[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Religion and philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion) › [The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970) › v3.c19 # The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies v3.c19: Notes The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies v3.c19 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v3.c19.s1 Chapter Two](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s1) — 1 part - [v3.c19.s2 Chapter Three](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s2) — 1 part - [v3.c19.s3 Chapter Four](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3) — 5 parts - [v3.c19.s4 Chapter Six](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s4) - [v3.c19.s5 Gauḍapāda](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5) — 13 parts - [v3.c19.s6 Śaṃkara](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6) — 73 parts - [v3.c19.s7 Maṇḍana Miśra](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7) — 17 parts - [v3.c19.s8 Sureśvara](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s8) — 1 part - [v3.c19.s9 Padmapāda](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s9) — 1 part - [v3.c19.s10 Toṭaka](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s10) — 1 part - [v3.c19.s11 Hastāmalaka](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11) — 76 parts ### Notes ### [v3.c19.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.1) References given with "B" followed by a number are to items in Karl H. Potter (ed.), \*Bibliography of Indian Philosophies\* (Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1970). ### [v3.c19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.2) 1. Cf. J. F. Staal, \*Nambudiri Vedic Recitation\* (Mouton : The Hague, 1961). 2. Sangam Lal Pandey, \*Pre-Śaṃkara Advaita Philosophy\* (Allahabad: Darshan Peeth, 1974), pp. 91ff. 3. \*Brahmasūtra\* I.4.20-22. 4. "avasthites." 5. S. L. Pandey, op. cit., pp. 21-27. 6. \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* on III.3.53. 7. \*Śabarabhāṣya\* on \*Mīmāṃsāsūtras\* I.1.5. 8. J.A.B. Van Buitenen, B2853, p. 19, n. 53. 9. S. L. Pandey, op. cit., pp. 173ff. 10. Van Buitenen, B2853, pp. 19-23; also V. Bhattacharya, B1254. 11. For opinions, cf. V. Bhattacharya, B1254; Kane, B7789; Guha, B6664; Nakamura in \*Acta Asiatica\* (Toho Gakkai) 5 (1963), p. 69; Chintamani, B2054; V. A. Ramaswami Sastri, "Old Vṛttikāras on the Pūrva Mīmāṃsā Sūtras," \*Indian Historical Quarterly\* 10 (1934), p. 431 ff. 12. Cf. Van Buitenen, B2853, pp. 301-302. 13. Vedānta Deśika, \*Tattvaṭīkā\*, cited by Van Buitenen as on p. 149 of an unspecified edition. 14. On these issues cf. S. L. Pandey, op. cit.; Van Buitenen, B2853; S. Kuppuswami Sastri, "Bodhāyana and Dramiḍācārya—two old Vedāntins presupposed by Rāmānuja," \*Proceedings of the All-India Orientalists Congress\* 3 (1924), p. 465; Jacobi, B7535, p. 17; Kane, op. cit.; T.K.G. Aiyengar, "Upavarṣa and Bodhāyana," \*Journal of the Sri Venkatesvara Research Institute\* 2.1 (1941), pp. 1-8. 15. S. L. Pandey, op. cit., p. 180. 16. Ibid., p. 89. 17. Ibid., pp. 91-93, 203. 18. Van Buitenen, B2853, p. 28. 19. S. L. Pandey, op. cit., pp. 199-202. 20. Ibid., pp. 194-197. 21. On Bhartṛprapañca, cf. S. L. Pandey, ibid., pp. 210-226; Hiriyanna, B1044, B1045; P. N. Srinivasachari, B7303. On Brahmadatta cf. Hiriyanna, B1143, B1144; also "Two old Vedāntins" in \*Indian Philosophical Studies II\* (Mysore : Kavyalaya, 1972), pp. 17-25; S. L. Pandey, op. cit., pp. 238-243. On Bhartṛmitra see S. L. Pandey, ibid., pp. 229-235. 22. At \*Gauḍapādakārikābhāṣya\* IV.100 and \*Upadeśasāhasrī\* II.18.2. ### [v3.c19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.3) 23. See the section on Gauḍapāda below for references to this literature. 24. For a discussion, see the section on Maṇḍana. 25. For example, consultation of Volume Two of this Encyclopedia, dealing with Nyāyavaiśeṣika (\*Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa\*), ed. Karl H. Potter (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977) will suggest that writers such as Śrīdhara and Aparārkadeva of the 10th-12th centuries notice Maṇḍana's arguments but not Śaṃkara's. 26. For discussion of these influences see S. Kuppuswami Sastri's Introduction to B1346. 27. Cf., e.g., \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* on II.².32. 28. See J. L. Majumdar, B1259, B1260. 29. The number of those who have discovered close relations between Buddhism and Advaita is legion. See, e.g., Joshi, B2225; V. Bhattacharya's Introduction to B1254, B1231, B1247; Naga Raja Sarma, B6688; C. D. Sharma, B5807; L. de la Vallée Poussin, B5492; L. M. Joshi, "Gauḍapāda's rapprochement between Buddhism and Vedānta," \*Ṛtam\* 1.¹, 1969, 11-22; Ganganatha Jha, B2112; Daniel H. H. Ingalls, "The study of Śaṃkarācārya," \*Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute\* 33 (1952), pp. 1-14. 30. K. A. Krishnaswamy Aiyar, B2078. 31. Others among the many who reject Buddhist influence on or even significant parallelisms with Advaita include: Purohit, B1242; Budhakar, B2081, B. K. Sengupta, B2188; Devaraja, B2245; Kawada, B5942; S. Roy, \*The Heritage of Śaṃkara\* (Allahabad, 1965); Anantakrishna Sastri, B4586; Mahadevan, B1256. ### [v3.c19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.4) ¹ N. Veezhinathan, "The nature and destiny of the individual soul in Advaita," \*Journal of the Madras University\* 47.2 (1975), pp. 19-20, understands \*sañcita\* to include \*prārabdhakarman\*. ### [v3.c19.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.5) ² K. S. Iyer, B6629: 3 (1916-17), pp. 39-41. ### [v3.c19.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.6) ³ Veezhinathan, op. cit., pp. 11-12. ### [v3.c19.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.7) ⁴ Indian philosophers use this term to mean the place within the body where feeling, willing, thinking, etc., takes place. It does not necessarily denote the physical organ that goes by that name in Indian anatomy. ### [v3.c19.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.8) ⁵ This is one of the points of divergence in the texts. Cf. Paul Deussen, B6623, Chapters 30, 32. ### [v3.c19.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.9) ⁶ And in \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* III.1.1, alluding to the same passage. ### [v3.c19.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.10) ⁷ \*Chāndogya Upaniṣad\* V.10.1. ### [v3.c19.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.11) ⁸ \*Chāndogya Upaniṣad\* VII. liberally illustrates the kind of rewards intended. ### [v3.c19.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.12) ⁹ Cf. \*Brahmasūtras\* IV.3.10, 22, \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* VI.2.15 and Śaṃkara's comments thereon. ### [v3.c19.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.13) ¹⁰ Maṇḍana Miśra, \*Brahmasiddhi\* with Śaṅkhapāṇi's commentary, edited by S. Kuppuswami Sastri. Madras Government Oriental Manuscripts Series 4 (Madras 1937), pp. 123-124. ### [v3.c19.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.14) ¹¹ On V.10.6. ### [v3.c19.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.15) ¹² On IV.2.3. ### [v3.c19.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.16) ¹³ \*Taittirīyopaniṣadbhāṣya\* II.189-200. ### Chapter Two ### [v3.c19.s1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s1.1) 14. B1443, pp. 106-110. 15. B1559, p. 365. 16. Cf. K. S. Iyer, B6629, 1 (1914-15), p. 278. 17. \*Bhagavadgītā\* II.46. 18. \*Bhagavadgītā\* III.5. 19. \*Muṇḍakopaniṣadbhāṣya\* III.2.5. 20. \*Gauḍapādakārikās\* I.31-38. 21. See, for example, A. C. Das, B7010; G. R. Malkani, B7033; M. A. V. Rao, “Karma saṃnyāsa,” \*Vedanta Kesari\* 20 (1933-34), pp. 345-352. 22. Cf., e.g., W. S. Urqhart, \*Vedānta and Modern Thought\* (London, 1928), pp. 172-190. 23. See, e.g., Nikhilananda, B1244; K. S. Iyer, B6629; Kumarappa, B2072. 24. See S. N. Mitra, “Advaita and morality—or Advaitic transformation of will,” \*Vedanta Kesari\* 26 (1940), pp. 407-414; D. M. Datta, B7063 \[cf. also Malkani contra Datta, in \*Philosophical Quarterly\* (Amalner) 30 (1957), pp. 201-206\]; S. C. Chakravarti in \*Prabuddha Bharati\* 71 (1966), pp. 409-414. 25. Maṇḍana’s views appear to be the subject of the entire ninth book of the \*Pañcapādikā\*. 26. See above, p. 30. 27. \*Chāndogyopaniṣadbhāṣya\* on II.23.1. ### Chapter Three ### [v3.c19.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s2.1) 1. See above, p. 30. 2. E.g., \*vidhi\*, \*codanā\*, \*niyoga\*. 3. See Mysore Hiriyanna, “The doctrine of niyoga,” in \*Indian Philosophical Studies II\* (Mysore : Kavyalaya, 1972), pp. 87-96. 4. An analysis that discovers twenty-six separate arguments in Sureśvara’s writing is C. Markandeya Sastri, \*Sureśvara’s Contribution to Advaita\* (Vemur: Sundari Samskrita Vidyalaya, 1973); see also V. P. Upadhyaya, B7113. 