[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c49 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c49: Appendix C: Technical Terms Related to Minerals and Metals Mentioned in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c49 - **Language:** English ### Appendix C: Technical Terms Related to Minerals and Metals Mentioned in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī ### [v2.c49.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.2) \*Adhikaraṇa\* : substance, thing, object. (2.2.1, 2.1.49, 2.11, 3.2.124, 3.46, 6.1.34, 8.1.73). ### [v2.c49.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.3) \*Adhikaraṇa Vicāla\* : separating or distributing a substance. (5.3.43) \*Vicāla\* means change in number. ### [v2.c49.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.4) \*Ayas\* (\*Āyas\*) : probably metal and not merely iron. 5.4.94 states that \*anas\* (cart), \*aśman\* (rock), \*ayas\* (metal), \*saras\* (river) denote a genus or a name. Examples are \*Kālāyasam\*, \*Lohitāyasam\*. The former is \*ajāti\* or genus and the latter a \*samjñā\* or name. ### [v2.c49.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.5) अनस् अश्मन् अयस् सरस् इत्येवमन्तात् तत्पुरुषात्। टच् प्रत्ययो भवति जातौ संज्ञायां च विषये।। \*anas aśman ayas saras ityevamantāt tatpuruṣāt |\* \*ṭac pratyayo bhavati jātau samjñāyām ca viṣaye ||\* ### [v2.c49.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.6) \*Ayas Kaṃsa\* : metal (iron or bell-metal ?) goblet. (8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.7) \*Ayas Kāma\* or \*Ayas Kāra\* : black smith. (8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.8) \*Ayas Kumbha\* : metal pot. (8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.9) \*Ayas Kuśā\* : metal rope. (8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.10) \*Ayas Pātra\* : metal vessel. (8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.11) \*Ayasmaya\* : made of metal, metallic. (1.4.20) ### [v2.c49.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.12) Words of this type ‘are valid forms in the Chandas (Veda)’ अयस्मय-आदीनि छन्दसि \*ayasmaya ādini chandasi\* ### [v2.c49.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.13) \*Ayoghana\* or \*Ayoghaṇa\* : metallic (iron) hammer or forge hammer-whereby the iron is deformed. Here the iron metal is clearly indicated.(3.3.82). The text 3.3.79 — 3.3.83 explains the use of \*ghan\* equivalent to \*han\* — destroy or deform. \*Udghana\* means carpenter’s bench. \*Vighana\* means hammer or mallet. \*Drughana\* or \*Drughaṇa\* means an axe (3.3.82). \*Stambaghana\* means small hoe for weeding clumps of grass. \*Parigha\* or \*Paligha\* (3.3.84 and 8.2.22) means ‘an iron beam used for locking or shutting the gate, an iron club’. ### [v2.c49.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.14) \*Ayo-Vikāra\* : iron work, iron fabric. (4.1.42) ### [v2.c49.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.15) \*Āyaḥ-Śūlika\* : iron spike or a daring courageous person. (5.2.76) ### [v2.c49.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.16) \*Aśman\* : stone, rock. (4.2.80., 5.4.94, 6.2.9) ### [v2.c49.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.17) \*Aśmara\* : pertaining to stone or gravel. (4.2.80) ### [v2.c49.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.18) \*Aśmārma\* : stones of a ruin. (6.2.91) ### [v2.c49.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.19) \*Ākarika\* : miner, mining officer, mining revenue. (4.3.75). \*Ayasthāna\* means income of the treasury or \*Saulkaśalika\* derived from custom house. \*Ākarikam\* is ‘revenue derived from mines’. ### [v2.c49.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.20) \*Ākarṣa\* : attraction, touchstone. (4.4.9) ### [v2.c49.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.21) \*ākarṣa iti suvarṇa parikṣārtho nikaṣopala ucyate\* — a touchstone by which gold is tested, a streak plate. ### [v2.c49.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.22) \*Ākarṣaka\* : expert in using a touch stone. (5.2.64) ### [v2.c49.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.23) \*Āsu\* : to press out (\*soma\* juice), to distil. (3.1.126) ### [v2.c49.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.24) \*Āsutivala\* : who prepares Soma, distiller. (5.2.112., 6.3.118) ### [v2.c49.