[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c50 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c50: Appendix D: Some Typical Technical Words in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c50 - **Language:** English ### Appendix D: Some Typical Technical Words in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra ### [v2.c50.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.2) Akṣaśālā : workshop for the manufacture of gold and silver articles (2.13.1 and 30) ### [v2.c50.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.3) Agniṣṭha : an oven (2.14.24 and 53; 3.8.11) ### [v2.c50.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.4) Adhikaraṇi : iron vessel (2.14.53), an anvil (4.4.20) ### [v2.c50.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.5) Añjana : antimony compound/sulphide (2.11.35; 2.12.6 and 24; 2.22.6) ### [v2.c50.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.6) Abhrapatala : a covering of mica (13.2.25) ### [v2.c50.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.7) Aṣṭaka : lac (2.14.27 and 39) ### [v2.c50.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.8) Ākarika : mine-worker, mine (2.12.20) ### [v2.c50.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.9) Ācitakapatra : gold leaf for plating (2.14.25) ### [v2.c50.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.10) Ājīva : hardening alloy used in coining (2.12.24) ### [v2.c50.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.11) Ābandhya : ornaments, jewellery (3.2.14-15; 4.12.27-28) ### [v2.c50.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.12) Āyaskāntā : magnetic, containing a magnet (2.14.19) ### [v2.c50.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.13) Ārakūṭa : brass (2.12.23, 2.17.14; 4.1.35) ### [v2.c50.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.14) Āveśana : a factory, a workshop (2.13.1, 2.36.14) ### [v2.c50.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.15) Āveśanin : a workman (2.14.1 and 7) ### [v2.c50.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.16) Indranīla : sapphire (2.11.31) ### [v2.c50.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.17) Utpalavarṇa : gem, coloured like blue lotus (2.11.30) ### [v2.c50.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.18) Ūṣman : steam, vapour, heat (1.21.7, 2.18.3) ### [v2.c50.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.19) Aiṣṭaka : brick-built (2.3.7, 2.5.3) ### [v2.c50.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.20) \*Kamsa\* : bronze (2.12.33; 2.17.14; 4.1.35) ### [v2.c50.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.21) \*Katamāna\* : fastening of gold (etc.) for a gem at the sides (2.13.41) ### [v2.c50.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.22) \*Katuśarkarā\* : soft stone or pebble (2.14.37) ### [v2.c50.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.23) \*Karatukamukha\* : ‘crane’s neck’, a kind of goldsmith’s tool (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.24) \*Karnakilāyasa\* : copper wire in the pillars at the corners or iron pegs at the corners (3.8.3). ### [v2.c50.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.25) \*Karmānta\* : a workshop or a factory (2.12.18, 23 and 27, 2.17.17, 2.19.1, 2.23.10). ### [v2.c50.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.26) \*Kaladhautaka\* : ornamental silver (2.14.8) ### [v2.c50.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.27) \*Kalani\* : pulp (2.25.26) ### [v2.c50.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.28) \*Kalpanā\* : chopper or cutter (2.3.34) ### [v2.c50.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.29) \*Kākani\* : copper coin one-sixty-fourth of a paṇa (2.12.24; 2.13.15-16) ### [v2.c50.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.30) \*Kāca\* : glass, crystal (3.17.8). In 2.14.53, \*Kāca\* implies pilferage. ### [v2.c50.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.31) \*Kācaka\* : fixing mica or glass in an article of gold. (2.14.40) ### [v2.c50.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.32) \*Kācakarmana\* : setting in gold or silver (2.12.38) ### [v2.c50.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.33) \*Kācamaṇi\* : a glass bead (2.11.36) ### [v2.c50.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.34) \*Kācārpaṇa\* : seeting a gem in gold or silver (2.12.38) ### [v2.c50.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.35) \*Kāñcana\* : gold or silver base for setting (2.13.33 and 41) ### [v2.c50.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.36) \*Kāñcanakāru\* : an artisan working in setting gems etc. (2.13.33) ### [v2.c50.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.37) \*Kārukarma\* : artisan’s work (2.14.17) see text for details, chapter 5 ### [v2.c50.