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History of Technology in India, Vol. I: From Antiquity to c. 1200 A.D. v1.c39.s5: References

History of Technology in India, Vol. I: From Antiquity to c. 1200 A.D. v1.c39.s5

Language
English

References

v1.c39.s5.1

Agrawal, D.P.: 1971, *The Copper Bronze Age in India*, Munshiram Mahoharlal, New Delhi, 1971.

v1.c39.s5.2

Agrawal, D.P.: 1982, in *Advances in World Technology*, Vol. I, Academic Press, 1982, pp. 213-264.

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Agrawal, O.P., Narain, H. and Bhatia, S.K. : 1990, “Lamination Technique in Iron Artifacts in Ancient India”, HISM, 24(1), 12-26.

v1.c39.s5.4

Agrawal, R.C. and Kumar, Vijay : 1982, Vide Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed), 1982, pp. 125-134.

v1.c39.s5.5

Agrawal, V.S. : 1953, India as known to Pāṇini, University of Lucknow.

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Asthana, Shashi : 1985, Pre-Harappan Cultures of India and the Borderlands, Books and Books, New Delhi, (contains a Foreword from Jean-Francois Jarrige).

v1.c39.s5.7

Banerjee, N.R. :1965, The Iron Age in India, Munshiram Manoharlal Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.8

Banerjee, N.R. : 1991, “The Impact of the Introduction of Iron on Material Culture in India with reference to the Formation of States”, in Chattopadhyaya, 1991, Appendix III, pp. 371-396.

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Basham, A.L. : 1954, The Wonder that was India, Rupa and Co. Calcutta edition, 1982.

v1.c39.s5.10

Biswas, A.K. : 1969, Science in India, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta. (Chapters 1 & 2 deal with ancient Indian Science and the Socio-political factors).

v1.c39.s5.11

Biswas, A.K. : 1988, “Reflection on the Philosophical basis of Indian Science”, Proceedings of the National Seminar on Scientific Heritage of India (Sept. 1986), The Mythic Society, pp. 276-280.

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Biswas, A.K. : 1990, vide Ray, Amita and Mukherjee, Samir, 1990, pp. 29-47.

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Biswas, A.K. : 1991, Minerals and Metals in India (2 Vols), Archaeological Evidences, Project-Report of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, Chapter XII, entitled, “Iron in Ancient India”.

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Biswas, A.K. : 1993, “The Primacy of India in Ancient Brass and Zinc Metallurgy”, IJHS, 28(4), 309-330.

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Biswas, A.K. : 1994, “Vaidūrya, Marakata and other Beryl Family Gem Minerals: Etymology and Traditions in Ancient India”, IJHS, 29(2), 139-154.

v1.c39.s5.16

Biswas, Sulekha and Biswas, A.K. : 1989, “History of Science in India : in Search of a Paradigm, IJHS, 24 (3), 193-200.

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Biswas, Sulekha, Chakravarty, N. and Biswas, A.K. : 1990, “Archaeo Material Studies in India”, in Ray and Mukherjee, 1990, pp.49-66.

v1.c39.s5.18

Bose, Pramatha Nath : 1894, A History of Hindu Civilizations during British Rule, 3 Vols; Reprinted Asian Pub. Services, New Delhi, 1975.

v1.c39.s5.19

Chakravarti, Ranabir : “Early Historical India : A study in its Material Milieu (600 B.C.-300 A.D.)”, in Chattopadhyaya 1991, Appendix I, pp. 305-350.

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Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad : 1976, What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy, New Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.21

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad : 1977, Science and Society in Ancient India, Research India Publications, Calcutta.

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Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad : 1985, Lokayata - A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism, Peoples Publishing House, 1985.

v1.c39.s5.23

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad : 1986, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India - The Begining, Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta.

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Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad : 1991, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India, II, Formation of the Theoretical Fundamentals of National Science, Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta.