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.25) \*Iṣṭaka\* : brick. (6.3.65) ### [v2.c49.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.26) \*Utkara\* : anything dug out. (4.2.90) ### [v2.c49.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.27) \*Utpāva\* : purifying (\*ghī\* etc.) using fire. (3.3.49) ### [v2.c49.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.28) \*Uttama-Naiṣkika\* : worth the highest \*niṣka\* (gold coin). (5.1.20) ### [v2.c49.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.29) \*Uda-Peṣam\* : grinding in water. (6.3.58) ### [v2.c49.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.30) \*Upacāyyapṛḍa\* : gold, associated with \*Upacāyya\*, a Vedic sacrificial fire. (3.1.123 and 3.1.131). The usage is from the \*Chhanda\* (Vedas). ### [v2.c49.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.31) \*Upajñā\* : invention, discovery. (2.4.21., 6.2.14) ### [v2.c49.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.32) \*Upajñāta\* : invented, discovered (for the first time). (4.3.115) ### [v2.c49.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.33) \*Upajñātopakrama\* : application (\*upakrama\*) of the invention (\*upajñā\*). (2.4.21). ### [v2.c49.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.34) \*Uraśchada\* : breast-plate, armour. (6.4.96) ### [v2.c49.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.35) \*Uṣita\* : burnt. (8.3.60) ### [v2.c49.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.36) \*Ūṣa\* : salt ground, saline soil. (5.2.107) ### [v2.c49.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.37) \*Ūṣara\* : impregnated with salt, salty, saline. (5.2.107) ### [v2.c49.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.38) \*Uṣman\* : heat, glow, hot vapour. (3.1.16) ### [v2.c49.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.39) \*Uṣmāya\* : to emit heat or vapour, to steam. (3.1.16) The idea is to emit vapour or heat. ### [v2.c49.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.40) \*Kaṃsa\* : vessel, goblet or vessel made of metal, \*ayaskaṃsa\*, also \*payaskaṃsa\*, drinking vessel made of metal, or for drinking milk. (6.2.122., 8.3.46) ### [v2.c49.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.41) \*Kaṃsika\* : relating to or made of bell-metal. (5.1.25) ### [v2.c49.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.42) \*Kaṃsiya\* or \*Kāṃsya\* : relating to bell metal, bell-metal (4.3.168). Does it indicate white copper or brass also ? Brass is yellow. ### [v2.c49.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.43) \*Kajjala\* : lamp-black used as collyrium. (6.2.91) ### [v2.c49.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.44) \*Karmakāra\* : labourer (3.2.22). \*Karmāra\* (\*Ṛgveda\*). ### [v2.c49.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.45) \*Kāṃsya\* : white copper, bell-metal, brass (?) (4.3.168). ### [v2.c49.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.46) \*Kārṣāpaṇa\* : coin or weight. (5.1.29) \*Kāra\* means tax, toll, royal revenue. (6.3.10) ### [v2.c49.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.47) \*Kalāyasa\* : iron, made of iron. \*Kalāyasam iti jātiḥ\* (5.4.94). Many kinds of black metal and one kind of red metal (copper) ? ### [v2.c49.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.48) \*Kuṭṭa\* : to cut, crush, bruise. (3.2.155) ### [v2.c49.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.49) \*Kupya\* : base metal other than gold and silver. (3.1.114) ### [v2.c49.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.50) \*Kṣara\* : distillation. (6.3.16) ### [v2.c49.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.51) \*Kṣaraja\* : produced by distillation. (6.3.16) ### [v2.c49.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.52) \*Kṣariti\* : to flow, glide, distil. (7.2.34) Distillation of mercury and zinc known? ### [v2.c49.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.53) \*Kṣāma\* : scorched. (8.2.53) ### [v2.c49.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.54) \*Kṣāmavat\* : charred, burnt to coal/ash. (8.2.53) ### [v2.c49.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.55) \*Khan\* : to dig, delve. (3.1.111, 3.2.67, 3.2.184, 3.3.125, 4.4.2, 6.4.42 and 43, 6.4.54, 6.4.98, 7.4.62) refers to usage in the Vedas of the words compounding \*Khan\* e.g., \*Kupakhāḥ\*. ### [v2.c49.