5. On \*kāma-pradhvaṃsa-vāda\* see M. Hiriyanna, B1045. 6. Cf. M. Hiriyanna, “Prapañca-vilayavāda—a doctrine of pre-Śaṃkara Vedānta” in \*Indian Philosophical Studies II\* (Mysore: Kavyalaya, 1972), pp. 28-35. 7. Hiriyanna, B1045. 8. This aspect of Śaṃkara’s thought is emphasized in papers by Ganeswar Misra in his \*Analytical Studies in Indian Philosophical Problems\* (Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University, 1971). 9. See Kunjunni Raja, B6510A, pp. 70-72. 10. Ibid., Chapter 3. 11. Cf. N. M. Sastri, B2126. \*Taittirīya Upaniṣad\* II.1.1—\*satyaṃ jñānam anantaṃ brahma\*—is frequently cited as a \*mahāvākya\*. Other authorities cite more—Sastri cites G. A. Jacob’s report that a work title \*Mahāvākyavivaraṇa\* recognizes twelve great sentences. ### Chapter Four ### [v3.c19.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3.1) 1. Caterina Conio, \*The Philosophy of Māṇḍūkya Kārikā\* (Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1971). ### [v3.c19.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3.2) 2. V. Bhattacharya, B1254. 3. Introduction to B4586. 4. Ibid., p. 6. 5. Deussen, B6623. 6. The counterpositive of an absence is the thing that is absent. See Volume II of this Encyclopedia (cited in note 25 of Chapter One above), p. 53. 7. See this editor's article in a Festschrift honoring Daniel H. H. Ingalls' sixtieth birthday, forthcoming. 8. The term is used, but only in the innocuous sense of "a possible interpretation, not mine" or "option" in the grammarians sense. Cf. P. K. Sundaram, \*Word Index to the Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\*, Volume II (Madras: Centre of Advanced Study in Philosophy, 1973), p. 830. 9. P. P. Subrahmanya Sastri's foreword to B1346. Cf. S. Suryanarayana Sastri's comments, B1362. ### [v3.c19.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3.3) 1. It appears to occur first in the \*Nṛsiṃhottaratāpanī Upaniṣad\*. 2. E.g., \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* I.4.15. 3. Krishna Warrier, B7136A, p. 251. 4. R. B. Joshi, B2225. 5. Krishna Warrier, B1736, p. 306. 6. P. D. Devanandan, B7012. 7. R. D. Ranade, \*A Constructive Survey of Upaniṣadic Philosophy\*. Poona Oriental Series 7 (Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1926). 8. R. B. Joshi, B2225. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. S. Sarasvati in B7178G. 12. D. H. H. Ingalls, B2173. 13. Ibid. 14. \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* I.4.7. 15. \*Pañcapādikā\*, First Varṇaka, XXVI.95 ff. 16. E.g., at \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* I.¹.4. 17. E.g., \*Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣadbhāṣya\* II.1.20. 18. U. C. Bhattacharjee, B7969, p. 82. 19. \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* IV.3.9. 20. \*Upadeśasāhasrī\* II.17.26-29. 21. At \*Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika\* II.1.319-363. ### [v3.c19.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3.4) ¹ This remark relates to the occasions (\*nimitta\*), not to the material cause, (\*upādāna\*), which must of course ultimately be real. ### [v3.c19.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s3.5) ² Maṇḍana accepts these; cf. \*Brahmasiddhi\* I.22 below. ### Chapter Six ### Gauḍapāda ### [v3.c19.s5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.1) 1. On these points, cf. Walleser, B7541; Barnett in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1910; V. Bhattacharya, B1254; Kunjunni Raja in Adyar Library Bulletin 24 (1960); S. L. Pandey, Pre-Śamkara Advaita Philosophy (Allahabad: Darshan Peeth, 1974). ### [v3.c19.s5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.2) 2. Walleser, B7541. ### [v3.c19.s5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.3) 3. S. L. Pandey, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.4) 4. V. Bhattacharya, B1254, pp. lxvi-lxvii. ### [v3.c19.s5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.5) 5. Ibid., pp. lxxii-lxxiii. ### [v3.c19.s5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.6) 6. Despite misgivings; cf. the paper referred to in note 7, Chapter 4, above. ### [v3.c19.s5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.7) 7. V. Bhattacharya, B1232. ### [v3.c19.s5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.8) 8. B. N. K. Sharma, B1236, B1268. ### [v3.c19.s5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.9) 9. V. Bhattacharya, B1254. ### [v3.c19.s5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.10) 10. E.g., Venkatasubbaiah, B1245, B1249; Ray, B1250; Mahadevan, B1256; C. D. Sharma, B5807. ### [v3.c19.s5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.11) 11. Cf. Conio, op. cit., pp. 7 ff.; also V. A. Gadgil, “The Māṇḍūkyopanishad and the Gauḍapādakārikās,” Journal of the University of Bombay 6 (1937-38), pp. 66-79. ### [v3.c19.s5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.12) 12. V. Bhattacharya, B1231, B1247, B5707. But cf. C. D. Sharma, B5807; Divanji, B1252. Also Majumdar, B1259, B1260, who traces Gauḍapāda’s Buddhism to the Laṅkāvatārasūtra; de la Vallée Poussin, B5492. ### [v3.c19.s5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s5.13) 13. Kawada, B5942; S. Roy, The Heritage of Śamkara (Allahabad, 1965); L. M. Joshi, “Gauḍapāda’s rapprochement . . . ,” Rtam 1.1, 1969, 11-22; Mahadevan, B1256; Paul Hacker, “Notes on the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad and Śamkara’s Āgamaśāstravivarana” in India Maior (Congratulatory Volume presented to J. Gonda), Leiden, 1972, pp. 115-132; Saccidanandendra Sarasvati, Māṇḍukyarahasyavivṛti (Holenarsipur; the author, 1958). ### Śaṃkara ### [v3.c19.s6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.1) 1. Hacker, B2162; Mayeda, B1942B; Mayeda, “On the author of the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad—and the Gauḍapādiyābhāṣya,” Adyar Library Bulletin 31-32 (1967-68), pp. 73-94; “On Śamkara’s authorship of the Kenopaniṣadbhāṣya,” Indo-Iranian Journal 10 (1967), pp. 33-55; “Śamkara’s Upadeśāsahasri: its present form,” Journal of the Oriental Institute (Baroda) 15 (1966), pp. 252-257; “The authenticity of the Bhagavadgītābhāṣya ascribed to Śamkara,” Wiener Zeitschrift fur des Kunde Sud- und Ostasien 9 (1965), pp. 155-197. ### [v3.c19.s6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.2) 2. Ingalls, “The study of Śamkarācārya,” op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.3) 3. Cf. also Märschner, B1680. ### [v3.c19.s6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.4) 4. Mayeda, B1942B. ### [v3.c19.s6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.5) 5. The grounds for this statement are reviewed in S. K. Belvalkar, Vedānta Philosophy Part I: Lectures 1-6 (Poona, 1929). ### [v3.c19.s6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.6) 6. In Upadeśāsahasri II.18.2, as well as in Gauḍapādakārikābhāṣya IV.100, if we accept the latter work as authentic. ### [v3.c19.s6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.7) 7. Belvalkar, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.8) 8. Kunjunni Raja in Adyar Library Bulletin 24 (1960). ### [v3.c19.s6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.9) ⁹ Cf. Allen Wright Thrasher, The Advaita of Maṇḍana Miśra’s Brahmasiddhi. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 197. ### [v3.c19.s6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.10) 10. Ibid. See below, under Maṇḍana Miśra, for references on the Maṇḍana-Sureśvara equation. ### [v3.c19.s6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.11) 11. For more complete accounts based on this literature see, e.g., Baijnath, B6562; Seshadri, B2156; D. N. Pillai, \*Śaṃkara the Sublime\* (Calcutta, 1912); K. T. Telanga, \*Shamkaracharya, Philosopher and Mystic\* (Adyar, 1911); T. S. Narayana Sastri, \*The Age of Śaṃkara\* (Madras 1916; enlarged ed. 1971); Menon, B1522; Agamananda's introduction to Tattvananda (tr.), \*The Quintessence of Vedānta\* (Calcutta, n.d.; Ernakulam, 1960). ### [v3.c19.s6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.12) 12. Belvalkar, op. cit., regards this story as "silly myth-mongering" (p. 233, note); Daya Krishna, B2268A, discusses its implications. ### [v3.c19.s6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.13) 13. Consult A. Nataraja Aiyer and S. Laksminarasimha Sastri, \*The Traditional Age of Sri Samkaracharya and the Math\* (Madras 1962), as well as the works cited under the preceding notes. ### [v3.c19.s6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.14) 14. An "ulcerated sore, or fistula," says K. T. Telanga, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.15) 15. Ingalls, op. cit.; see also B2173 and B2177. ### [v3.c19.s6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.16) 16. Hacker, "Śaṃkara der Yogin und Śaṃkara der Advaitin. Einige Beobachtungen," \*Wiener Zeitschrift für des Kunde Süd- und Ostasien\* 12-13 (1968-69), pp. 119-148. ### [v3.c19.s6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.17) 17. Hacker, "Relations of early Advaitins to Vaiṣṇavism", \*Wiener Zeitschrift für des Kunde Süd- und Ostasien\* 9 (1965), pp. 147-154. ### [v3.c19.s6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.18) 18. E.g., Ghate, B7609; Radhakrishnan, B8996; B.N.K. Sharma, B1242. ### [v3.c19.s6.