[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c36 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c36: List of Illustrations Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c36 - **Language:** English ### List of Illustrations ### [v2.c36.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.1) \*Ill. 2.1\* Amethyst 52 x 60 mm. Manganese containing quartz or sphatika. ### [v2.c36.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.2) \*Ill. 2.2\* Colour in Agate/Carnelian Amongst the earliest gems in India. ### [v2.c36.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.3) \*Ill. 2.3\* Native Gold on Quartz. Often ends up in river sand (through metamorphosis) recovered by Indian artisans for ages. ### [v2.c36.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.4) \*Ill. 2.4\* Hope Diamond, probably part of Great Blue diamond taken from India by Tavernier. Now this is in Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. ### [v2.c36.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.5) \*Ill. 2.5\* Hexagonal Ruby or Padmarāga. ### [v2.c36.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.6) \*Ill. 2.6\* The Star of India. Largest Sapphire — 563 Carats. ### [v2.c36.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.7) \*Ill. 2.7\* Faint green hexagonal beryl or vaidūrya. Ratnaśalākā of Kālidāsa. ### [v2.c36.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.8) \*Ill. 2.8\* Emerald Crystals in Limestone. ### [v2.c36.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.9) \*Ill. 2.9\* Panning for gems in the Mahānadī. Inset an aquamarine or probably green beryl. ### [v2.c36.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.10) \*Ill. 2.10\* (a) Rosser Reeves Ruby (138.7 carats) from Sri Lanka — the largest and finest star ruby in the world. (b) 911 carat aquamarine from Brazil. (c) The Maharani — 58.2 carat chrysoberyl cat's eye. ### [v2.c36.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.11) \*Ill. 2.11\* Emerald. The name was derived from the Sanskrit word Marakata meaning the (Egyptian) gem found near desert (maru) and sea-coast (kata), Masāraka (Egyptian gem) and Smaragdos. ### [v2.c36.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.12) \*Ill. 2.12\* The Taj Mahal Emerald, Mughal, circa 1630-50, Colombian emerald, 4 x 5 cm. weight: 141.13 carats. ### [v2.c36.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.13) \*Ill. 2.13\* Weight for Floor Covering, Mughal, circa 1700, alabaster with gemstone inlay, 9.5 x 8.5 cm. ### [v2.c36.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.14) \*Ill. 2.14\* Istanbul Dagger set with three emeralds, Istanbul Museum. ### [v2.c36.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.15) \*Ill. 2.15\* 18-19th century 94.5 cm. long sword of the Maharaja of Holkar set with rubies, emeralds, diamond and onyx, Victoria & Albert Museum, London. ### [v2.c36.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.16) \*Ill. 2.16\* Skandamātā. Tanesara — Mahadeva, south of Udaipur. Blue Schist. Rajasthan, Los Angles County Museum of Art. ### [v2.c36.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.17) \*Ill. 2.17\* Gaṅgā and Yamunā. Terracotta. Ahicchatra. New Delhi, National Museum. ### [v2.c36.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.18) \*Ill. 2.18, 2.19\* The famous Ajantā Buddhistic cave and temple have been carved out of basaltic rock. ### [v2.c36.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.19) \*Ill. 2.20\* The famous painting ‘Black princess’ (Ajantā, cave no. 1). The pigments used in the Ajantā paintings are lamp black, charcoal, red and yellow ochres, vermillion, ultramarine, terre verte etc. ### [v2.c36.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.20) \*Ill. 2.21\* Maternity scene in Black basalt. Could be birth of Kṛṣṇa, Devakī and Kṛṣṇa. Pāla, 11th century AD, New Delhi, National Museum. ### [v2.c36.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.21) \*Ill. 2.22\* Koṇārka Temple 13th century in Khondalite rock. ### [v2.c36.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.22) \*Ill. 2.23\* Female Musician. Koṇārka Temple, in Khondalite rock. Erosion is on account of decomposition of the Khondalite mineral. ### [v2.c36.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.23) \*Ill. 2.24\* Avalokiteśvara (Bronze). Hemis Gumpha, Leh, 15th century. Inset blue turquoise. ### [v2.c36.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36.24) \*Ill. 2.25\* Dancing Tārā. Gilded Statuette set with turquoise, ruby and other semi-precious stones. 18th Century AD, Nepalese statuette. Bombay, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c36) · Pramāṇa