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.56) — digger of well (\*kupa + khan + vit\*) “जन-सन-खन-क्रम-गमः; विट् (छन्दसि, उपसर्गे)” \*jana-sana-khana-krama-gamaḥ, viṭ (chandasi, upasarge)\* 3.2.184 refers to words with affix ### [v2.c49.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.57) \*Itra\* after verbs like \*khan\*; \*Sraritram\* — a rudder; \*Lavitram\* — a sickle from; \*Lu\* (to cut); \*Dhavitram\* — a fan; \*Sabitram\* — cause of production; \*Khanitram\* — a spade; \*Caritra\* — an instituted observance or character after \*Car\* or to go. These words imply \*Karaṇa\* or instrumental \*Kāraka\*. ### [v2.c49.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.58) श्रर्ति-लू-धू-सू-खन-सह-चरः; इत्रः \*śrarti-lū-dhū-sū-khana-saha-caraḥ, itraḥ\* ### [v2.c49.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.59) \*Ākhanika\* or \*Ākhanikavaka\* means spade. \*Khanati\* means digging. Various declinations of the verb in different tenses e.g., \*khanayate, khāyate, caṅkhanayate, cikhaniṣati\* etc. ### [v2.c49.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.60) \*Khanitra\* or \*Ākhana\* or \*Ākhanika\* or \*Ākhanikavaka\* : spade. (3.2.184 and 3.3.125). ### [v2.c49.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.61) \*Khanya\* or \*Khānya\* : coming from excavations or ditches (3.1.123). This and similar words ‘were mentioned in the \*Chhandas\* or the \*Vedas\*’. The word \*Khanija\* or mineral not mentioned by Pāṇini, but must have been known. ### [v2.c49.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.62) \*Kheya\* : to be dug out, that can be dug out. (3.1.111) ### [v2.c49.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.63) \*Ghana\* : compact, solid, hard, firm, dense. (3.3.77-78) ### [v2.c49.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.64) \*Ghana\* or \*Ghṇa\* : substitute of \*Han\* — kill. See \*Ayoghana\* or \*Ayoghṇa\* etc. ### [v2.c49.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.65) \*Ghoṣa\* : noise, tumult, cry. Not yet standing for a metal. (6.3.56) ### [v2.c49.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.66) \*Cūrṇaya\* : pulverize, grind, pound, to reduce to powder. (3.1.25). \*Cūrṇa\* etc. ### [v2.c49.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.67) \*Jambhaka\* : crushing, devouring using jaws and teeth. (7.1.61) \*Jambhan\* etc. ### [v2.c49.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.68) \*Jātarūpa\* : gold (beautiful when it appears) (4.3.153). All words for gold indicating weight or measure end with \*an\* e.g. \*suvarṇa, svarṇa, hiraṇya\* etc. ### [v2.c49.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.69) जातरूपेभ्यः—परिमाणे (अण्) \*jātarūpebhyah — parimāṇe (aṇ)\* ### [v2.c49.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.70) \*Jvala\* : to burn brightly, blaze, glow, flame (3.1.140., 3.2.150). \*Jvalana\* etc. ### [v2.c49.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.71) \*Tṛṇah\* : to crush, bruise. (7.3.92) ### [v2.c49.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.72) \*Trapu\* : tin. (4.3.138). Modification (\*vikāra\*) of \*Trapu\* (tin) or made of tin is \*Trāpuṣam\*. Modification of \*Jatu\* (lac) is \*Jātuṣam\*. ### [v2.c49.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.73) त्रपुतुशब्दाभ्याम प्रत्ययो भवति विकारे, तत् सन्नियोगेन तयोः षुगागमो भवति । trapujatuśabdābhyāmaṇa pratyayo bhavati vikāre tat sanniyogena tayoḥ ṣugāgamo bhavati । ### [v2.c49.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.74) \*Dātra\* : sickle, crooked knife, (3.2.182, 8.4.52). ### [v2.c49.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.75) \*Dṛṣadvat\* : rocky, stony, (8.2.10). \*Dṛṣad\* is rock, big which can be seen (\*Dṛṣṭa\*) \*Samidh-Dṛṣada\* is fire-wood, coal? (5.4.106). ### [v2.c49.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.76) \*Drava\* : flowing, fluid. (3.3.27) \*Pradrāva\* means something flowing away or fugitive. The word derived from \*dru\*. In the \*Ṛgveda\* we have \*Drāva\*, \*Drāvin\* to mean something which can be melted e.g. gold. ### [v2.c49.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.77) \*Dravya\* : substance, object. (4.3.161, 5.3.104) ### [v2.c49.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.78) \*Dhama\* or \*Dhmā\* : to blow, blowing (3.1.137 and 7.3.78) \*Uddhama\* — the act of blowing into (\*agnisaṃyogayoḥ\*) by fan. ### [v2.c49.