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.19) 19. Thibaut, introduction to B1610. See Amalnerkar, B1613; Faddegon, B6672. ### [v3.c19.s6.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.20) 20. E.g., Modi, B1663, B1668; A. K. Banerjee, B6758. ### [v3.c19.s6.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.21) 21. Mahadevan, B2390. ### [v3.c19.s6.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.22) 22. Märschner, B1680; Hacker, B6956, p. 1918. ### [v3.c19.s6.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.23) 23. Ingalls, B2177, p. 295. ### [v3.c19.s6.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.24) 24. Van Boetzelaer's introduction to his translation of Sureśvara's \*Taittirīyopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika\* (Leiden, 1971). ### [v3.c19.s6.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.25) 25. R. Balasubramaniam, Introduction to his translation of Sureśvara's \*Taittirīyopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika\*, Madras University Philosophy Series 20 (Madras, 1974), pp. 15-16. ### [v3.c19.s6.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.26) 26. Ibid., p. 21. ### [v3.c19.s6.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.27) 27. Mayeda, B1942B; Mayeda, "Śaṃkara's Upadeśasāhasrī," op. cit.; Mayeda's introduction to his edition of \*Upadeśasāhasrī\* (Tokyo, 1873). ### [v3.c19.s6.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.28) 28. G. A. Jacob, preface to B2394, pp. 8 ff. Cf. Mayeda, B1942B, p. 188. ### [v3.c19.s6.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.29) 29. Mayeda, B1942B, p. 196. ### [v3.c19.s6.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.30) 30. Mayeda, "Śaṃkara's Upadeśasāhasrī," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.31) 31. Cited in Mitra, B1688. ### [v3.c19.s6.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.32) 32. R. D. Ranade, op. cit., p. 24. ### [v3.c19.s6.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.33) 33. Hiriyanna, introduction to B1775, pp. iv-v. ### [v3.c19.s6.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.34) 34. S. C. Vidyarnava, B1770. ### [v3.c19.s6.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.35) ³⁵ Budhakar, B2081; R. M. Sastri, B2064; Belvalkar, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.36) ³⁶ Mayeda, "On Śaṃkara's authorship of the Kenopaniṣadbhāṣya," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.37) ³⁷ Ranade, op. cit., p. 29. ### [v3.c19.s6.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.38) ³⁸ \*The Upaniṣads\*, translated by F. Max Müller. Part II. Sacred Books of the East 15 (Oxford, 1884; New York, 1962), pp. xxvii. ### [v3.c19.s6.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.39) ³⁹ Anam Charan Swain, "Authenticity of the Bhagavadgītābhāṣya attributed to Śaṃkarācārya," \*Mysore Orientalist\* 2.1 (1969), pp. 32-38, citing Hacker, B2162, Cf. also Karmarkar, B1587. ### [v3.c19.s6.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.40) 40. Ingalls, "Study of Śaṃkarācārya," op. cit., pp. 7-8. ### [v3.c19.s6.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.41) 41. V. Raghavan, "Bhāskara's Gītābhāṣya," \*Wiener Zeitschrift für des Kunde Süd- und Ostasien\* 12-13 (1968-69), pp. 281-294, esp. 283 ff. ### [v3.c19.s6.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.42) 42. Mayeda, "The authenticity of the Bhagavadgītābhāṣya," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.43) 43. See, e.g., Modi B1582, B1583, B1585. ### [v3.c19.s6.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.44) 44. Cf. Mukherji, B9184; B.N.K. Sharma in Principle Karmarkar Commemoration Volume (Poona, 1948), 180-195; Ray, B6860 (=B1583A); K. S. Iyer in \*Vedanta Kesari\* 1 (1914-15), pp. 42-47. ### [v3.c19.s6.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.45) 45. In \*Journal of the American Oriental Society\* 33 (1913), p. 52, note 2; cited in Mayeda, "On the author of the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.46) 46. Suryanarayana Sastri, "Some observations on the Māṇḍūkyakārikās" in \*Collected Papers of S. Suryanarayana Sastri\* (ed. T.M.P. Mahadevan) (Madras 1961), pp. 262-271. ### [v3.c19.s6.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.47) 47. Belvalkar, op. cit., p. 218. ### [v3.c19.s6.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.48) 48. R. V. de Smet, "The law of karma," \*Indian Philosophical Annual\* 2 (1966), pp. 328-335. ### [v3.c19.s6.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.49) 49. Ingalls, "Study of Śaṃkarācārya," op. cit., p. 12. ### [v3.c19.s6.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.50) 50. Hacker, "Notes on the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.51) 51. Majumdar, B1260. ### [v3.c19.s6.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.52) 52. Tilmann Vetter, "Zur Bedeutung des Illusionismus bei Śaṃkara," \*Wiener Zeitschrift für des Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens\* 12-13 (1968-69), pp. 407-423. ### [v3.c19.s6.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.53) 53. Hacker, "Notes on the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.54) 54. Mayeda, "On the author of the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.55) 55. Hacker, "Notes on the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit., p. 130. ### [v3.c19.s6.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.56) 56. Ibid., p. 131. ### [v3.c19.s6.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.57) 57. Mayeda, "On the author of the Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.58) 58. Belvalkar, op. cit., pp. 226-227. ### [v3.c19.s6.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.59) 59. Ibid., p. 226. ### [v3.c19.s6.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.60) 60. Ingalls, "The Study of Śaṃkarācārya," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.61) 61. Mayeda, introduction to his edition of \*Upadeśasāhasrī\*, op. cit., p. xi. ### [v3.c19.s6.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.62) 62. Hacker, B2142. ### [v3.c19.s6.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.63) 63. Belvalkar, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.64) 64. Hacker, B2142; Ingalls, "The study of Śaṃkarācārya," op. cit.; Mayeda, introduction to his edition of \*Upadeśasāhasrī\*, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.65) 65. Belvalkar, op. cit., p. 227. ### [v3.c19.s6.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.66) 66. Hacker, B2142; Mayeda, introduction to his edition of \*Upadeśasāhasrī\*, op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.67) 67. Belvalkar, op. cit., p. 227. ### [v3.c19.s6.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.68) 68. Hacker, B2142. ### [v3.c19.s6.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.69) 69. Belvalkar, op. cit., p. 229. ### [v3.c19.s6.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.70) 70. Ingalls, "Study of Śaṃkarācārya," p. 7. ### [v3.c19.s6.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.71) 71. Hacker, B2142. ### [v3.c19.s6.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.72) ⁷² Mayeda, "Śaṃkara's Upadeśasāhasrī," op. cit. ### [v3.c19.s6.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s6.73) ⁷³ Belvalkar, op. cit., p. 229. ### Maṇḍana Miśra ### [v3.c19.s7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.1) (Footnotes 15-36 by Allen Thrasher) ### [v3.c19.s7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.2) 1. Allen Wright Thrasher, The Advaita of Maṇḍana Miśra's Brahmasiddhi. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, 1972, pp. 174-176. 2. Frauwallner, B9032, p. 137. 3. Thrasher, op. cit., p. 199. 4. Thrasher, op. cit., pp. 176-177. 5. Thrasher, op. cit., p. 177. 6. Thrasher, op. cit., pp. 178ff. 7. D. C. Bhattacharya, B1358, cites Canto VII of the Śaṃkaradigvijaya as the source of this identification. See also Balasubramanian, "Identity of Maṇḍana-miśra," Journal of the American Oriental Society 82 (1962), pp. 522-532. 8. See D. C. Bhattacharya, B1358; also B. R. Gupta, B2408. 9. Hiriyanna, "Sureśvara and Maṇḍanamiśra," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1923), pp. 259-263. 10. P. V. Kane, "The chronological position of Maṇḍana, Umbeka, Bhavabhūti, Sureśvara," Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch, n.s. 3 (1928), pp. 289-293. 11. D. C. Bhattacharya, B1358. 12. S. Kuppuswami Sastri in Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Congress 3 (1924), pp. 480-481. 