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Chattopadhyaya, P.K. and De. S. : 1989, “Iron objects from Pandurājar Dhibi (3rd century B.C.) SI, 12(1), April, 33-41.

v1.c39.s5.26

Childe, V. Gordon : 1950, “The Urban Revolution”, *TOP*, 21, 3-17; also Possehl, G.L. (Ed), 1979.

v1.c39.s5.27

*Concise History of Science in India*, (Eds) D.M. Bose, S.N. Sen, & B.V. Subbarayappa, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1971.

v1.c39.s5.28

Dales, G.F.: 1964, “The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjodaro”, *EXP*, 6, 36-43.

v1.c39.s5.29

Dasgupta, Ashim : Review of book by Chattopadhyaya, 1987, in *The Statesman*, 30th August (1987).

v1.c39.s5.30

Dasgupta, P.C. : 1964, “The Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi”, *BULL*, Directorate of Archaeology, West Bengal, 2.

v1.c39.s5.31

Dyson, Robert H : 1982, see Possehl, Gregory, L (Ed), 1982, pp. 417-427.

v1.c39.s5.32

Gaur, R.C. : 1983, *Excavations at Atranjikhera*, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.33

Ghosh, A.: 1973, *The city in Early Historical India*, Simla, Ch,3.

v1.c39.s5.34

Gupta, S.P. :1963-1965, “Further Copper Hoards - A Reassessment”, *JBIOR*, 49, 1963; 51, 1-4, 1965.

v1.c39.s5.35

Hegde, K.T.M. : 1987, “Scientific Basis of the Technology of Three Ancient Indian Ceramic Industries”, *in* Pande and Chattopadhyay, Vol.1, pp. 401-410.

v1.c39.s5.36

Jarrige, J.F. : 1982, “Excavations at Mehragarh”, *Vide* Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed) 1982, pp. 79-84.

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Kangle, R.P. : 1986, *The Kautiliya Arthasastra*, Pt. 3, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.38

Kashikar, C.G. : 1969, “Pottery in the Vedic Literature”, *IJHS*, 4 (1 & 2), 15-26.

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Kennedy, Kenneth A.R. 1982, *Vide* Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed), 1982, pp. 289-295.

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Kosambi, D.D. : 1965, *The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline*, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

v1.c39.s5.41

Lal, B.B. : 1982, “The Role of Bhagwanpura as a Bridge”, *Vide* Possehl, Gregory L (Ed), 1982, pp. 335-338.

v1.c39.s5.42

Lukacs, J.R. (Ed) : 1984, *The People of South Asia*, Plenum Press, New York.

v1.c39.s5.43

Mahadevan, T.M.P. : 1969, “Philosophical Trends and the History of Science in Indian Orthodox System”, *IJHS*, 4 (1&2), 27-41.

v1.c39.s5.44

Maity, S.K., Thakur, V. and Narain, A.K. (Ed), 1988, *Studies in Orientology Essays, Honouring Prof. A.L.Basham*, Y.K. Publisher, Agra.

v1.c39.s5.45

Mughal, M. Rafique : 1982, *vide* Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed), 1982, pp. 85-95.

v1.c39.s5.46

Mukherjee, B.N. : 1970, *The Economic Factors in Kushana History*, Calcutta.

v1.c39.s5.47

Mukherjee, B.N. and Lee, P.K.D. : 1988, *Technology in India Coinage,Indian Museum,Calcutta*. Appendix on ’Emergence of Coinage in the Indian sub-continent’.

v1.c39.s5.48

Pande, B.M. and Chattopadhyaya, B.D. : 1987, *Archaeology and History, Essays in Memory of Sri A. Ghosh*, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 2 Vols.

v1.c39.s5.49

Pande, G.C. : 1969, “Philosophical Trends and the History of Science in India - Heterodox Trends”, *IJHS*, 4 (1 & 2), 42-51.

v1.c39.s5.50

Pingree, David :(Ed.& Tr.) 1978, *The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja* 2 vols, Harvard Univ. Press.

v1.c39.s5.51

Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed) : 1979, *Ancient Cities of the Indus*, New Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.52

Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed) : 1982, *Harappa Civilisation - A Contemporary Perspective*, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.53

Prakash, B. and Tripathi, V. : 1986, “Iron Technology in Ancient India”, *HISM*, Sept. 568-579.

v1.c39.s5.54

Ray, Amita and Mukherjee, Samir : 1990, *Historical Archaeology of India*, Books and Books, New Delhi.

v1.c39.s5.55

Ray, H.C. : 1931-36, *The Dynastic History of Northern India*, 2 Vols, Calcutta, Reprinted New Delhi, 1973.

v1.c39.s5.56

Ray, Himanshu, P. : 1986, *Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Śātavāhanas*, Delhi.