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.79) \*Dhavitra\* : a fan. (3.2.184). ### [v2.c49.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.80) \*Dhātu\* : verbal base or root. Not yet metal in Pāṇini. Probably the usage had started. ### [v2.c49.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.81) \*Niṣka\* : gold coin denoting metallic currency or unit of money. \*Dviniṣka\*, \*Triniṣka\*, \*Bahunaiṣkikam\* etc. (5.1.30). \*Uttamanaiṣkika\* — worth the highest \*niṣka\* (5.1.20) . Some form (\*rūpa\*) of king embossed (\*āhatam\*) \*Rūpyaḥ\*. \*Dināraḥ\* or \*Kedāraḥ\* gold coins of Kedāra Kuṣāṇas (5.2.120). रूपात्, आहत, प्रशंसयोः, यप् \*rūpāt, āhata, prasaṃsayoḥ, yap\* ### [v2.c49.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.82) Origin of \*Raupya\*? \*Māṣa\*. also denoted a particular weight of gold. \*Ardha\* or \*Trimāṣya\* etc. (5.1.34). ### [v2.c49.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.83) \*Niṣka\* originated probably from \*Niṣaya\* binding, meaning financial bond. ### [v2.c49.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.84) \*Niṣ-Kuṣita\* : extracted, stripped off. (8.3.41) ### [v2.c49.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.85) \*Niṣ-Koṣana\* : extraction, husking, shelling, disemboweling, to bring the inner organs out, to eviscerate. Similar to \*Niṣkula\* — to make the enemy family-less, to remove the seeds of pomegranate. 5.4.62 "niṣkulāt niṣkoṣaṇe (ḍāc)" ### [v2.c49.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.86) \*Paṇa\* : weight of copper used as coin (5.1.34) \*paṇaḥ parimāṇe\*. See also \*Karṣāpaṇa\*. ### [v2.c49.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.87) \*Paṇi\* : vaṇika or trader in the Vedas. ### [v2.c49.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.88) \*Paṇya\* : an article of trade, worth so many \*paṇas\*. (3.1.101) etc. ### [v2.c49.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.89) \*Padārtha\* : thing, material, object. (1.4.96) ### [v2.c49.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.90) \*Pari-Pavana\* : cleaning or winnowing corn (8.4.34). \*Pu\* means to purify \*Pāvaka\* the purifier. \*Pavana\* — air. Thus, \*Pari-Pavana\* means purification by pneumatic jigging, through descent aganist (\*pari\*) drag in wind (\*pavana\*). ### [v2.c49.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.91) \*Pari-Mṛja\* : wash, cleanse. (3.2.5) \*Parimārjanā\*. ### [v2.c49.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.92) \*Pari-Vāpaṇa\* : to shave (5.4.67). \*Kṣura\* in RV. ### [v2.c49.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.93) \*Pareṅkhaṇa\* or \*Pareṅgaṇa\* : separating, shaking away. (8.4.32) ### [v2.c49.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.94) \*Parśu\* : curved knife, sickle or axe. (5.3.117) ### [v2.c49.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.95) \*Pāka\* : baking, cooking, roasting. (4.1.64, 5.2.24) ### [v2.c49.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.96) \*Pātra\* : drinking vessel, goblet, bowl, cup, dish. (8.3.46, 5.2.7., 5.4.46 and 53) ### [v2.c49.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.97) \*Pārāyaṇa\* : going over, studying. (5.1.72) ### [v2.c49.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.98) \*Pārā\* : mercury. The word does not appear in Pāṇini. \*Pārā\* means going over or distillation? ### [v2.c49.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.99) \*Pāva\* : purifying, clarifying, cleansing. (3.3.49, 3.3.28). \*Utpāva\* distillation, evaporation? \*Nispāva\* is winnowing or purification through downward movement. ### [v2.c49.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.100) \*Piṣṭa\* : crushed, bruised, ground. (4.3.146) ### [v2.c49.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.101) \*Piṣṭaka\* : cake, made of flour or agglomerate of fine particles. (4.3.147) ### [v2.c49.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.102) \*Pūta\* : cleansed, purified, pure, clear. (6.2.187) This is from \*Pu\* or to purify. ### [v2.c49.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.103) \*Pūti\* : putrid, foul-smelling, stinking, fetid. (5.4.135) \*Pūti\* + \*Gandha\* = \*Pūtigandhi\* The rule is given in 5.4.135: ### [v2.c49.