Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c46.s6: References
Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c46.s6
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References
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Biswas, Arun Kumar, 1969, *Science in India*, Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta. —, 1987, ‘Rasa-Ratna-Samuccaya and Mineral Processing State-of-Art in the thirteenth century AD India’, In *Indian Journal of History of Science*, 22 (1), 1987, pp. 29-46. Biswas, Sulekha, Chakravorty, Nayanananda and Biswas, Arun Kumar, 1990, ‘Archaeo-Material Studies in India and Literary Evidences’, In *Historical Archaeology of India*, edited by Amita Ray and Samir Mukherjee, Books and Books, New Delhi, pp. 49-66. Bongard Levin, G.M., 1977, ‘Āryabhaṭa and Lokāyatas’, In *Indian Journal of History of Science*, Vol. 12, no. 2, November, 1977, pp. 187-93.
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Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, 1976, *What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy*, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi. ——, 1977, *Science and Society in Ancient India*, Research India Publication, Calcutta. ——, 1982, edited, *Studies in the History of Science in India*, 2 volumes, Editorial Enterprises, New Delhi. ——, 1986, *History of Science and Technology in Ancient India — The Beginnings*, Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta.
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Pande, G.C., 1969, ‘Philosophical Trends and the History of Science in India — Heterodox Trends’, *In Indian Journal of History of Science*, Volume 4, nos. 1 & 2, May & November, 1969, pp. 42-51.
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Ray, Prafulla Chandra, *History of Hindu Chemistry*, Vol. I, 1902-3; Vol. II, 1909, Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Limited, Calcutta.
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Ray, Priyadaranjan, edited, 1956, *History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India*, Indian Chemical Society, Calcutta.
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Roy, S.K., 1946, ‘Glimpses into India’s Heritage in Geology, Mining and Metallurgy’, *In Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India*, Volume 18, March 1946, pp. 101-23.
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Sachau E.C., edited, 1910, 1983, *Alberuni’s India* (about AD 1030), Volumes I & II, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Ltd., New Delhi.
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col. Ill. 2.1 Amethyst. Manganese containing quartz or sphaṭika.
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col. Ill. 2.2 Colour in Agate/Carnelian Amongst the earliest gems in India.
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col. Ill. 2.3 Native Gold on Quartz. Often ends up in river sand (through metamorphosis) recovered by Indian artisans for ages.
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col. Ill. 2.4 Hope Diamond, probably part of Great Blue diamond taken from India by Tavernier.
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col. Ill. 2.5 Hexagonal Ruby or Padmarāga.
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col. Ill. 2.6 The Star of India. Largest Sapphire — 563 Carats.
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col. Ill. 2.7 Faint green hexagonal beryl or vaidūrya. Ratnaśalākā of Kālidāsa.
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col. Ill. 2.8 Emerald Crystals in Limestone.
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col. Ill. 2.9 Panning for gems in the Mahānadi. Inset an aquamarine or probably green beryl.
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col. Ill. 2.10 (a) Rosser Reeves Ruby (138.7 carats) from Sri Lankā — the largest and finest star ruby in the world. (b) 911 carat aquamarine from Brazil. (c) The Maharani — 58.2 carat chrysoberyl cat's eye.
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col. Ill. 2.11 Emerald. The name was derived from the Sanskrit word Marakata meaning the (Egyptian) gem found near desert (maru) and sea-coast (kata), Masāraka (Egyptian gem) and Smaragdos.
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col. Ill. 2.12 The Taj Mahal Emerald, Mughal, circa 1630-50, Colombian emerald.
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col. Ill. 2.13 Weight for Floor Covering, Mughal, circa 1700, alabaster with gemstone inlay.
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col. Ill. 2.14 Istanbul Dagger set with three emeralds, Istanbul Museum.
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col. Ill. 2.15 18-19th century 94.5 cm. long sword of the Maharaja of Holkar set with rubies, emeralds, diamond and onyx.
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col. Ill. 2.16 Skandamātā. Tanesara — Mahadeva, south of Udaipur. Blue Schist. Rajasthan.
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col. Ill. 2.17 Gaṅgā and Yamunā. Terracotta. Ahicchatra.
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col. Ill. 2.18 The famous Ajanṭā Buddhistic cave and temple.
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col. Ill. 2.19 The famous Ajanṭā Buddhistic cave and temple have been carved out of basaltic rock.
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col. Ill. 2.20 The famous painting (Ajanṭā, cave no. 1). The pigments used in are lamp black, charcoal, red and yellow ochres, vermillion, ultramarine, terre verte etc.
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col. Ill. 2.21 Maternity scene in Black basalt. Could be birth of Kṛṣṇa, Devaki and Kṛṣṇa. Pāla, 11th century AD.
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col. Ill. 2.22 Konārka Temple 13th century in Khondalite rock.
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col. Ill. 2.23 Female Musician. Koṇārka Temple, in Khondalite rock. Erosion is on account of decomposition of the Khondalite mineral.
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col. Ill. 2.24 Avalokiteśvara (Bronze). Hemis Gumpha, Leh, 15th century. Inset blue turquoise.
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col. Ill. 2.25 Dancing Tārā. Gilded Statuette set with turquoise, ruby and other semi-precious stones. 18th Century AD, Nepalese statuette.