13. Balasubramanian, "Identity of Maṇḍanamiśra," op. cit. 14. Thrasher, op. cit. 15. Vy-adhikaraṇa also means "in different grammatical cases," i.e., in "from the smoke, it is fire," "smoke" is in the ablative and "fire" is in the nominative. Both meanings are probably intended. 16. The commentator Śaṅkhāpaṇi says that these are those who teach a real universe of diversity (satya-prapañca-vādin). They would presumably be a sort of Vedāntin, of the Bhedābheda sort, probably. 17. This argument seems to depend on the fact that artha means both "point," or "purpose," and "meaning." Thus statements without a point are also in the opponent's opinion without a meaning, and they have no point unless they are employed to produce action or its avoidance. 18. As there is a pramāṇa, presumably arthāpatti, for the existence of some sort of union with the objects of other words. 19. It is not clear what "viniyoga" means here. The commentators seem to take it as equivalent to anvaya, the connection of the objects of words in a sentence. This whole passage is somewhat obscure. 20. Maṇḍana here seems to be doing two things. First, he is affirming that the injunctions to works have an end in themselves, heaven, etc. Second, he is preparing the way for his own opinion that works may be made accessory to knowledge rather than secular ends. 21. In an exclusive injunction (parisaṃkhyānavidhi), something is enjoined with respect to some things so that everything else previously established (prāpta) is excluded. Thus the injunction "Five five-nailed animals should be eaten" limits the "established" eating of all five-nailed animals to five sorts of animals only. In a restrictive injunction (niyamavidhi) one thing is prescribed, where in the absence of that injunction either one of two "established" options would be possible. Thus the injunction "One pounds the rice" eliminates the possibility that one might use the other possible way of removing the husks from the grain, namely, cracking them with the fingernails. In both these the question of some course of action has already arisen, they are "established." But it is otherwise with prohibitions, according to Maṇḍana. ### [v3.c19.s7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.3) 22. This is directed not only toward the present point at issue, but against the Prābhākara idea of \*niyoga\* as the object of Vedic injunctions. ### [v3.c19.s7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.4) 23. Cf. Maṇḍana's insistence elsewhere that \*avidyā\* belongs only to the \*jīvas\*. ### [v3.c19.s7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.5) 24. From here to the end of I.34 there is a long discussion between an opponent (\*pūrvapakṣin\*) and an objector to him who represents Maṇḍana's views in part (see the statement of his viewpoint in I.35 and later at III.48-54), but with whom he does not entirely agree (\*ekadeśa-siddhāntin\*, "one who states a partial conclusion"). The opponent apparently bases himself on Śaṃkara's views, but holds a stricter disjunction between knowledge and works than Śaṃkara. Perhaps he is Sureśvara. See also Vetter's discussion at n. 212, p. 113 of his edition and translation of the \*Brahmasiddhi\* (Wien, 1969). I introduce the \*pūrvapakṣin's\* arguments by the word "Opponent," and the \*ekadeśasiddhāntin's\* by "Objector," to call attention to the isolation of the argument, replacing the customary "Objection" before the \*pūrvapakṣa\* and "Response" before the \*siddhānta\*. ### [v3.c19.s7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.6) 25. Cf. the distinction of two kinds of \*avidyā\* at I.9, I.20, I.21, III.61, and III.63. ### [v3.c19.s7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.7) 26. The point is that one may either hold that sacrifices and the like produce a counter-\*saṃskāra\* in some way that is not obvious ("visible") and must be learned or inferred from scripture, as the injunction to sprinkle the rice grains before they are pounded has no visible purpose and so we must infer that sprinkling produces a \*saṃskāra\*, or else that sacrifices have an obvious purpose and \*saṃskāra\* in producing the destruction of sins previously committed, like the pounding of rice grains that they may be made into cakes. Thus Citsukha's commentary. ### [v3.c19.s7.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.8) 27. \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* IV.4.24, where, however, the words "defined as Being" are absent. They are found in the \*Vṛtti\* on \*Vākyapadīya\* I.145. ### [v3.c19.s7.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.9) 28. Unknown quote. But cf. \*Vākyapadīya\* III, Dravya (1), 15. ### [v3.c19.s7.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.10) 29. \*Viśeṣa\*, "particular" is not being used here solely in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika sense of "ultimate particularity." ### [v3.c19.s7.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.11) 30. Note that Maṇḍana does not use the term \*savikalpa pratyakṣa\*. It is possible that he thought that \*pratyakṣa\* was \*nirvikalpa\*. ### [v3.c19.s7.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.12) 31. \*Vastu-mātra\*, which, N. B., on Maṇḍana's view equals the universal! ### [v3.c19.s7.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.13) 32. I translate "akṣa" by "organ" because it often means, not specifically the eye, but any sense organ, and "organ" has the advantage of being an equivocal term in English. ### [v3.c19.s7.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.14) 33. According to the Mīmāṃsā, what a Vedic passage "assumes" or "repeats" (\*anuvāda\*) cannot be the point it wishes to teach. ### [v3.c19.s7.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.15) 34. The commentator Śaṅkhāpani says this is directed against Śaṃkara, with special reference to \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* IV.1.15 and 19. ### [v3.c19.s7.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.16) 35. This sentence is a literal translation of Maṇḍana's sentence concluding the commentary on these verses. It is not clear what point it makes, whether no injunction, including that to know the Ātman as without duality, can deal with the highest truth, or whether the injunction to know the Ātman as without duality somehow misrepresents It, even though the Ātman is in fact without duality. ### [v3.c19.s7.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s7.17) 36. It should be kept in mind here that the Sanskrit root "jñā" has the usual root meaning "to know" in ordinary language, and covers any sort of cognition "Knowledge" as valid cognition is pramāṇa. An injunction to know and to "cognize" the Ātman is the same (jñānavidhi). I have chosen cognize as the broader word in English. ### Sureśvara ### [v3.c19.s8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s8.1) 1. Mahadevan, B2390. 2. Mahadevan, B2390, p. xiii. 3. Van Boetzelaer, introduction to his translation of Taittirīyopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika, op. cit., p. 3. 4. Balasubramaniam, Translation of Taittirīyopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika (Madras University Philosophy Series 20, 1974), p. 9, referring to Canto 13 of Śaṃkaradigvijaya, verses 65-66. 5. Balasubramaniam, ibid., p. 10. 6. Cf. Balasubramaniam, ibid., pp. 12ff, for more on Sureśvara as Vārttikakāra. 7. Alston, B2400, p. 11. 8. Jacob, preface to the second edition (1925) of B2394, p. xi. 9. Hiriyanna, introduction to second edition of B2394, p. xxxi. 10. Ibid., p. xxx. 11. Ibid., pp. xxx-xxxi. 12. Markandeya Sastri, op. cit., p. 12. 13. Ibid., p. 12. ### Padmapāda ### [v3.c19.s9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s9.1) 1. Venkatramiah, introduction to B2419, p. xv. 2. Ibid., citing śloka 116 of the Sarvadarśanasamgraha. 3. Ibid., p. xiv, note 2. ### Toṭaka ### [v3.c19.s10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s10.1) 1. Hacker, B6956, pp. 28-32. ### Hastāmalaka ### [v3.c19.s11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.1) 1. Hacker, B6956, p. 33. 2. The following is an attempt at a metrical translation of the Hastāmalaka verses. It is to be noted that the inner sense organ (buddhi, manas, dhī) is designated by "sense (sg.)," "heart," etc. ### [v3.c19.s11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.2) In verse 3, lines 2 and 3, and in verse 13, lines 1 and 2 have been rearranged. For the meter see Hacker's introduction (ibid., III.2). (E. Harzer). ### [v3.c19.s11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.3) ābhāsa (appearance, reflection) 84-85, 120, 169, 173, 242, 264, 319, 339, 342. \*See also\* reflection model ### [v3.c19.s11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.4) abhāva (negation, negative entity, absence) as a pramāṇa 97, 360, 380-81, 449, 553 in Buddhism 250, 261-62 in Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika 261, 305 in nihilism 291 mutual absence (anyonyābhāva) 378, 382, 385-86, 529 nonproductive 206, 367, 405, 449 not grasped by a pramāṇa 529 of things believed not to exist 376 perceptibility of 449-451 posterior absence (dhvaṃsābhāva) 206, 388, 453 prior absence (prāgabhāva) 66, 183, 305, 405, 425 -rūpa (negative property) 350 ### [v3.c19.s11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.5) abheda (nondifference) 147, 356, 381, 383-87, 397 ### [v3.c19.s11.