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.104) उत् पूति, सु सुरभि इति एतेभ्यः परस्य गन्धशब्दस्य इकारदेशो भवति समासान्त बहुव्रीहौ समासे \*ut pūti, su surabhi iti etebhyaḥ parasya gandhaśabdasya\* \*ikāradeśobhavati samāsānta bahuvrihau samase\* ### [v2.c49.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.105) Copper and other sulphide minerals were purified (\*Pūta\*) in the furnace which produced foul (\*Pūti\*) smell (\*Gahdha\*) of sulphur dioxide. Thus furnace is \*Pūtigandhi\*. ### [v2.c49.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.106) \*Peṣam\* : pounding, grinding. (3.4.35 and 38, 6.3.58). \*Piṣ\* means to grind. Grinding dry (\*śuṣka\* — or \*Rūkṣa\*). Grinding to Powder (\*Cūrṇa\*). These are accusative cases. The instrumental case corresponds to grinding by means of liquid (Snehana) e.g. Udpeṣam means grinding with water. Tailapeṣam grinding with oil. ### [v2.c49.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.107) शुष्क-चूर्ण-रूक्षेषु, पिष; (कर्मणिणमुल) (3.4.35) \*śuṣka-cūrṇa-rūkṣeṣu, piṣaḥ, (karmaṇiṇamul)\* स्नेहनाचिनि करण उपपदे पिषेद्धातोः णमुल प्रत्ययो भवति। (3.4.38) \*snehanavācini karaṇa upapade piṣerddhātoḥ ṇamul pratyayo bhavati.\* ### [v2.c49.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.108) \*Prati-Śina\* or \*Prati-Śinavat\* : melted, fluid, dropping. (6.1.25) ### [v2.c49.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.109) \*Prati-Snāta\* : bathed, washed. (8.3.90) ### [v2.c49.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.110) \*Prapavana\* : purifying or straining (Soma juice) or filtering. (8.4.34) Derived from the verb \*pu\*. ### [v2.c49.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.111) \*Pramāṇa\* : measure, scale, quantity, standard, authority. (3.4.51, 4.1.24, 5.2.37, 6.2.4 and 12) The idea of ‘proof’ originated from the sense of referring a standard or previously accepted yardstick. ### [v2.c49.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.112) \*Pramāthin\* or \*Pramatha\* : to churn or stir up violently. (3.2.145) ### [v2.c49.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.113) \*Pralaya\* : melting, dissolution, annihilation, death. (7.3.2) ### [v2.c49.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.114) \*Prāleya\* : produced by melting. (7.3.2) \*Prāleyam Udakam\*, i.e., melting to a liquid. ### [v2.c49.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.115) \*Phulla\* : split or cleft open, expanded, blown (as flower). (8.2.55) ### [v2.c49.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.116) \*Phena\* : foam, froth, scum. \*Phenala, Phenila, Phenavat\*. (5.2.97 and 99) ### [v2.c49.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.117) \*Bista\* : a particular weight of gold (= 80 ratikās). (4.1.22., 5.1.31) ### [v2.c49.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.118) \*Bhaṅgura\* : fragile, perishable, breakable. (3.2.161) ### [v2.c49.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.119) \*Bhastrā\* : a leather bag or vessel, skin, pouch. \*Bhastrikaḥ\* or \*Bhastrikā\* means something or somebody transporting by means of a leather bag. \*Bhastrayā Harati\*. Leather bellows by which iron is heated or grain is carried. \*Bhara\* = carry, bear. ### [v2.c49.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.120) भस्त्र इति एवम् आदिभ्यः तृतिया समर्थेभ्यः हरतीत्येतस्मिन्नर्थे ष्ठन्प्रत्ययो भवति। (4.4.16) \*bhastra iti evam ādibhyaḥ tṛtiyāsamarthebhyaḥ haratityetasminnarthe ṣṭhanpratyayo bhavati\* \*Śvan + Bhastrā = Śvābhastri\* “ज्व, आदेः इञि” (7.3.8) \*jva, ādeḥ iñi\* \*Śvābhastri\* means something made of dog leather. \*Bahubhastrika\* means a furnace with many leather bellows (?) (7.3.47) ### [v2.c49.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.121) \*Bhāṇḍa\* : vessel, pot, dish, vat etc. (3.1.20) ### [v2.c49.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.122) \*Bhās\* : lustre, brightness. (3.2.21, 3.2.177) ### [v2.c49.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.123) \*Bhāsa\* : to shine. (3.2.161, 7.4.3) ### [v2.c49.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.124) \*Bhāsana, Bhāsura, Bhāskara, Bhāsvat, Bhāsvara\* : shining, brilliant, luminous, radiant, bright, glittering. (1.3.47, 3.2.161, 3.2.21, 3.2.175, 8.2.9) ### [v2.c49.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.125) \*Bhida\* : to split, cleave, break. (3.2.61) ### [v2.c49.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.126) \*Bhid\* or \*Bhidura\* : breaking, splitting, piercing, destroying (wood etc.). (3.2.61 and 162) ### [v2.c49.