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Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c38.s6: Conclusion

Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c38.s6

Language: English

Conclusion

v2.c38.s6.1

There is thus reasonable correlation between the Sarasvati Valley archaeological data, that we have gathered in India after Independence, and the information in the *Rgveda*. The Pre-Harappan Sothi culture that had evolved in the Sarasvati Valley was influenced by the later day Harappan, and yet the original Harappan civilization. The clay stele *Śivaliṅgas*, the fire-worship, the animal sacrifice as religious ritual, and the segregation of population (along caste lines?) at Kālībaṅgan clearly show the *Rgvedic* culture. Mother Goddess and ram figurines at Banawālī and Bhagwānpurā indicate the Sarasvatī cult. The paṇis or the merchants at Banawālī became parts of the Ṛgvedic culture representing islands of affluence in an ocean of agro-rural setting. Gamesman type of ivory or bone cubes remind one of the Ṛgvedic poetry related to a dice player (10.34.1-14). The merchants used to bring lapis lazuli from Afghanistan or Persia, etched carnelian beads from Gujarat and Copper celts from Gaṇeśwar-Jodhpura in Rajasthan.

v2.c38.s6.2

Banerji, M.N., 1929, Iron and Steel in the Rgvedic Age, In The Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 5, pp. 432-40.

v2.c38.s6.3

Bisht, R.S., 1982, Excavations at Banawali, In Harappan Civilization edited by G.L. Possehl, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Delhi, pp. 113-24.

v2.c38.s6.4

Biswas, A.K., 1987, A Pilgrimage to Khetri and the Sarasvati Valley, Sujan Publication, pp. 102-16.

v2.c38.s6.5

Biswas, A.K., 1988, The Aryan Myth presented in the National Conference on Historical Archaeology, Calcutta, July 1988.

v2.c38.s6.6

Chakraborti, D.K., 1968, The Aryan Hypothesis in Indian Archaeology, In Indian Studies Past and Present, 4, pp. 333-58.

v2.c38.s6.7

Dales, G.F., 1964, The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro, In Expedition, 6, pp. 36-43.

v2.c38.s6.8

Dyson, R.H. Jr., 1982, Paradigm Changes in the Study of the Indus Civilization, In Harappan Civilization, edited by G.L. Possehl, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Delhi, pp. 422-23.

v2.c38.s6.9

Ghose, B., Kar, A. and Zahid Hussein, 1979, The Lost Course of the Sarasvati River in the Great Indian Desert: New Evidence from Landsat Imagery, In The Geographical Journal, 145, (3), 1979, pp. 445-51.

v2.c38.s6.10

Kennedy, K.A.R., 1982, Skulls, Aryans and Flowing Drains, In Harappan Civilization, edited by G.L. Possehl, New Delhi, pp. 289-96.

v2.c38.s6.11

Lal, B.B. 1979, Kalibangan and the Indus Civilization, In Essays in Indian Proto-history, edited by D.P. Agrawal and D.K. Chakrabarti, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, pp. 65-97.

v2.c38.s6.12

Lal, B.B., 1982, The Role of Bhagwanpura as a Bridge, In Harappan Civilization edited by G.L. Possehl, New Delhi, pp. 335-38.

v2.c38.s6.13

Macdonell, A.A., and Keith, A.B., 1958, Vedic Index (2 Vols.), Motilal Banarsidass, Varanasi.

v2.c38.s6.14

Max Müller, F., 1859, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, pp. 249, 313, 435, 497 and 572.

v2.c38.s6.15

Mehta, R.N. and Kantawala, S.G., 1987, Stone Tools in the Rgveda, In Vajpeya: Essays on Evolution of Indian Art and Culture, Prof. K.D. Bajpai Felicitation Volume, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, Volume 1, pp. 23-26.

v2.c38.s6.16

Muir, John, 1872, Original Sanskrit Texts, reprint Delhi, 1972, Volume 2.

v2.c38.s6.17

Poliakov, L., 1974, The Aryan Myth, Basic Books, New York.

v2.c38.s6.18

Shaffer, J.G., 1984, The Indo-Aryan Invasions : Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality, In The People of South Asia, edited by J.R. Lukacs, Plenum Press, New York, Chapter 4, pp. 77-90.

v2.c38.s6.19

Srivastava, K.M., 1984, The Myth of Aryan Invasion of Harappan Towns, In *Frontiers of the Indus Civilization*, edited by B.B. Lal and S.P. Gupta, Books and Books, Delhi, pp. 437-43.

v2.c38.s6.20

Stein, Aurel, 1942, A Survey of Ancient Sites along the Lost Sarasvati River, In *Geographical Journal*, 99(4), 1942, pp. 174-82.

v2.c38.s6.21

Suryakant, 1963, *Vaidik Kos*, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

v2.c38.s6.22

Varma K.C., 1987, Date of the Vedic Kalpasutras, In *Archaeology and History — Essays in Memory of Shri A. Ghosh*, edited by B.M. Pande and B.D. Chattopadhyay, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, Volume 2, pp. 601-19.

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