[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c48 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c48: Appendix B: Words Related to Minerals and Metals in the Ṛgveda Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c48 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v2.c48.s1 Additional Technical Terms in the Other Vedic Literatures (Not Mentioned in the Ṛgveda)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.s1) — 1 part ### Appendix B: Words Related to Minerals and Metals in the Ṛgveda ### [v2.c48.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.2) \*Agni\* : 1.1.1., 3.29.1-2 : Fire which is the cradle of (metallic) gems \*ratnadhā-tamam\* (1.1.1), and inherent in the forest (wood) \*araṇyornihita\* (3.29.2). ### [v2.c48.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.3) \*Atas\* : 1.58.2 & 4, 2.4.7., 3.7.3, 4.4.4, 4.7.10, 10.89.5 : Combustible material. Fuel Wood. ### [v2.c48.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.4) \*Araṇi\* : 1.127.4, 1.129.5, 3.29.2, 5.9.3, 7.1.1, 10.184.3 : Fire wood from the forest. ‘Fire is born from fire-wood’. \*śiśum yathā navam janiṣṭāraṇī\* (5.9.3) fire by friction (3.29.1) \*araṇyornihito jātavedā garbha . . . agniḥ\* (3.29.2). ### [v2.c48.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.5) \*Adri\* : 8.65.8, 9.65.8 : Grinding stone. ### [v2.c48.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.6) \*Anji\* : 5.53.4 : Ornament. ### [v2.c48.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.7) \*Ayas\* : 1.57.3, 1.163.9, 4.2.17, 6.3.5, 6.47.10, 6.75.12, 10.53.9-10 : Metals in general, probably copper or bronze and not iron in the Ṛgveda. ### [v2.c48.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.8) \*Ayasmaya\* : 5.30.15 : Metallic (pitcher). ### [v2.c48.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.9) \*Ayodaṃṣṭra\* : 1.88.5, 10.87.2 : Fire, that bites metal. ### [v2.c48.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.10) \*Aghāti\* : 10.146.2 : Cymbal (or Vīṇā ?) ### [v2.c48.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.11) \*Ayasī\* : 1.116.15, 1.118.8, 7.3.7, 7.15.14, 7.95.1: Metallic. \*jaṅghā ayasīm\* Artificial metallic leg for \*viśpalā\* (1.116.15, 1.118.8). Also meant hard and resistant to impact, qualifying city; fort etc. ### [v2.c48.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.12) \*Āhāva\* : 1.34.8 : Metallic Pitcher. Later Pāṇini defines as cattle-feeding water vessel. ### [v2.c48.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.13) \*Iṣu\* : 1.13.4, 1.64.10, 2.24.8, 5.57.2, 8.7.4: Arrow. \*ālāktā ayomukham iṣu\* (6.75.15) Poison and Metal-tipped arrow. (also in Pāṇini 6.2.107). ### [v2.c48.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.14) \*Ulukhal\*a : 1.28.1-6 : Mortar for grinding. ### [v2.c48.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.15) \*Ṛṣṭi\* : 1.37.1, 1.64.4, 1.166.4, 1.169.3, 5.52.6, 5.54.11, 5.57.6, 8.20.11 : Javelin Spear (Thunder) \*aśrukmairā yudhā nara ṛṣvā ṛṣṭiḥ assrakṣata\* : (5.52.6) \*ye anṇiṣu ye vāsīṣu . . . rukmeṣu khādiṣu\* (5.53.4) \*aṃseṣu va ṛṣṭayaḥ patsu khādayo vakṣaḥsu rukmā . . . śiprāḥ śīrṣasu vitatā hiraṇyayiḥ\* : (5.54.11) \*vāsīmanta ṛṣṭimanto manīṣinaḥ sudhanvān iṣumanto niṣamgiṇaḥ\* (5.57.2). ### [v2.c48.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.16) \*Kalaśa\* : 1.117.12 : Pitcher. ### [v2.c48.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.17) \*Karkari\* : 2.43.3 : Lute. ### [v2.c48.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.18) \*Karṇāśovana\* : 8.78.3 : Ear-ornament. ### [v2.c48.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.19) \*Karmāra\* : 10.72.2 : Metalsmith who blows in a furnace and makes metal objects presumably by casting of molten metal. ### [v2.c48.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.20) ब्रह्मणस्पतिरेता सं कर्मार इवाधमत् । देवानां पूर्ये युगे असतः सदजायत । \*brahmaṇaspatiretā saṃ karmāra ivādhamat\* | \*devānāṃ pūrvye yuge asataḥ sadajāyata\* || (10.72.2) ### [v2.c48.