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.127) \*Bhinna\* : split, broken. (8.2.42 and 59) ### [v2.c49.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.128) \*Bhuvar\* or \*Bhuvas\* : air, atmosphere, one of the three \*mahāvyāhrtis\*, \*bhu\*, \*bhuvas\* (in the Vedas) or \*Bhuvar\*, and \*Swar\* or \*Swaḥ\* (heaven). ### [v2.c49.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.129) भुवस् इत्येतस्य महाव्याहृतेः छन्दसि विषये उभयथा भवति। 8.2.71 : \*bhuvas ityetasya mahāvyāhṛteḥ chandasi viṣaye ubhayathā bhavati\* | ### [v2.c49.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.130) \*Bhū\* : becoming, being, the world, universe, earth. (3.2.179, 6.2.19) ### [v2.c49.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.131) \*Bhūmi\* : the earth, soil, ground, territory. (8.3.97) ### [v2.c49.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.132) \*Bhettṛ\* or \*Bhedana\* : breaking, cleaving, splitting. (7.3.86) ### [v2.c49.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.133) \*Bhrajj, Bhṛjjati, Bhrasj, Bhraṣṭavya\* : to fry, parch, roast, fried, roasted etc. (6.1.16, 6.4.47, 8.2.36) ### [v2.c49.134](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.134) \*Bhraṣṭavya\* : to be parched or roasted. (6.4.47 and 8.2.36) ### [v2.c49.135](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.135) \*Bhraṣṭṛ\* : one who roasts or parches. (6.4.47 and 8.2.36) Does it also mean the furnace-man? The word is so close to \*Bhaṣṭrika\*. \*Bhrāṣṭra\* is grid iron or frying pan. (8.4.50) ### [v2.c49.136](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.136) \*Bhraj\* : light, lustre, splendour. (3.2.177, 8.2.36) ### [v2.c49.137](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.137) \*Bhraja\* : to shine, glitter, sparkle. (3.2.177) ### [v2.c49.138](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.138) \*Bhrāsa\* : (7.4.3, 8.2.36) ### [v2.c49.139](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.139) \*Majjana\* : cleansing. (7.1.60) ### [v2.c49.140](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.140) \*Maṇi\* : a jewel, gem, pearl, precious stone (that which decorates, adorns, embellishes or \*Maṇḍa\* ?) (5.4.30). See \*Lohitaka\* ### [v2.c49.141](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.141) \*Maṇi-Prastāra\* : Scattering or vein of gems. (3.3.32) ### [v2.c49.142](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.142) \*Maṇḍa\* or \*Maṇḍana\* : to decorate, adorn. (3.2.151) ### [v2.c49.143](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.143) \*Maṇḍala\* : circular, round, disc. ### [v2.c49.144](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.144) \*Maṇḍūka\* : a \*rṣi\*. ### [v2.c49.145](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.145) \*Matha\* or \*Mantha\* : to stir, churn. (3.2.145, 5.1.110, 6.3.60) ### [v2.c49.146](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.146) \*Māṣa\* or \*Māṣya\* : a particular weight of gold. See \*Niṣka\* (5.1.34) ### [v2.c49.147](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.147) \*Mur\* : becoming solid, thickening, congealing (6.4.21). \*Mūrta\*, \*Mūrti\* congealed to solidity and shape. \*bhakti hime mūrti sākāra rūpa\* — Ramakrishna. See \*Mūrti\* later. ### [v2.c49.148](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.148) \*Muṣa\* : to steal, rob, plunder. (1.2.8) \*Asmoṣī\*, a thief. \*Mūṣikakā\*, a little rat or mouse, (7.3.46) \*Muṣka\*, testicle, scrotum. ### [v2.c49.149](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.149) \*Mūṣā\* : crucible does not appear in Pāṇini. Probabaly the word came from \*Mūṣika\* or rat. ### [v2.c49.150](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.150) \*Mūrchi\* : to became solid, thicken, congeal. (8.2.78) ### [v2.c49.151](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.151) \*Mūrta\* : as above. (8.2.57) ### [v2.c49.152](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.152) \*Mūrti\* : any solid body or material form. (3.3.77) It means hardness, solidity, loss of fluidity (ghan), as in the case of curd, solidified metal etc. 3.3.77 : \*mūrttau ghanaḥ, (hanaḥ, ap)\* \*Abhra-Ghana\* means cloud. \*Dadhi-Ghana\* (6.1.24) explains \*Drava-Murti\*, i.e., hardening or coagulation of a fluid as in butter, grease, molten metal etc. as