[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979) › c7.5 # Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India c7.5 Mathematics in Ancient and Medieval India c7.5 - **Language:** English ### [c7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7.5) Addition was represented by simple juxtaposition of the terms or placing \*yu\* (\*yu\* means \*yuta\* or addition) in between the terms and subtraction by placing a plus sign (+) after the terms which is to be subtracted or a dot at its top; multiplication by placing the abbreviation \*gu\* (\*guṇa\* or \*guṇita\*) after the last term; division by putting the abbreviation \*bhā\* (\*bhāga\* or \*bhājita\*) in between the divisor and the dividend or by placing the divisor beneath the dividend; square-root by writing \*mū\* or \*ka\* (\*mūla\* or \*karaṇī\*) respectively after the terms and any one unknown quantity by the term \*yāvattāvat\* (\*Sthānāṅga-Sūtra\*), \*yadr̥cchā\*, \*vāñchā\*, \*kāmika\* (\*Bakhshālī Ms.\*) \*gulikā\* (Āryabhaṭa I) and \*avyakta\* (Brahmagupta, Śrīpati and Bhāskara II). Representation of several unknown terms involved in an equation was made by Brahmagupta (628 A. D.) by using abbreviation of names of several colours like, \*kā\* (\*for kālaka\* meaning black), \*nī\* (\*for nīlaka\* meaning blue) etc. For sign of equality, the terms \*dṛśya\* ( visible ) sometimes \*rūpa\* with used. - [Previous: c7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7.4) - [Next: c7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7.6) - [Up: c7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7) ## Cites (2) - [Ṭhāṇaṃga](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.anga.3) — Sudharman, Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit - [Bakhshālī Manuscript](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.ganita.patibija.pracina.bakhshali) — Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bag-1979.c7.5) · Pramāṇa