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.21) \*Kārmāra\* : 9.112.2 : Metalsmith who makes arrows etc. of metal ### [v2.c48.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.22) जरतीभिः ओषधीभिः पर्णेभिः शकुनानाम् कारारो अश्मभिः द्युभिः हिरण्यवन्तम् इच्छती . . . \*jaratībhiḥ oṣadhībhiḥ parṇebhiḥ śakunānām\* \*kārmāro aśmabhiḥ dyubhiḥ hiraṇyavantam icchatī\* . . . . (9.112.2) ### [v2.c48.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.23) \*Kumbha\* : 1.116.7, 1.117.6 : Pitcher. ### [v2.c48.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.24) \*Kuliśa\* : 1.32.5 : Axe (\*kuthāra\*). ### [v2.c48.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.25) \*Kṛti\* : 1.168.3 : \*hasteṣu khādiśca kṛtiśca\*. A guard and sword. That which cuts. Sword (or Scissor?). In Pāṇini, \*Kṛta\* (7.2.57) means to ‘cut into pieces’. ### [v2.c48.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.26) \*Kṛtnu\* : 1.92.10 : To cut (wings of a bird). \*śaghnīva kṛtnuḥ\*. ### [v2.c48.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.27) \*Kṛśana\* : 1.35.4, 1.1126.4, 7.18.23 : Pearl (the small jewel within the oyster). ### [v2.c48.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.28) अभिवृतं कृशनै . . . हिरण्यशम्यं . . . सविता . . . \*abhivṛtaṃ kṛśanai . . . hiraṇyaśamyam . . . savitā\* . . . (1.35.4) ### [v2.c48.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.29) \*Kṣura\* : 1.166.10, 8.4.16, 10.28.9 : Razor. ### [v2.c48.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.30) यदा ते वातो अनुवाति शोचिर्वप्तेव श्मश्रु वपसि प्रभूम . . . \*yadā te vāto anuvāti śocirvapteva śmaśru vapasi prabhūma . . .\* (10.142.4) With wind at its back, fire wipes out the trees and forests and ‘shaves’ the land just as the barber shaves (with a razor). ### [v2.c48.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.31) \*Khanitra\* : 1.179.6 : Spade or digging tool. ### [v2.c48.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.32) \*khanamānaḥ khanitraiḥ . . .\* (1.179.6) By the digging spade. ### [v2.c48.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.33) \*Khanitrima\* : 7.49.2 : That which is obtained by digging. ### [v2.c48.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.34) \*sravanti khanitrimā . . .\* (7.49.2) Flowing canal obtained by digging. ### [v2.c48.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.35) \*Khādi\* : Stands for wide-ranging metallic objects such as arm-shield (1.166.9), \*hasteṣu khādi\* (1.168.3), Wristlet or bangle or armlet \*khādi hastam\* (5.58.2), anklet \*patsu khādayo\* (5.54.11), shoulder decoration \*aṃseṣu (skandhe) khādayo\* (7.56.13) etc. ### [v2.c48.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.36) \*Ghan\* : Hard (Weapon) (1.8.3, 1.33.4). ### [v2.c48.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.37) \*Tamba\* : Pitcher. Metallic pitcher \*ayastamba\* (5.30.15). ### [v2.c48.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.38) \*Tigna\* : Sharp. Sharp lance \*pavima tignam\* (10.180.2). ### [v2.c48.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.39) \*Dātra\* : Sickle (for cutting crops such as barley) (8.78.10). In Pāṇini serrated sickle or crooked knif (3.2.182, 8.4.52) ### [v2.c48.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.40) \*Dravi\* : Smelter or metalsmith who melts metal. ### [v2.c48.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.41) तिग्नं . . . परशु: न जिह्वां द्रविर्न द्रावयति दारु धक्षत् \*tignaṃ . . . paraśuḥ na jihvāṃ dravirna drāvayati dāru dhakṣat.\* Fire devours wood with its axe-like sharp tongue, just as the smelter melts the metal. (6.3.4). ### [v2.c48.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.42) \*Draviṇa\* : The wealth or gem that is obtained by melting e.g. gold and silver (4.5.11, 4.23.4, 4.33.10, 9.109.9, 10.70.7). ### [v2.c48.