understood by coldness through touch or coagulation. (\*śīna\*) द्रवमूर्त्तौ द्रवकाठिन्ये स्पर्शे वर्तमानस्यश्रेङ्गतौ इत्यस्य धातोः निष्ठायां परतः संप्रसारणं भवति। (शीन) \*dravamūrttau dravakāṭhinye sparśe vartamānasyasryeṅgatau ityasya dhātoḥ niṣṭhāyām parataḥ samprasāraṇam bhavati (śīna)\* \*sīnam ghṛtam, śīnā vasā\* (means coagulation) \*sīta\* refers to coldness. ### [v2.c49.153](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.153) \*Mrja\* : to wipe, rub, clean, polish, cleanse, purify. (8.2.36) \*Kamsa-Parimṛt\* means cleaning of metallic vessel or bell metal surface. (8.2.36) ### [v2.c49.154](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.154) \*Mṛta\* : dead, deceased. (6.2.116) ### [v2.c49.155](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.155) Mṛd : earth, soil, clay, loam, mud. (5.4.39) That which can be squeezed, pounded etc. ### [v2.c49.156](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.156) Mṛttikā : earth, clay, loam. (5.4.39) explains how the word has come from Mṛd with optional affix Tikan ### [v2.c49.157](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.157) मृत् शब्दात् स्वार्थे तिकन् प्रत्ययो भवति mṛt śabdāt svārthe tikan pratyayo bhavati ### [v2.c49.158](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.158) Mṛtsā and Mṛtsnā : good earth or clay or excellent soil (5.4.40) explains that the word is based upon Mṛd and the idea of excellence. ### [v2.c49.159](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.159) प्रशंसोपाधिकेर्थे वर्तमानान् मृत्शब्दात् सस्न इत्येतौ प्रत्ययौ भवतः praśamsopādhikerthe vartamānān mṛtśabdāt sasna ityetau pratyayau bhavataḥ ### [v2.c49.160](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.160) Mṛda : to press, squeeze, crush, pound, smash. (1.2.7) ### [v2.c49.161](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.161) Mṛdu : very soft, tender. (8.1.12) ### [v2.c49.162](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.162) Rajata : silver. ### [v2.c49.163](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.163) Rājata : made of silver, silvery (4.3.154) explains how the affix aṇ comes in the sense of its product or its part. Rajata-Rājata ; Sīsa-Saisam (lead); Loha-Lauham (iron) etc. prāṇi-rajatādibhyaḥ-aṇ ### [v2.c49.164](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.164) Rūkṣa : rough, dry, arid. ### [v2.c49.165](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.165) Rūkṣa-Peṣam : dry grinding. (3.4.35) ### [v2.c49.166](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.166) Rocanā : a particular yellow pigment. ### [v2.c49.167](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.167) Raucanikā : yellowish, coloured with yellow pigment (4.2.2) deals with other colouring agents e.g. Lākṣā (lac) Lākṣikam; Śakala, Kardama, Haridrā Hāridram. These are mostly organic natural dyes. ### [v2.c49.168](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.168) Lava and Lavana : cutting, cutting off. (3.3.28) ### [v2.c49.169](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.169) Lavaka : cutter. ### [v2.c49.170](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.170) Lavaṇa : salt, saline, briny. (3.1.21, 4.4.24) ### [v2.c49.171](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.171) Lāvaṇika : a salt vendor. (4.4.52) ### [v2.c49.172](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.172) Lavaṇīya : to function like salt. (7.1.51) ### [v2.c49.173](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.173) Lavaṇasya : to desire salt. (7.1.51) ### [v2.c49.174](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.174) Lavitra : a sickle, reaping hook. (3.2.184) ### [v2.c49.175](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.175) Lākṣā : lac, red dye. (4.2.2) ### [v2.c49.176](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.176) Lū : to cut, sever, divide. ### [v2.c49.177](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.177) \*Lohitaka\* : of red colour, reddish. \*Lohita\* (red) plus affix \*Kan\* becomes \*Lohitaka\* in the sense it is \*Maṇi\* (gem). \*Lohitaka\* is ruby. (5.4.30) says “\*lohitāt, maṇau kan\*” \*Lohitikā\* means reddened with dye (\*Lākṣā\*). ### [v2.c49.178](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.178) \*Lohitāyasa\* : red metal, copper, made of it. (5.4.94). See note on \*Ayas\*. ### [v2.c49.179](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.179) \*Lauha\* : iron. Does