[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c41.s3.3 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c41.s3.3 Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c41.s3.3 - **Language:** English ### [v2.c41.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s3.3) Burdensome mines may be leased to individuals, but otherwise all large-profit mines and metal works should be operated by the state itself. All transactions — buying and selling — of minerals and metals — had to be executed with the state only (2.12.19; 2.22.10). The defaulters and other criminals were forced to labour in the mines. Salt works based on sea water could be lease-rented, but the state had to collect its share of crystal outcrops and fix the price (1.13.21; 2.12.18-22, 27-28 & 32). - [Previous: v2.c41.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s3.2) - [Next: v2.c41.s4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s4.1) - [Up: v2.c41.s3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s3) ## Cites (1) - [Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.artha.kautilya.1.13.21) — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c41.s3.3) · Pramāṇa