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.43) \*Drāvayati\* : Melts or to melt. See \*dravi\* (6.3.4). ### [v2.c48.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.44) \*Dhama\* : 10.72.2 To blow (in a furnace). See \*Karmāra\* and \*Kārmāra\*. Also to purify by blowing (4.2.17). ### [v2.c48.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.45) \*Dhārā\* : Sharpened edge of a metallic weapon. \*ayaso na dhārām\* (6.3.5, 6.47.10). ### [v2.c48.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.46) \*Dhmātari\* : The blower or the metalsmith. \*dhmāteva dhamati śiśīte dhmātari yathā.\* As the blower blows to produce sharp flame. (5.9.5) ### [v2.c48.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.47) \*Nidhi\* : 2.24.6, 8.29.6, 10.68.6 : Treasure. ### [v2.c48.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.48) \*Niṣka\* : Gold ornamental pieces to decorate neck (2.33.10). May also mean gold coins (1.126.2, 4.37.4, 5.27.2), alludes to goldsmith (8.47.15). ### [v2.c48.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.49) \*Niṣkagrība\* : Golden necklace (5.19.3) ### [v2.c48.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.50) \*Nyochanī\* : 10.85.6 Ornament? ### [v2.c48.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.51) \*Pachana\* : 1.162.6 : Cooking Vessel also \*Pachani\*, 1.162.13. ### [v2.c48.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.52) \*Pavi\* : 10.180.2 : \*pavim tignam\* Spear sharpened. ### [v2.c48.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.53) \*Pavitra\* : 1.28.9, 3.36.7, 8.33.1, 8.101.9 Purifier or Strainer (of Soma). ### [v2.c48.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.54) \*Paraśu\* : 1.127.3, 6.3.4, 7.104.21, 10.28.8 : Axe ### [v2.c48.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.55) \*śiśīte paraśum svāyasam\* Sharpened metallic axe (10.53.9) \*prācā gavyantaḥ pṛthuparśavo yayuḥ dāśā ca vṛtrā hatamāryāni ca\* . . . With big axes came to the east the cow-plunderers — the Dāsas as well as some Āryas . . . . (7.83.1). ### [v2.c48.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.56) \*Pātra\* : 1.162.13 : Vessel. ### [v2.c48.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.57) \*Pāṣya\* : 1.56.6 : Stone. ### [v2.c48.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.58) \*Pura Āyasī\* : 1.58.8, 2.20.8, 4.27.1 : City, Building, Fort, Body-metallic. ### [v2.c48.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.59) \*Pratyatkān\* : 5.55.6 : \*hiraṇyayān pratytkām\* (Golden) armlet (\*kavaca\*). ### [v2.c48.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.60) \*Phāla\* : 4.57.8, 10.117.7 : Plough. ### [v2.c48.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.61) \*Bāṇa\* : 6.75.17 : Arrow. \*Bunda\* in 8.45.4, 8.77.6 and 11. ### [v2.c48.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.62) \*Bhurija\* : 4.2.14, 8.4.16, 9.71.5 : Carpenter's tool to make chariot (like \*vāsī\*?). May be scissor also. ### [v2.c48.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.63) \*Maṇi\* : Gem. That which decorates (\*maṇdana\*) ### [v2.c48.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.64) हिरण्येन मणिना श्रुम्भमानाः \*hiraṇyena maṇinā śrumbhamāṇāḥ\* (1.33.8) हिरण्यकर्ण मणिग्रीवम् \*hiraṇyakarṇam maṇigrīvam\* (1.122.14) ### [v2.c48.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.65) \*Mantha\* : 1.28.4 : Grinding or Churning in a mortar. ### [v2.c48.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.66) \*Yuga\* : 1.115.2, 1.184.3, 2.39.4, 3.53.17 : Yoke in a chariot, bullock-cart or sacrificial altar etc. ### [v2.c48.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.67) \*Rajata\* : 8.25.22 : Silver. ### [v2.c48.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.68) \*Ratna\* : 1.1.1, 1.20.7, 1.35.8, 1.41.6, 1.125.1, 1.140.11, 1.141.10, 2.38.1 Gem. Jewel. ### [v2.c48.