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Ray, P.C. : 1902-03, *History of Hindu Chemistry*, Vol. I, Calcutta.

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Ray, P.C. : 1958, *Autobiography - Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist*.

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Robert Temple : 1991, Review of the book by Chattopadhyaya (1991), *Nature*, Vol. 353, Sept. 5, p.28.

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Roy, T.N. : 1986, *A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture - An Iron Age Culture of India*, Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, New Delhi.

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Sachau, E.C. :(Ed) : *Alberuni’s India* (1030 A.D), Vol. I & II, Munshiram Manoharlal Pvt. Ltd., Reprinted 1983.

v1.c39.s5.62

Seal, Brajendranath : 1915, *The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus*, London, Reprinted 1958.

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Sen, S.N. and Chaudhuri, Mamata : 1985, *Ancient Glass and India*, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.

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Shaffer, J.G. : 1984, “The Indo Aryan Invasions, Cultural Myth Archaeological Reality, in Lukacs, J.R. (Ed), (1984) pp. 77-90.

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Sharma, R.S. : 1983, *Perspectives in Social and Economic History of Early India*, Munshiram Manoharlal Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.

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Solheim, W.C. : 1967, *SCI*, 57, pp. 896.

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Thakur, V.K. : 1988, “Urban Status of the Late Vedic Society : An Inquiry”, Vide Maity, S.K. et al, 1988, pp. 54-63.

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the Roman world, and the most important events of the reign of Antoninus Pius, are related by his biographer, and the reader will not be sorry to find them here in a more concise form. The reign of Antoninus Pius is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history; which is only another mode of saying that its happiness was complete. During the twenty-three years of his administration, the Roman empire was governed by the same invariable maxims of justice and peace. The natives of a vast extent of country were protected by the same laws, and enjoyed the same privileges. The frontiers were defended by the same legions, and the same spirit of moderation and equity prevailed in the councils of the emperor. The death of Antoninus was lamented as a public calamity; and the memory of his virtues was preserved by the gratitude of his subjects, and the imitation of his successor.

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The reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, which followed, was a period of great activity and of great events. The empire was attacked on all sides by the barbarians, and the emperor was obliged to spend the greater part of his life in the camp. He was a man of a mild and philosophical temper, and he would have preferred the quiet of the study to the tumult of the field. But he was a prince of a high sense of duty, and he did not shrink from the task which was imposed upon him. He defended the frontiers with vigour, and he defeated the enemies of Rome in many a hard-fought battle. His death was a loss to the empire, and it was felt by all classes of his subjects. He was the last of the good emperors, and with him the golden age of the Roman empire may be said to have terminated.

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The character of the Roman government, under the Antonines, was that of a mild and paternal despotism. The emperor was the source of all power, and his will was the law of the land. But he was restrained by the influence of the senate, and by the force of public opinion. The senate was still a body of great dignity and importance, and its members were the principal officers of the state. The emperor was careful to consult them on all matters of importance, and he was always ready to listen to their advice. The public opinion was also a powerful check upon the actions of the emperor. The people of Rome were still a proud and independent race, and they were not afraid to express their dissatisfaction with the measures of the government. The emperor was aware of this, and he was always careful to avoid any act that would be likely to give offence to the people.

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The administration of justice was one of the most important duties of the emperor. He was the supreme judge of the empire, and he was always ready to hear the complaints of his subjects. He was assisted by a council of jurists, who were the most learned men of the age. The laws were administered with impartiality, and the rights of the citizens were protected. The taxes were moderate, and they were collected with fairness. The public works were carried on with vigour, and the cities of the empire were adorned with magnificent buildings. The trade and commerce of the empire were encouraged, and the people were prosperous and happy. The Roman empire, under the Antonines, was a model of good government, and it was the envy of the world.

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