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.6) Abhidharma Buddhism 557 ### [v3.c19.s11.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.7) abhihitānvayavāda 57, 59 ### [v3.c19.s11.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.8) abhimāna (ego notion) 229, 329, 341, 369. \*See also\* ahaṃkāra ### [v3.c19.s11.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.9) Abhinavagupta 16, 118, 551, 563 ### [v3.c19.s11.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.10) abhiniveśa. \*See\* attachment ### [v3.c19.s11.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.11) abhyāsa (practice, repetition) of knowledge (jñānābhyāsa) 323, 370, 372, 471. \*See also\* meditation two kinds of 325 ### [v3.c19.s11.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.12) abhyudaya (heaven, higher ends of man) 255, 422, 581 ### [v3.c19.s11.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.13) absence. \*See\* abhāva ### [v3.c19.s11.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.14) Acarya, Narayana Ram 120 ### [v3.c19.s11.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.15) act, action (karman, kriyā) 66, 92-93 and knowledge (jñānakarmasamuccaya) 192, 229-30, 255, 257, 272, 278-81, 285, 288, 296-98, 325, 339, 363-69, 422-24, 428-29, 431-32, 441, 531, 534. \*See also\* jñānakarmasamuccaya agent and result, distinction between. \*See\* difference as signified by verb 57, 397 bodily (kāyika) 30, 297-98, 300, 515, 532 desireless (niṣkāma) 511 eligibility for. \*See\* adhikāra enjoined. \*See\* injunction expiatory (prāyaścitta) 30, 359, 407-8, 536 four kinds of results of 39-40, 427, 596 meditative. \*See\* meditation mental (mānasa) 30, 126, 139, 297-98, 515, 532 occasional (naimittika) 30, 44, 184, 430, 432 optional, desired (kāmya) 30, 44, 47, 184, 205, 207, 257, 306-7, 422-23, 430, 477, 518, 531, 533, 536 organs of (karmendriya) 22-23, 34, 170, 237, 311, 319, 330-32, 561 ### [v3.c19.s11.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.16) prohibited, proscribed (niṣedha, pratiṣedha) 30, 40, 47, 127, 179, 184, 205, 207, 229, 258, 306, 357, 360, 363-65, 422-23, 432-33, 458, 530-31 purposeful. \*See\* arthakriyā regular daily (nitya) 36, 42-44, 47, 50, 176, 178-79, 182, 184-85, 195, 203-8, 229, 240, 272, 298-300, 306-7, 329, 370, 422-23, 430, 432, 457-58, 473, 483, 518, 530-31, 533-34, 536 ritual. \*See\* sacrifice role of in liberation 38-46, 194-95, 207-9, 242, 295-96, 306-7, 336, 421-34, 473, 532-33 sampratti (renunciatory) 476 section of scripture on. \*See\* karmakāṇḍa stems from desire 404, 458, 478, 502, 530 traces, residues. \*See\* karma vocal (vācika) 30, 54, 297-98, 515, 532 ### [v3.c19.s11.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.17) activity. \*See\* pravṛtti ### [v3.c19.s11.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.18) adhikāra (eligibility, preparation) for action 207 for studying a text 339 for Vedic study. \*See\* scripture, entitlement to study four requirements for brahmajijñāsā or inquiry into Brahman 36-37, 122, 140, 218, 323, 326, 329, 331, 336, 339, 363, 421, 426-27, 429, 452, 586-87 -ka puruṣa (official of God) 458 two kinds of 342 ### [v3.c19.s11.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.19) Āditya. \*See\* sun ### [v3.c19.s11.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.20) adṛṣṭa 171, 195, 233, 370, 532, 568. \*See also\* karma in Sāṃkhya 169 in Vaiśeṣika 157, 169 ### [v3.c19.s11.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.21) Advaita Vedānta 5-19 relation to other systems 19-21 ### [v3.c19.s11.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.22) Advaitapañcaratna (attributed to Śaṃkara) 19, 343-44 ### [v3.c19.s11.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.23) advayananda 339 ### [v3.c19.s11.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.24) āgama. \*See\* scripture ### [v3.c19.s11.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.25) Agamananda 608 ### [v3.c19.s11.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.26) Āgamaśāstra (of Gauḍapāda). \*See\* Gauḍapādakārikās ### [v3.c19.s11.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.27) Āgamaśāstravivaraṇa. \*See\* Gauḍapādakārikābhāṣya (of Śaṃkara) ### [v3.c19.s11.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.28) Agase, K. S. 421 ### [v3.c19.s11.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.29) agent (kartṛ) 65-66, 88, 122-23, 168-69, 206, 222, 264 difference from act and result. \*See\* act, agent, result, distinction between ### [v3.c19.s11.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.30) aggregation of elements as self 192, 198, 223-24, 557 in Sarvāstivāda 159-61, 557 ### [v3.c19.s11.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.31) Agni 461, 487, 494, 561 ### [v3.c19.s11.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.32) agni. \*See\* fire, digestive ### [v3.c19.s11.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.33) agnicayana. \*See\* fire, sacred ### [v3.c19.s11.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.34) Agnihotra, Agniṣṭoma (daily fire sacrifice) 44, 178, 184, 209, 229-30, 257-58, 278, 296-97, 464, 476, 584 agnosticism 7 agrayāna 113, 317 ahaṃkāra (ego sense, egoity) 20, 22, 60, 86-87, 126, 242-43, 299, 311, 326, 330, 332, 341, 484, 523, 538-40, 542, 545, 553-54, 561, 565, 572-74, 577, 599 -granthi 581 part of antaḥkaraṇa 553 three forms of 556 air (vāyu) 24, 27, 237, 287, 311, 318, 459, 481, 560, 574 aiśvarya (lordliness, divine power) 208, 388, 406-7, 417, 517, 581 Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 270 Aitareya Upaniṣad 28-29, 59, 270, 273-77 Aitareyopaniṣadbhāṣya (of Śaṃkara) 18, 27-28, 116, 270-77 Aiyar, A. Nataraj 608 Aiyar, K. A. Krishnaswami 21, 604 Aiyengar, T. G. K. 603 Ajātaśatru 477 ajātivāda (nonorigination, no-cause theory) 7, 21, 63-68, 72, 108-9, 111-13, 232, 296, 305, 313, 316, 480, 522, 599-600 ajīva in Jainism 163 ajñāna (nonknowledge, ignorance) 70, 78-79, 90, 240, 319, 329-30, 341, 413, 455, 531, 533, 539, 541, 543, 564. See also avidyā ākāṃkṣā (expectancy) 186, 364, 403, 438, 443, 522, 591 ākāra, ākṛti (form) 55-56, 139, 162 in Vijñānavāda 352 of Brahman 305-6, 480-83, 524 ākāśa 24, 27, 83, 98, 108-9, 129, 133-34, 140, 160, 165-66, 171, 185, 192, 202, 209, 212, 219, 237, 259, 286-87, 292, 311, 314, 462, 481, 490, 560, 574. See also pot-space as (color of the) sky 94, 120, 196, 222-23, 459, 478 mahā- (big-) 315 akāsmika (random) 364-65 akhaṇḍārtha (partlessness of sentence meaning) 57 akhyātivāda 566-68 akṣara (imperishable, the syllable om) 135-37, 140, 285-87, 348, 356, 358, 490-92, 562, 574. See also aum ālambana (supporting object) 94, 255-56, 312, 335, 356, 414, 567 ālātacakra or ālātaśānti (wheel of fire) 83-84, 110, 112, 315, 321, 357 ālayavijñāna 159, 162 Allahabad. See Prayaga Alston, Anthony J. 241, 530, 534-35, 548, 612 Amalnerkar, 608 Āmavāsya 475 anadhyavasāya (uncertainty) 553, 571 ānanda. See bliss Ānandagiri 11-12, 105, 117-18, 256, 296, 466 Ānandapūrṇa Vidyāsāgara 351, 359, 363, 409 Ānandavalli (=Brahmāvalli chapter of Taittirīya Upaniṣad) 524 anārambhavāda 581-84 Aṅgiras 285 ### [v3.c19.s11.35.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.35.1) animal 25, 27, 121, 172 (re)births 259-60, 281 aniruddha 165 anirvacanīya 80, 115, 219, 330, 335, 565, 570 -khyātivāda 347 antaḥkaraṇa (internal organ) 22, 86, 196, 216, 330-31, 335, 341, 479, 546, 553, 555-56, 574, 576 antaryāmin (inner controller) 77, 134, 277, 455, 459, 490, 492 antinomianism 35-36, 40-41 anubhava (immediate awareness) 54, 92, 98, 123, 144, 320, 333, 351, 451, 539, 572, 583 Anugitā (Aśvamedhaparvan of Mahābhārata) 295 anupalabdhi 529, 541 -hetu 500 anusaṃdhāna (reflective consciousness, re-identification) 350, 381, 384, 397 anuśaya (karmic residual traces). ### [v3.c19.s11.35.