not appear in Pāṇini. Probably known as \*Kālāyasa\*, and later \*Lauha\* from \*Lu\* or \*Lava\* to cut, not from \*Lohita\*. ### [v2.c49.180](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.180) \*Varṇa\* : colour, tint. (4.1.42, 6.2.3) ### [v2.c49.181](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.181) \*Varman\* : defensive armour. (3.1.25, 6.4.170) ### [v2.c49.182](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.182) \*Vārka-Rūpya\* : stamped with \*Vṛka\* die. (4.2.106) ### [v2.c49.183](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.183) \*Vikaṣa\* : to shine, be radiant. (3.2.143) ### [v2.c49.184](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.184) \*Vikira\* : scatter. ### [v2.c49.185](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.185) \*Vighana\* : hurt, mallet, hammer. (3.3.82) See \*Ayoghana\* ### [v2.c49.186](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.186) \*Vinīya\* : sediment, sin. (3.1.117) ### [v2.c49.187](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.187) \*Viparśu\* : separated from the side. (6.2.177). See \*Parśu\* (5.3.117) ### [v2.c49.188](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.188) \*Vipātana\* : melting, liquefying (7.3.39) refers to melting of fat. \*Sneha Vipātana\*. \*Mahābhāṣya\* adds \*Loham Vilāpayati\* — copper melts ? ### [v2.c49.189](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.189) \*Vibhakta\* : isolation, separation, seclusion. (2.3.42) ### [v2.c49.190](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.190) \*Vibhāga\* : partition, division, allotment, share (3.3.137). \*Kāla Vibhāga\*. ### [v2.c49.191](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.191) \*Viśīrṇa\* : broken, shattered, scattered, dispersed from the word \*śṛ\*. (8.2.42 and 77) ### [v2.c49.192](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.192) \*Vista\* : a particular weight of gold. (4.1.22) Also \*Bista\* — a weight of gold equal to 80 \*Raktikas\*. ### [v2.c49.193](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.193) Thus \*Dvi-Vista\*, \*Tri-Bista\* etc. ### [v2.c49.194](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.194) \*Vaidūrya\* : a cat’s eye gem (4.3.84) says that this is obtained from \*Vidura\* plus affix \*ya\* in the sense ‘what manifests itself there’. In the \*Bhāṣya\* it is added that the gem was actually found in the mountain of \*Vālavāya\*. The rough stone used to be worked upon in the city of \*Vidura\*. Pāṇini had made the two names synonymous. Anyway the city was evidently the source of polished gem of \*Vaidūrya\*. ### [v2.c49.195](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.195) “विदुरात्-ज्यः।।’’ वृत्तिः।। विदूरशब्दात् ज्यः प्रत्ययो भवति ततः प्रभवति इति एतस्मिन् विषये।। “vidūrat-ñyaḥ । vṛttiḥ ।। vidūraśabdāt ñyaḥ pratyayo bhavati tataḥ prabhavati iti etasmin viṣaye ।। कारिका: वालवायो विदूरं च प्रकृत्यन्तरमेव वा। न वै तत्रेति चेद् ब्रूयात् जित्वरीवदुपाचरेत् ।। kārikā : vālavāyo vidūraṃ ca prakṛtyantarameva vā । na vai tatreti ced brūyāt jitvarivadupācaret । ### [v2.c49.196](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.196) Varanasi used to be known by the merchants as Jitvari. ### [v2.c49.197](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.197) \*Vy-Ut-Kramaṇa\* : going apart, separation. (8.1.15) ### [v2.c49.198](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.198) \*Śaṅku\* : a peg, nail, spike. (8.3.97) ### [v2.c49.199](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.199) \*Śaṅkuṣṭha\* (fixed) on the nail. ### [v2.c49.200](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.200) \*Śarkarā\* : gravel, grit, shingle, sugar. \*Śārkara, Śarkarika, Śarkarila, Śarkariya, Śarkarāvan\* etc. means sugary or gravelly, gritty, stony. (4.2.80 and 93, 5.2.104 and 105). ### [v2.c49.201](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49.201) \*Sikatā\* means sand; \*Saikata\* sandy _First 200 of 253 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49)_ ## Linked texts (3) - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi.2.1.49) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit - [Veda](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda) — Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg) — Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c49) · Pramāṇa