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.69) \*Rayim\* : 1.73.1, 1.159.5, 2.21.6, 3.1.19, 4.2.7, 4.34.10, 4.36.9, 5.33.6, 6.6.7, 6.31.1: Treasure. From \*Rayim\* the word \*Rajata\* might have been derived. ### [v2.c48.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.70) \*Rasa\* : 1.23.23, 1.187.4-5, 5.43.4, 6.44.21 : Liquid essence, extract, juice. ### [v2.c48.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.71) \*Rāya\* : 8.4.15-16 : Treasure or wealth as \*Rayim\* ### [v2.c48.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.72) \*Rāska\* : 8.4.16 : Sharp. ### [v2.c48.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.73) \*Rādhas\* : 1.9.5, 1.17.7, 2.13.13, 2.22.3, 4.32.21, 5.13.6, 5.38.1 : Wealth. In 5.52.17 \*Rādhā\* is connected with Yamunā: the wealth of cattle and horses in the valley of the Yamunā : \*yamunāyamadhi śrutamudrādho gavyam mrje ni rādho aśvam mrje\*. ### [v2.c48.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.74) \*Rukmā\* : 1.166.10, 2.34.2 and 8, 5.53.4, 5.54.1, 5.55.1, 5.57.5, 8.46.33, 9.15.5: \*vakṣahsu rukmā\* Chest ornament (made of gold). ### [v2.c48.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.75) \*Lāngala\* : 4.57.4 : Plough. \*śunam kṛṇatu lāngalam\*. Let the plough cultivate well. ### [v2.c48.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.76) \*Vajra\* : 1.32.2, 1.51.7, 6.23.4 : Thunder. Spear. Harpoon to be thrown, or barbed harpoon for fighting. ### [v2.c48.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.77) \*Vadhara\* : 1.32.9, 4.22.9, 8.24.27 : Weapon. ### [v2.c48.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.78) \*Varman\* : 1.31.15, 1.140.10, 6.75.1, 8.47.8, 10.107.7 : Protective Shield. Breast armour. ### [v2.c48.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.79) \*Vāśī\* : 1.37.2, 1.88.3, 8.29.3 : \*vāśī āyasī\* (8.29.3). Metallic tool-chisel, axe or adze. In the neolithic age this was made of stone. \*aśmanmayi vāśī\* (10.101.10). ### [v2.c48.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.80) \*Viśpalā\* : 1.112.10, 1.116.15, 1.117.11, 1.118.8, 10.39.8 : The lady with metallic leg. \*janghām āyasīm viśpalāyai\* (1.116.15). ### [v2.c48.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.81) \*Vṛka\* : 1.117.21, 8.22.6 : Plough. \*yavam vṛkeṇa karṣāthaḥ\* (8.22.6). ### [v2.c48.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.82) \*Vṛṣakhādi\* : 1.64.10 : Ring. ### [v2.c48.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.83) \*Vesī\* : 7.18.17 Needle. ### [v2.c48.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.84) \*Śara\* : 1.148.4, 10.87.6, 10.125.6, 10.178.3 : Arrow. Sharpened arrow \*śarvā śīśānaḥ\* (10.87.6). ### [v2.c48.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.85) \*Śaru\* : 1.100.18, 1.172.2, 1.186.9, 4.28.3, 10.87.6, 10.125.6 : Arrow. Elsewhere as in 2.12.10 it means a spear (\*Vajra\* or \*Śula\*). ### [v2.c48.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.86) \*Śarya/Śaryā\* : 1.119.10, 1.148.4, 10.178.3 : Arrow. ### [v2.c48.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.87) \*Śiprā\* : 1.101.10, 5.54.11, 8.7.25 : Tiara or Crown (of gold). \*śiprāḥ śīrṣasu vitatā hiraṇyayīḥ\* (5.54.11 and 8.7.25). ### [v2.c48.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.88) \*Śunāsīrā\* : 4.57.5 and 8 : Plough (\*Sirā\*) and its tip (\*Phalā\*). Also used later in Śukla Yajurveda, 12.68. \*Sitā\* means the line or furrow tilled by the plough. ### [v2.c48.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.89) \*Śūla\* : 1.162.11 : Metal spike. ### [v2.c48.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.90) \*Sāyaka\* : 2.33.10, 10.48.4 : Arrow. ### [v2.c48.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.91) \*Sirā\* : Plough 4.57.5 and 8, 10.101.3-4. Same meaning in Pāṇini (6.2.187). ### [v2.c48.