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.35.2) See karma anuvāda (restatement) 348, 389, 436, 441, 443, 447, 464, 526, 528, 612 anvayavyatireka (positive and negative concomitance) 252, 401, 527, 538, 542 anvitābhidhānavāda 57-59, 443 anyathākhyātivāda 347, 567-68 apāna (inhalation) 274, 330 Aparārkadeva 604 Aparokṣānubhūti (attributed to Śaṃkara) 18, 320-23 Āpastambadharmaśūtra 423 apavāda 8, 174 apavārga 50-51, 194, 364 apoha (vāda) 55, 71, 250, 376, 521 apophasis 8 apratisaṃkhyānirodha 160 āpti (obtaining) 39-40, 196, 210, 427, 596 apūrva 31, 174, 313, 447 ārambhavāda 581-84 Āraṇya (one of the daśanāmas) 118 Āraṇyakas 3, 270 Aristotle 65 Arjuna 45, 295-96, 298, 300 Ārtabhāga 488 arthakriyā (purposeful action) 378-79, 386, 392-93 -kāritva (efficiency) 578 arthāpatti (presumption) 58, 97, 360, 366, 398, 405, 434, 521, 553, 583, 610 śrutārthāpatti 570-71 arthavāda (supplemental text, explanatory to injunction) 48, 51, 124, 175-76, 267, 275, 304, 366, 410, 422, 424, 436, 445, 466, 471 587, 596, 600 three kinds of 436 āsana (posture) 322 asat (nonbeing, nonexistence) 65, 75, 262, 395, 453, 511, 522. See also unreality; abhāva -kalpa 554 -kāraṇavāda 141, 161, 166, 261-62 -kāryavāda 7, 41, 144-46, 149-50, 156, 158, 511 ascertainment, certainty (nirṇaya, niścaya) 330, 341, 370-71, 386, 388, 482, 545, 553 ascetic (ism) 45, 209, 259, 272, 320 "wandering mendicant" 256-58 asiddha (a fallacy) 313 Asmarathya 10, 87, 135, 142 āspada (ground) 309, 328 āśrama (stage of life) 121, 323, 371-72, 506 duties of 37, 43. ### [v3.c19.s11.35.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.35.3) See also dharma, morality enjoined by scripture 177 four ideal stages of life 34-35, 44-45, 219, 476, 490 Śamkara's list of 45 āśrama (retreat, monastery) 118 Āśrama (one of the daśanāmas) 118 astrology (jyotiṣa) 285 asura (demon) 455-56 Atharva Veda 284-85, 289 atheism 7, 556-57 atīta (a Śaiva category) 553 Ātmabodha (attributed to Śamkara) 18, 116, 323-24 Ātmajñānopadeśa (attributed to Śamkara) 18, 326-28 ātmakhyātivāda 567-68 ātman (Self). See Brahman the word "atman" 463-64 Ātmanātmaviveka (attributed to Śamkara) 18, 328-31 Ātmapañcaka. See Advaitapañcaratna Ātmasaṭka. See Aitareya Upaniṣad Ātmatidyopadeśa See Ātmajñānopadeśa atom, atomic theory 123, 152, 156-58, 161, 163, 166, 202, 353, 552 double, See dvyaṇuka attachment (rāga) 30, 44, 234, 317, 329, 348-50, 363, 433 to life (abhiniveśa) 350, 365 Audulomi 10, 87, 142 aum (sacred syllable) 13, 89, 104, 107, 136, 174, 256, 310-12, 319, 356, 517, 520, 560, 562. See also akṣara avaccheda (limitation, differentiation) 351, 361, 404 mutual (anyonya-, paraspara-) 357 -vāda. See limitation model avasthā (state or stage) 88-91, 104, 106-7, 241, 275, 316-17, 328, 330-31, 333, 434, 459, 463, 478, 502, 508, 559. See also dream; sleep, deep; waking, turīya aversion (dveṣa) 229, 279, 304, 317 a kāraka 458, 478 avidyā (ignorance). See also ajñāna as causal body. See body, causal as God's power 337 as reflecting medium 77, 498, 504 as superimposition. ### [v3.c19.s11.35.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.35.4) See Superimposition beginningless, uncaused 70, 337, 352-53, 367, 468, 516, 546, 565 cannot be validly known 426, 523 cause of bondage, rebirth 6, 32, 195, 243, 269, 289, 336, 388, 503 cause of fear 457-58, 505 cause of God's qualities 148, 187, 332 cause of jīva 332, 574 cause of the world, of constructions, distinctions, change 50, 62, 67, 70, 76, 121, 125, 140, 146, 197, 221, 233, 235, 240, 269, 287, 299, 305, 382, 504, 522-23 coexists with vidyā 354 collective/distributive (samaṣṭi/vyaṣṭi) aspects of 340 covering (āvaraṇa, ācchādika) 71, 79, 86-87, 115, 182-83, 251, 279, 302, 324, 337, 360, 415, 474, 565, 611 definition of 458, 531 destroyed by vidyā alone 33, 38, 50, 69, 195, 221, 228-30, 323, 329, 424 different for each subtle body 505 in Buddhism 21, 159-60 latent in deep sleep 505 locus of 80, 86, 88, 303, 352-53, 382, 425, 468, 503-4, 516, 542, 611 merges into avyaktaprakṛti 238 motiveless 353, 367 occurrence of the word "avidyā" in scripture 78, 279, 354 ontological status of 20, 33, 80, 352, 381, 426 a Paurāṇika category 553 play (krīḍā, līlā) of 359 produced from tamas 302 productive of desires, pleasures 272, 280, 425 projective (vikṣepika) 71, 79, 87, 93-94, 115, 359-60, 377, 408, 415, 565, 569, 580, 611 relation to māyā 79-80 removal of. ### [v3.c19.s11.35.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.35.5) See liberation as removal of avidyā required for action 307-8, 366 root (mūla-) 79-80 secondary (tula-) 79-80 single (not many) 505 unrelated to Brahman 304, 458 usage of term in Śamkara 115, 294-95, 311, 598 -vāsanā (impressions of avidyā) 409 -vyavahāra 408 avyākṛta 458-59, 461, 512, 574 avyakia 140, 337, 340, 574 -prakṛti. See prakṛti awareness. See jñāna Ayur Veda 444. See also medicine ayutasiddha 158, 183 ### [v3.c19.s11.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.36) Bādarāyaṇa 4, 10, 12, 26, 31, 119, 175, 564, 589 Bādari 135 Badrinath 16, 18, 104, 117-18 Bahṛcā Upaniṣad. See Aitareya Upaniṣad bāhyarthavāda 498 Baijnath 608 Bālabodhini. See Ātmajñānopadeśa Balasubramaniam, R. 205, 347, 521, 608, 610, 612 Banara 16, 117, 333 Banerjee, A. K. 608 Barnett, L. D. 607 begging 257, 519 beginningless (ness) 70, 113 series. See seed and sprout Belvalkar, Sripad Krishna 116, 308, 318, 320, 323-24, 326, 328, 331, 339, 343-44, 607-10 Bengal 18, 103-4 Bhagavadgītā 5, 11, 32, 45, 78, 118, 138, 178, 218, 266, 271-72, 294-308, 407-8 ### [v3.c19.s11.37.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.37.1) \*Bhagavadgītābhāṣya\* (of Śaṃkara) 18, 29, 40, 45, 78, 96, 116, 294-308, 530 \*Bhagavat\*, H. R. 181, 205, 255, 278, 280-81, 284, 289, 295, 310, 328, 344 \*Bhāgavata\* 165 \*bhakti\* (devotion) 320, 336-37 \*Bhāmatī\* (commentary on Śaṃkara’s \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* by Vācaspati Miśra) 17 \*Bhāratī\* (wife of Maṇḍana Miśra) 15-16, 117-18, 420 \*Bhāratī\* (one of the \*daśanāmas\*) 118 \*Bhārātītīrtha\* 344 \*Bhartṛhari\* 20, 54, 56, 59, 116, 118 \*Bhartṛmitra\* 12 \*Bhartṛprapañca\* 12, 40, 50-52, 87, 187, 193-94, 196, 201-2, 204, 461, 466-67, 470, 473-77, 481, 487, 490, 494, 502-3, 506-7, 512, 514, 520, 535 \*Bhāskara\* 11, 40, 118, 181, 217, 294 \*Bhaṭṭa Mīmāṃsā\* 15, 20, 57, 440, 499, 517, 553, 572, 580 \*Bhattacharya\*, Dinesh Chandra 347, 610 \*Bhattacharya\*, Umesh Chandra 88, 606 \*Bhattacharya\*, Vidhusekhara 64, 104-5, 603-4, 606-7 \*bhāva\* (state) 111, 367 (positive entity) 261, 449 -\*rūpa\* 115, 350 \*Bhāvabhūti\* 347 \*bhāvanā\* (continuous concentration) 417, 434, 441, 534, 548, 559 \*bhāvanā\* (latent impression) 357, 459, 488, 501, 505, 523 \*Bhāvanāviveka\* (of Maṇḍana Miśra) 346 \*Bhāvaviveka\* 12, 103 \*bhaya\*. See \*fear\* \*bheda\*. See \*difference\* \*Bhedābhedavāda\* 40-41, 43, 50-52, 87, 118, 181, 309, 381, 425-26, 443, 467, 477, 507, 514, 535, 610 \*bhikṣu\* (monk) 289, 317 \*bhoga\* (experience) 23, 29-31, 33-34, 108, 231, 266, 351. \*See also\* happiness, pain \*bhoktṛ\* (eater, lit. “eater”) 122-33, 134, 147, 1 458, 493, 506, 539 \*Bhṛgu\* 524 \*Bhṛguvalli\* (chapter of \*Taittirīya Upaniṣad\*) 205 \*bhūta\*. ### [v3.c19.s11.37.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.37.2) See \*element\* \*bindu\* (a Śaiva category) 553, 556 \*birds\*, two, symbolizing two selves 136, 287-88 \*birth\* (\*jāti\*) 26-30, 32, 34, 202 physiology of 523 “three births” of \*Aitareya Upaniṣad\* 28-29, 276-77 \*blind leading blind\*, analogy of 128 \*blind man carrying lame man on his back\*, analogy of 154 \*bliss\* (\*ānanda\*) \*ānandamayakośa\* 91, 131-32, 212-13, 215, 331, 337-38, 340, 524 and \*prājña\* 106 definition of 349 in liberation, Self-knowledge 343, 388, 404 of Brahman 7, 76, 115, 131-32, 136, 197-98, 205, 269, 285, 324, 337, 342, 348-51, 365, 367, 407, 419, 452, 492-93 of deep sleep. \*See suṣupti\* relation to love 351 relation to pleasure, happiness 76, 197-98, 342, 348-50, 365, 429, 451-52 result of knowledge and action 213 the term “\*ānanda\*” 295 \*blood\* 26-27, 219, 331, 494, 523 \*Bodhāyana\* 11 \*body\* (\*śarīra\*) 121, 227, 306 as cause of the world 67, 78, 81-88, 123-24, 130, 133, 139, 141-44, 147, 151, 153, 170, 214, 219, 287, 292, 397, 406, 459, 480, 485, 522, 599 as reflecting medium 498 bodily act. ### [v3.c19.s11.37.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.37.3) \*See act, bodily\* causal 319, 324, 330, 331, 335, 337, 340, 494 dead 495 dream 495, 501 equilibrium of 322 formation of the 523 not the self 122, 175, 218-19, 222-23, 326, 336, 458, 495-96, 556-57 physical or gross (\*sthūla\*) 20, 22, 24, 83, 140, 319, 321, 323-24, 330-331, 335, 336, 341, 473-74, 481, 487, 494 subtle (\*sūkṣmaśarīra, liṅga\*) 24-25, 27-29, 277, 287, 319, 321, 324, 330-331, 335-336, 341, 473-74, 480-82, 487, 494, 501, 503-5, 508-9, 561 watery 26-27 \*bondage\* 6, 22, 32, 239, 336-37 \*See also saṃsāra\* \*Brahmā\* 87-88, 235, 247, 320, 324, 363, 457, 459, 461, 530, 540-41, 580 \*brahmacārya\* 34, 36, 118, 208, 289, 299, 329, 370, 490, 518 lifelong 45, 256, 259 \*Brahmadatta\* 12, 363, 534 \*Brahmaloka\* 26-27, 137, 175, 179-80, 268-69, 281, 289, 329, 406, 476, 483, 507, 509, 519, 533 path to the. \*See path, devayāna\* \*Brahman\* (ultimate world principle, Highest Self) and its states, relation to. \*See bhāva\* as inner ruler. \*See antaryāmin\* as pure consciousness 6-7, 20, 54, 75-76, 92, 188, 225-27, 233-34, 321, 504, 506, 514, 539, 542 as source of scripture 124, 485, 488 as support of world 136-37 as witness, seer. \*See sākṣin, dṛk\* as word (\*śabdabrahman\*) 139, 356 =Atman 7, 61, 124, 132, 172, 188, 215, 232, 328, 338, 478, 480, 510, 528. \*See also tattvamasi\* \*Bhedābheda\* view of 193, 204 \*bliss of\*. \*See bliss of Brahman\* can it be an object of awareness? ### [v3.c19.s11.37.