Sastri, University of Madras V. Varadachari, Sri Venkatesvara University the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.
v2.c14.16
The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.
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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.
v2.c14.18
The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.
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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
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PART ONE :
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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF NYĀYA-VAIŚEṢIKA (*Karl H. Potter*)
1. Historical Resumé 1
2. Theory of Value 18
3. Nature of a Philosophical System 38
4. Relations 47
5. Substance 69
6. Qualities and Motions 112
7. Universals, Individuators, and Absences 133
8. Meaning and Truth 147
9. Logical Theory 179
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PART TWO :
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SUMMARIES OF WORKS
1. Kaṇāda 211 Vaiśeṣikasūtras (*Masaaki Hattori*) 212
2. Gautama 220 Nyāyasūtras (*Karl H. Potter*) 221
3. Vākyakāra 238
4. Kaṭandikāra 238
5. Vātsyāyana 239 Nyāyabhāṣya (*Karl H. Potter*) 240
6. Candramati 274 Daśapadārthaśāstra (*Masaaki Hattori*) 275
7. Bhāvivikta 281
8. Praśastapāda 282 Padārthadharmasaṃgraha (*Karl H. Potter*) 282
9. Uddyotakara 303 Nyāyavārttika (*Karl H. Potter*) 304
10. Ātreya 337
11. Prīticandra 338
12. Aviddhakarṇa 338
13. Śaṃkara (*Svāmin*) 340
14. Viśvarūpa 341 15. Dhairyarāśi 341
16. Jayanta Bhaṭṭa 341 Nyāyamañjarī (*Karl H. Potter*, *J. V. Bhattacharya*, *U. Arya*) 343 Nyāyakalikā (*J. V. Bhattacharya*) 394
17. The Nyāyaratnākara 395
18. Trilocana 396
19. Bhāsarvajña 398 Nyāyasāra (*Karl H. Potter*) 400 Nyāyabhūṣaṇa (*B. K. Matilal*) 410
20. Sānātanī 424
21. Vyomaśiva 424 Vyomavatī (*V. Varadachari*) 425
22. Vācaspati Miśra 453 Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā (*B. K. Matilal*) 455
23. Adhyāyana 484
24. Vittoka 484
25. Narasimha 484
26. Śrīdhara 485 Nyāyakandalī (*Karl H. Potter*) 485
27. Śrīvatsa 520
28. Aniruddha 521
29. Udayana 521 Lakṣaṇāvalī (*Karl H. Potter*) 523 Lakṣaṇamālā (*S. Subrahmanya Sastri*) 525 Ātmatattvaviveka (*V. Varadachari*) 526 Nyāyakusumāñjali (*Karl H. Potter* and *Sibajiban Bhattacharya*) 557 Nyāyapariśiṣṭa 588 Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkāpariśuddhi 588 Kiraṇāvalī (*B. K. Matilal*) 589
30. Aparārkadeva 603 Nyāyamuktāvalī (*S. Subrahmanya Sastri*) 604
31. Śrīkaṇṭha 612
32. The Vṛttikāra 612
33. Vallabha 613 Nyāyalīlāvatī (*J. N. Mohanty*) 613
34. Varadarāja 629 Tārkikarakṣā with Sārasamgraha (*Karl H. Potter*) 629 Nyāyakusumāñjalibodhanī (*G. Bhattacharya*) 640
35. Śivāditya 642 Saptapadārthī (*Karl H. Potter*) 643
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Nyāyamālā (*S. Subrahmanya Sastri*) 645
36. Vādīndra 646 Mahāvidyāviḍambana (*E. R. Sreekrishna Sarma*) 647 Kiraṇāvalīdarpaṇa (*G. Bhattacharya*) 652 Kaṇādasūtranibandha 658
37. Bhaṭṭa Rāghava 659
38. Divākara 659
39. Vādi Vāgīśvara 660
40. Nārāyaṇa Sarvajña 663
41. Keśava Miśra 663 Trakabhāṣā (*Karl H. Potter*) 664
42. Ānandānubhava 667
43. Prabhākaropādhyāya 667
44. Abhayatilaka 668
45. Soṇḍadopādhyāya 668
46. Maṇikaṇṭha Miśra 668 Nyāyaratna (*V. Varadachari*) 669
47. Śaśadhara 682 Nyāyasidhāntadīpa 682
48. Taraṇi Miśra 684
49. Jagadguru 684
50. Ravīśvara 685
51. Nyāyabhāskarakāra 685
52. Viṣṇumiśra 685
53. Vidyādharamiśra 685
54. Śrīkara 685
55. Bharadvājavṛttikāra (?) 685
56. Candrānanda 685 FOOTNOTES 687 the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.
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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.
v2.c14.26
The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.
v2.c14.27
The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.
v2.c14.28
The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.