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.92) \*Sūci\* : 2.32.4 : Needle for sewing \*rākāmahaṃ suhavaṃ\* . . . \*sīvyatvapaḥ sūcyacchidyamānayā dadātu\* . . . Let the Goddess Rākā sew with needle our destination (a baby). ### [v2.c48.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.93) \*Sṛka\* : 1.32.12, 10.180.2 : Spear or harpoon to be thrown. \*Srja\* means to let go or fly. Sharpened spear \*sṛkaṃ saṃśāya\* (10.180.2). ### [v2.c48.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.94) \*Sṛṇi\* : 10.101.3 : Sickle. it \*sṛvyaḥ pakkameyāt\* ‘Let sickles fall on the ripe harvest’. ### [v2.c48.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.95) \*Sūna\* : 1.162.13 : Knife. ### [v2.c48.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.96) \*Swadhā\* : 4.10.6 : Ornament. ### [v2.c48.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.97) \*Swadhiti\* : 2.39.7, 3.2.10, 3.8.6 and 11, 5.7.8, 7.3.9, 8.102. 19, 10.89.7 : Axe to cut wood and forests (3.8.11). May also mean sword. 2.39.7 contains a statement ‘Sharpen the swords/axes on the whetstone:. \*kṣnotreṇeva svadhitim saṃ śiśitam\*. ### [v2.c48.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.98) \*Hiraṇya\* : 1.22.5, 1.33.8, 1.43.5, 1.122.2, 1.162.16, 2.33.9, 3.34.9, 4.17.11, 9.112.2 : Gold. \*hiraṇyasyeva kalaśam\* Golden pitcher (1.117.12) \*hiraṇya-karṇa\* ‘One with golden ear ornament or ring’ (1.122.14) \*ghṛtaṃ na pūtaṃ tanuḥ\* . . . \*śuci hiraṇyam | tatte rukmo na rocata svadhāvaḥ\* Fire, Your appearance is like purified ghī and pure golden ornaments (4.10.6). ### [v2.c48.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.99) \*Hiraṇyavartani\* : 6.61.7, 8.26.18, 10.75.8 : Golden way or river, whose bank-sands contain alluvial gold particles. ### [v2.c48.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.100) \*Heti\* : 1.103.3, 1.121.10, 3.30.17, 6.62.9 : Weapon. ### Additional Technical Terms in the Other Vedic Literatures (Not Mentioned in the Ṛgveda) ### [v2.c48.s1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48.s1.1) \*Aṅgāra\* : charcoal ; \*Abakṣayanam\* : tongs \*Aṇu\* : molecule \*Añjana\* : collyrium \*Abhra\* : mica \*Ayorasa\* : metal rust \*Aṣṭaprūḍa\* : coin, a \*śatamāna\* or eight \*śāṇa\* \*Āma\* : unbaked pottery \*Iṣṭaka\* : brick \*Ukhā\* : cauldron \*Kaṃsa\* : bronze/bell-metal, Cu alloy with Sn or As etc. \*Kārṣṇāyasa\* : black metal, or iron \*Kṛśan\* : conch-pearl (also in \*RV\*) \*Kṛṣṇala\* : 1/100 of \*śatamāna\* \*Kṛṣṇāyasa\* : black metal, or iron \*Trapu\* : tin \*Trikakuḍa/Traikuta\* : \*Añjana\* collyrium from three-peaked Sulaiman mountain \*Nistap\* : heating and melting (of gold etc.) \*Nilalohita\* : baked (black and red) pottery \*Parigha\* : iron-bar, cudgel \*Pariṇaha\* : iron-chest \*Pariśāsa\* : two-armed iron tongs \*Pavamāna\* : fire, ‘that which purifies’ \*Praśasa\* : iron axe or chopper \*Bhastrā\* : leather bag or bellow \*Bhūtavidyā\* : physics \*Mehaja\* : silver \*Raktikā\* : 1/100 of \*śatamāna\*. \*Rāśi\* : mathematics \*Lavaṇa\* : salt, borax \*Lākṣā\* : shellac \*Loha\* : copper \*Lohamani\* : red gem, copper bead (or ruby?) \*Lohita/Lohitāyasa\* : copper \*Śatamāna\* : gold coin, \*pravṛtta\* or circular disc \*Śaṅkha\* : conch (also in \*RV\*) \*Śalyaka\* : iron pointed stick \*Śāṇa\* : coin 1/8 of \*aṣṭaprūḍa\* \*Śāsa\* : sword or knife \*Śūrpa\* : winnow \*Śyāma/Śyāmāyasa\* : dark metal or iron \*Samudramaṇi\* : pearl, sea-gem \*Silācī\* : shellac \*Sīsaka/sīsā\* : lead \*Saindhava Lavaṇa\* : salt from Sindhu or sea \*Harita\* : yellow metal, gold \*Hariśiprā\* : yellow golden tiara \*Hiraṇya iṣṭaka\* : gold-brick \*Hiraṇya kaśipu\* : gold-cushion \*Hiraṇya sakala\* : gold-chips ## Cites (2) - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg.6.3.4) — Sanskrit - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi.6.2.107) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c48) · Pramāṇa