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.37.4) 76, 94, 110, 120, 122-23, 125-27, 145, 188, 210-11, 226, 232, 237, 275, 283, 328, 360, 409, 417-18, 452, 479, 496, 514-15, 525, 538, 540, 545, 572, 587. \*See also Self-knowledge\* can it be referred to or spoken about? ### [v3.c19.s11.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.38) 55, 59-61, 74, 125, 193, 242, 282, 327, 360, 369, 392, 417-18, 434, 459, 525-27. \*See also neti neti\* definition \*per accidens\* (\*taṭasthalakṣaṇa\*) of 75, 205, 555, 592 disembodied 128 does It have efforts or desires? 132, 187, 213, 353, 425, 462 essential definition (\*svarūpalakṣaṇa\*) of 75, 205, 208-11, 330, 514, 555, 590 eternal, omnipresent 122, 137, 232, 327, 333, 342, 351, 372, 379, 424, 493, 519, 522, 590, 600 the (only) existent, "one without a second" 7, 21, 75, 213, 263, 317, 338, 448 "fixed in Brahman" (\*brahmasamstha\*) 256-57, 286 form of. \*See ākāra\* of Brahman full (\*pūrṇa\*) 76, 78, 126, 269, 322, 421, 465-67, 517, 520 has absolute freedom, independence 524, 554 higher Brahman (\*para, nirguṇa\*) 26, 74-75, 77, 80-81, 107, 131, 137, 141, 173, 175, 187, 232-33, 277, 295, 465-466, 515, 527, 539, 581. \*See also sākṣin\* how proved? 280, 348, 360, 396, 409, 417-18, 425, 434, 442, 451-52, 458, 466, 469, 478, 488, 531, 536, 545, 582, 587-89 identical with liberation. \*See liberation\* inquiry into (\*brahmajijñāsā\*) 121-23, 343, 517-18, 581, 584-89. \*See also adhikāra\* interior (\*pratyagātman\*) 120, 196, 311, 324, 340 relation to \*jīva\* 10, 28, 37, 41, 60-61, 73, 86-87, 132, 134, 136, 142, 159-61, 172, 174, 188-91, 193, 196, 219-20, 236, 315, 334, 406, 428, 461, 466, 483-84, 488, 505, 512, 517, 535, 555, 587, 599. knowledge of. \*See Self-knowledge\* lovability of 466, 484 lower (\*apara, saguṇa\*) 24, 26, 31, 50-51, 74, 77-78, 107, 137, 141, 175, 179-80, 186-87, 267, 272, 277, 281, 296, 407, 467, 515, 520, 539, 560. \*See also god\* neither existent nor nonexistent 304, 554 nondifferentiated, unmodified, partless 53, 148, 152, 168, 191-93, 197-98, 204, 213-14, 227, 237, 255, 311, 354, 358 nondifferent from, not dependent on nimittas 213-14, 354 nondifferent from world 259, 280, 406-7, 455, 478 nonagent 52, 126, 128, 167, 211, 227, 278, 292-93, 297, 299, 305, 308, 327, 422-25, 477, 502, 505, 517 not a product 49, 110, 122, 166, 196, 283, 372, 427, 468, 518, 522, 582 not subject to \*duḥkha\* or \*saṃsāra\* 6, 185, 196-27, 213, 231, 239, 244, 269-70, 293, 359, 423, 425, 489, 517 not a \*śeṣa\* 127, 231-32 ### [v3.c19.s11.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.39) not \*prakṛti\* 130-36 not attained (\*aprāpta\*) 405-6, 525 omnipotent 122-23: 149, 407, 517 omniscient 110, 122-24, 129, 149, 232, 269, 468, 590 pure 122, 126, 145 \*sarvātman\* ("all-Self") 269, 359 self-luminous, self-evident 76, 138, 267, 290, 314, 342, 434, 436, 445, 453, 458, 482, 495, 506, 515, 520, 527, 531, 536, 540 size of 135, 137-38, 167, 231, 425 states (\*avasthā\*) of. \*See avasthā\* unchangeable (\*kūṭastha\*) 137, 227, 231, 287, 297, 302, 359, 479, 505-6, 517, 522, 540, 590, 599 union with 131-32, 174, 179, 187, 202, 268, 485-86 a universal 373-74, 418, 485 \*brāhmaṇa\* (Vedic directions for sacrifice) 3, 46, 485 \*brāhmaṇa\* (priestly caste). \*See Brahmin\* \*Brahmanandin\* 12, 18 \*Brahmasiddhi\* (of Maṇḍana Miśra) 15, 17, 19, 56, 58-59, 347-419 (\*aham\*) \*brahmāsmi\* (a \*mahāvākya\*) 232, 247, 319, 335, 470, 525, 528-30, 534, 538-39, 542 \*Brahmasūtras\* (of Bādarāyaṇa) 4-5, 9-11, 25, 75, 77, 87, 118-180, 294, 372, 550, 562, 588 attributed to Jaimini 537 \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣya\* (of Śaṃkara) 11, 15, 17-19, 23, 24-27, 31, 45, 51, 65, 69, 72, 74, 84-85, 89, 94-95, 115-16, 119-81, 217, 294, 308-9, 341, 564 \*Brahmasūtrabhāṣyaṭīkā\* (of Padmapāda) 563 \*Brahmasūtravṛtti\* (of Upavarṣa) 11, 18 \*Brahmasūtravṛttivārttika\* (of Sundara Pāṇḍya) 12, 18 \*Brahmavalli\* (chapter of \*Taittirīya Upaniṣad\*) 205, 521-30 Brahmin (\*brāhmaṇa\*) 30, 187, 192, 286, 299, 431, 467-68, 472-73, 489, 491, 518, 534, 588 killing a Brahmin, 423, 506 a true Brahmin 490 breath. \*See prāṇa\* \*Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad\* 25, 59, 75, 87-88, 107, 109, 124, 133-34, 136, 141, 144-45, 174, 177, 230, 254, 279, 290, 297, 348, 350, 363, 366-67, 370, 372, 418, 430, 453, 536, 582, 595, 600 \*Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣadbhāṣya\* (of Śaṃkara) 15, 18, 25, 48, 76, 95, 116, 180-204, 294, 436, 453, 461, 464-66, 480, 488, 495, 520, 543 \*Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣadbhāṣyavārttika\* (of Sureśvara) 17, 19, 72, 180, 420-520, 530 \*Bṛhaspati\* 491, 561 (Gautama) Buddha 163, 317, 391, 396, 459, 553 buddha (enlightened person) 110-12, 114 used ironically 316 buddhi 22 activity of 225, 244, 341, 346, 544 and reasoning 280 and the sense organs 236-37, 479 as the discriminator of \*jīva\* from \*ātman\* 232, 234 as "heart" 199, 212, 497, 509, 613 as prototype in reflection analogy 86, 246, 251 as reflecting medium 20, 85, 199, 241, 245-46, 248, 264, 305-6, 324, 327, 498, 555-56, 577 as \*upādhi\* of \*sākṣin\* 246, 251 errors or constructions of 231-32, 239-40, 263-64, 376 immobile 237 in Buddhism 238 in the "cave" of the \*Kaṭha Upaniṣad\* 134 in deep sleep. \*See suṣupti\* inert 232, 244 its order of creation 332 locus of desires and impressions 291, 229, 236, 462, 478 locus of merit 525, 556 = \*mahat\* 149, 143, 145, 293, 314, 353 material for 523 not the Self 199, 326-27, 334, 556-57 part of \*antaḥkaraṇa\* 330, 341, 553 part of subtle body 311, 319, 324, 330 part of \*vijñānamayakośa\* 331, 337, 341 = \*prāṇa\* 486, 497 product of karma 477 ruled by Bṛhaspati 561 role in dream production 478 size of 167 \*vṛttis\* of 497 Buddhism, Buddhists 8, 13, 19-21, 55, 64-65, 71, 79, 83-84, 93, 95, 105, 118, 150, 159-163, 181, 200, 243, 245, 305, 309, 356, 372, 376, 378, 385, 393, 405, 414, 434, 458, 498, 512, 545, 548, 550, 577. \*See also\* Abhidharma, Mādhyamika, Vijñānavāda, Yogācāra crypto-Buddhism 13 Budhakar, G. V. 604, 608 ### [v3.c19.s11.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.40) Caṇḍālas 260, 506, 540 Cārvāka (or Lokāyata, a materialist) 8, 19, 22, 122, 175, 181, 198, 244, 246, 291, 359, 503, 553, 556, 589. \*See also\* \*dehātmavāda\* caste. \*See varṇa\* \*catuṣkoṭi\* 113 cause, causality 7, 62-67, 113, 379-80, 463, 499 and effect, distinction between 41, 144-46, 149-50, 156. \*See also\* \*satkāryavāda\*, \*asatkāryavāda\*, \*pariṇāma\*, \*vivarta\*, etc. inherence cause. \*See samavāyikāraṇa\* instrumental cause. \*See nimittakāraṇa\* material cause. \*See upādāna\* nonorigination, no-cause theory. \*See ajātivāda\* Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika analysis into three sorts 165, 305, 454, 552 Chakravarti, S. C. 605 \*chanda\* (meter, prosody) 133, 285 \*Chāndogya Upaniṣad\* 12, 25, 59, 88, 130-37, 141, 147, 165-66, 168, 171, 174, 176-77, 207, 230, 254-55, 259, 261, 263-67, 269-70, 287, 351, 358, 366-67, 408, 417, 429-30, 459, 478, 484-85, 512, 522, 571, 581, 595, 600 \*Chāndogyopaniṣadbhāṣya\* (of Śaṃkara) 15, 18, 17, 66, 85, 104, 116, 254-269 \*Chāndogyopaniṣadvākya\* (of Brahmanandin) 12, 18 \*Chāndogyopaniṣadvākyabhāṣya\* (of Draviḍācārya) 12, 18 change 62-67, 590. \*See also pariṇāma\*, \*vivarta\* illusion of persistence through change. \*See also ālātacakra\* 454 charity (\*dāna\*) 256, 259 520 Chatterjee, Mohini M. 328 \*chāyā\* (shadow) 243, 556 - \*mātra\* (mere appearance) 408 Chintamani, T. R. 603 Christianity 37 Cidambaram 14, 17, 19, 117 Cidvilāsa 117 \*citta\* (individual consciousness) 82, 85, 106, 108, 111, 159, 234, 240, 311, 322, 330, 332, 341, 561 in Vijñānavāda 316 not conscious(ness) 246 part of \*antaḥkaraṇa\* 533 - \*vṛtti\* 324 - \*vṛttinirodha\* 471 color 264-65, 268, 291, 353, 560 conditions for seeing 458, 509 variegated (\*citrarūpa\*) 382 commentary 4-5 comparison (\*upamāna\*) 97, 286, 360, 553 concentration. \*See samādhi\* conceptualism 55 Conio, Caterina 64, 606-7 Conjeeveram. \*See Kanchi\* consciousness (\*cit\*, \*caitanya\*, \*saṃvit\*) analogous to light 224. \*See also jñāna\*, \*vijñāna\*, \*citta\*; \*prakāśa\* and bliss, relation between 76, 493 and superimposition. \*See superimposition\* as the power of speech 54 between births 27-29 \*cidābhāsa\* 344, 477, 505 \*cinmātra\* 293 \*cidātman\* 494, 551, 562, 599 \*citśakti\* 599 eternal 93, 167, 188, 225-26, 276, 284, 291 immediate. \*See anubhava\* in Buddhism 21, 199, 498-500 in deep sleep. \*See suṣupti\* not an act 92 not dependent on another 224 of the \*jīva\*. \*See jñāna\* pure 21, 92, 154, 248, 445, 498. \*See also\* Brahman as pure consciousness; \*jñāna\*, \*nirvikalpa\* 21 reflective. \*See anusamdhāna\* self-revealing, self-evident. \*See svaprakāśa\* contact. \*See saṃyoga\* contradiction 8, 378 self-contradiction 382 counterpositive (of an absence \[\*pratiyogin\*\]) 66, 377, 500, 606 creation 81-88, 106, 150-51, 185, 214-15, 325, 332, 341, 352-53. \*See also\* Brahman as cause; God as efficient cause apparent creation (\*kalpayati\*) 107 creation of universe by each individual's acts 475 myths of creation 87-88, 273-75, 455-61, 560 ### [v3.c19.s11.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.41) \*dahāra\* 137-38 \*Dakṣiṇāmūrtimānasollāsa\* (attributed to Sureśvara). \*See Mānasollāsa\* \*Dakṣiṇāmūrtistotra\* (attributed to Śaṃkara) 18, 317-18, 420, 555, 557 Das, A. C. 605 \*dama\* (detachment, restraint of organs) 36, 122, 272, 329, 336, 515, 520 Daśanāmins 16, 118 Daśaratha 247 \*Daśaśloki\* (attributed to Śaṃkara) 18, 333-34 Dasgupta, Surendra Nath 116 Datta, Dhirendra Mohan 605 death 22-24, 29, 33, 179, 182, 193-94, 202, 266, 453, 455, 474, 487-89, 497, 501 as a god 561 death of death 487 debts, three, to the gods 273, 363, 371, 434, 470-71, 473-74 \*dehātmavāda\* 495-96, 503 demerit (\*adharma\*) 31-32, 36, 44, 108, 128, 132, 206, 218, 228-29, 233, 258, 295-96, 299, 422, 458, 510, 534 dependence 113, 149, 238 dependent nature (\*paratantra\*) 68, 111 mutual dependence (\*anyonyāśraya\*) 28, 240, 248-49, 352, 380, 578, 593 desire (\*kāma\*) 23-24, 34, 44, 49, 53, 201, 205-6, 226, 229, 235, 271-72, 280, 287, 304, 314-15, 349, 365-66, 429, 431, 435-36, 474, 479, 482, 502, 511-12, 561 for liberation (\*mumukṣutva\*). \*See liberation, desire for\* a \*kāraka\*. \*See act, stems from desire\* threefold (for sons, wealth, worlds) 278, 317, 489-90 De Smet, R. V. 308, 609 destruction (\*nāśa, vināśa\*) 506, 522 determinism and free will 29-31 Deussen, Paul 65, 78, 604, 606 \*deva\*. \*See gods\* \*devadatta\* (yawning) 330 \*devaloka\* (world of the gods) 476 attained by meditation 181, 279 path of the. \*See path, northern\* Devanandan, P. D. 78, 606 Devaraja, N. K. 604 \*dhanañjaya\* (digestion) 330. \*See also fire, digestive\* \*dhāraṇa\* (attention) 322, 330, 333 \*dharma\* (duty, morality) 108, 121-23, 143-45, 176, 320, 391, 417, 427, 472, 584-85 \*varṇāśramadharma\* 176, 320 \*svadharma\* 256, 305, 320 \*dharma\* (in Buddhist sense of "entity") 111, 237, 350 \*dharma\* (property) 111, 350 ### [v3.c19.s11.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19.s11.42) Dharmakirti 115-16, 346 Dharmapāla 103 \*dhyāna\* (contemplation) 322, 333. \*See also upāsanā\* dialectic 8 difference (\*bheda\*) 6, 7, 34, 40-42, 50, 62, 68, 70, 114, 254-55, 257-58, 318, 353-54, 361, 373, 385-87, 409, 418, 527, 529, 559, 564 Arguments against the reality of difference 71-73, 109, 147-49, 358, 376-84, 449-51, 507 as separateness. \*See pṛthaktva\* between agent, act, and result 41, 220-21 between cause and effect. \*See cause\* liberation as destruction of. \*See liberation\* nondifference. \*See abheda\* Dignāga's school of Buddhism 55. \*See also Vijñānavāda, Yogācāra\* \*dik\* (spatial direction) an effect? 166 \*dikviparyāsa\* (dizziness) 321, 379, 412, 460 discrimination (\*viveka\*) awareness of (\*vivekajñāna\*) 406 of eternal from noneternal 122, 320 divinities. \*See gods\* dizziness. \*See dikviparyāsa\* \*doṣa\*. \*See fault\* doubt (\*saṃśaya\*) 330, 394, 400, 411, 460, 482, 553 Draviḍācārya 12, 18, 191 dream (\*svapna\*) 13, 21, 24-26, 63, 72, 85, 89-91, 106-9, 146, 172, 199-202, 225, 228, 233-35, 240, 248, 252, 257, 265, 268, 286, 289, 298, 319, 321, 325-27, 338, 413, 460, 478-79, 484, 502, 504, 551, 556, 561-62, 568-69 as result of karma 90, 201, 234, 276, 290, 311-13, 318, 501, 505 analogy of 148, 152, 161, 321, 323, 499 three states of 502 \*Dṛgdrśyaviveka\*. \*See Vākyasudhā\* \*dṛk, dṛṣṭi\* (vision) 369-70, 444 \*dṛksthiti\* (fixed vision) 322 \*dṛkśakti\* (power of vision) 351 \*dṛṣṭisṛṣṭi\* 326 \*mithyādṛṣṭi\* (false vision) 369 \*tattvadṛṣṭi\* (vision of reality) 541 two kinds of 188, 196 duality. \*See difference\* \*duḥkha\* (frustration) 110, 113, 128, 155, 168, 269, 285, 328, 331, 337, 348-49, 462. \*See also pain\* Durgasaptati (of Gauḍapāda?) 104 \*dvaitavāda\* (doctrine of duality) 264 \*Dvaita\* (Vedānta) 9, 14 Dwivedi, Manilal N. 310, 328 \*dyaṇuka\* (double atom) 305 Dwarka 16, 18, 118 _First 178 of 243 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19)_ ## Linked texts (42) - [Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.brhadaranyaka.6.2.15) — Sanskrit - [Mīmāṃsāsūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.mimamsa.mimamsasutra.1.1.5) — Jaimini, Sanskrit - [Vākyapadīya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.darsana.vakyapadiya.3.1.15) — Bhartṛhari (grammarian), Sanskrit - [Brahmasiddhi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.sastra.brahmasiddhi.1.22) — Maṇḍana Miśra, Sanskrit - [Chāndogyopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.chandogya.5.10.1) — Sanskrit - [Taittirīyopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.taittiriya.2.1.1) — Sanskrit - [Brahmasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.vedanta.brahmasutra.4.3.10) — Bādarāyaṇa, Sanskrit - [Bhagavadgītā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.all.gita.2.46) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Jaiminīyabrāhmaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.brahmana.jaiminiya) — Sanskrit - [Mānava Dharmaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.manu) — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit - [Taittirīyasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.krsnayajur*taittiriya) — Sanskrit - [Laṅkāvatārasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.mahayanasutra.lankavatara) — Sanskrit - [Gautamadharmasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.kalpa.dharma.gautama) — Gautama (dharmasūtrakāra), Sanskrit - [Upadeśasāhasrī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.upadesasahasri) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra) — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit - [Kauṣītakibrāhmaṇopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.kausitaki) — Sanskrit - [Vivekacūḍāmaṇi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.vivekacudamani) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Naiṣkarmyasiddhi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.sastra.naiskarmyasiddhi) — Sureśvara, Sanskrit - [Aitareyabrāhmaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.brahmana.aitreya) — Mahidāsa Aitareya, Sanskrit - [Taittirīyāraṇyaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.aranyaka.taittiriya) — Sanskrit - [Kaṭhopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.katha) — Sanskrit - [Maitrāyaṇīyopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.maitri) — Sanskrit - [Muṇḍakopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka) — Sanskrit - [Vākyavṛtti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.vakyavrtti) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mandukya) — Sanskrit - [Kenopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.kena) — Sanskrit - [Aitareyopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.aitreya) — Mahidāsa Aitareya, Sanskrit - [Jābālopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.sannyasa.jabala) — Sanskrit - [Laghuvākyavṛtti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.mahavakya.laghuvakyavritti) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Hastāmalakastotra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sampradaya.general.stotra.hastamalakastotra) — Hastāmalaka, Sanskrit - [Upadeśapañcaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.upadesapancaka) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Māyāpañcaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.early.mayapancaka) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Mahābhārata](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.mahabharata.vyasa) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Vājasaneyisaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.suklayajur*vajasaneyi) — Sanskrit - [Kāmasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana) — Vātsyāyana Mallanāga, Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg) — Sanskrit - [Īśopaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.isa) — Sanskrit - [Upaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad) — Sanskrit - [Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.ramayana.valmiki) — Vālmīki, Sanskrit - [Kāśī](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.site.kasi) - [Mānasollāsa (Abhilaṣitārthacintāmaṇi)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.manasollasa) — Someśvara III, Sanskrit - [Uttaragītābhāṣya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.sastra.uttaragitabhashya) — Gauḍapāda, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.potter-1970.v3.c19) · Pramāṇa