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.38) \*Kārmantika\* : the Director of Factories (1.12.6, 2.4.11, 5.3.7) ### [v2.c50.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.39) \*Kārmarika\* : manufactured by a smith (2.3.35) ### [v2.c50.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.40) \*Kārmika\* : works manager (2.1.38, 2.7.22-23, 2.28.27) ### [v2.c50.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.41) \*Kālāyasa\* : black metal or iron (2.13.55; 2.17.14) ### [v2.c50.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.42) \*Kāsisa\* : iron sulphate (2.13.19) puṣpakāsisa ### [v2.c50.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.43) \*Kitta\* : dross (2.12.1); pūtikitta (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.44) \*Kutta\* : to pound (2.13.9) ### [v2.c50.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.45) \*Kuttakayantra\* : pounding machine (2.15.62) ### [v2.c50.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.46) \*Kuttanaśāla\* : a shed for pounding work (3.8.28) ### [v2.c50.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.47) \*Kūpya\* : forest produce (1.16.29, 2.17.1) ### [v2.c50.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.48) \*Kuruvinda\* : corundum (2.14.48) \*Kṣāra\* : sugar-cane juice, (2.15.14 and 64, 2.29.43, 2.30.18, 2.31.13) also alkali (2.12.9 and 27; 2.15.15) \*Kṣudraka\* : minor work in gold (bead-making etc.) (2.13.37 and 40) \*Kṣurakalpa\* : razor type weapons (2.18.14) see text chapter 5 \*Kṣepaṇa\* : setting or binding in gold or silver (2.12.37-38) \*Khaḍga\* : sword (2.18.12) varieties see chapter 5 \*Gāndhāra\* : red lead (2.14.35) \*Gomedaka\* : gem of cow-flesh colour (2.11.30; 2.12.6) \*Candrakānta\* : see \*Nandaka\* \*Cuncuvālukā\* : fine sand (2.12.5) \*Jatu\* : lac (2.14.35) \*Jātārūpa\* : gold (2.13.3) \*Jimūtaprabha\* : gem with the lustre of dark cloud (cloudstone?) (2.11.31) \*Taṅka\* : chisel (4.4.20) \*Tapanīya\* : gold specially prepared for making ornaments using heat (2.13.61) \*Tapanīyakāru\* : a maker of ornamental gold (2.13.33) \*Tapta\* : ornamental gold (2.14.8) \*Tāmra\* : copper (2.12.23-24, 2.13.52 and 58, 2.17.14, 4.1.35) \*Tāra\* : silver for ornaments (2.13.49, 2.14.30) \*Tāla\* : bell-metal (2.12.23) \*Tīkṣṇa\* : cast or carburised iron (2.12.15 and 24; 2.13.48 and 58) \*Tīkṣṇa Dhātu\* : iron ore which produce iron (2.12.15) whitish-red (\*sinduvāra\* flower like) stone \*Tuttha\* : a crucible for heating and purification of silver (2.13.49) \*Trapu\* : tin (2.12.14, 23 and 24; 2.17.14, 4.1.39) \*Tripuṭaka\* : two parts of silver and one part of copper (2.14.20-21) \*Tvaṣṭr\* : a gold plater (2.13.33) \*Tvaṣṭrkarmaṇa\* : gold plating (2.13.44) \*Danta\* : tooth of an elephant or ivory (3.17.8) ### [v2.c50.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.49) \*Dhātu\* : metallic ore (not metal yet) (2.12.7 and 12-18, 2.22.6) ### [v2.c50.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.50) \*Nandaka\* : a gem, white inside and blue outside, resembles \*Candrakānta\* (2.11.31) ### [v2.c50.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.51) \*Nāli\* : a tube, a blowpipe (2.14.23, 13.2.21) ### [v2.c50.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.52) \*Nālikā\* : a measure of time approximately 24 minutes standardised by the time required for the flow of a certain amount of water through a standard hole (1.7.8, 1.19.6, 2.20.35) ### [v2.c50.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.53) \*Nikaṣya\* : touchstone, actually streakplate for testing streak of gold and silver (2.13.17-27) ### [v2.c50.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.54) \*Paṇa\* : a silver coin (\*Kārṣāpaṇa\*) (2.12.24; 2.13.15-16) ### [v2.c50.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.55) \*Paṇayātrā\* : circulation of coin/currency (2.12.25, 4.1.44-45) ### [v2.c50.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.56) \*Padmarāga\* : ruby (2.11.29) ### [v2.c50.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.57) \*Paribhāṇḍa\* : the encircling metal (in the setting of gems etc.) (2.13.43, 2.14.37) ### [v2.c50.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.58) \*Pākamukta\* : product of crystallisation (2.12.28) (salt) ### [v2.c50.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.59) \*Pāṇsudhāvaka\* : the dust-washer (in a mine or goldsmith's shop), (2.13.33; 4.1.49) ### [v2.c50.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.60) \*Pinka\* : embedding of metals, gems and chemicals (2.14.34-42) ### [v2.c50.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.61) \*Pūtikitta\* : dross or slag from furnace (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.62) \*Pudgala\* : an article made of gold or silver (2.14.7 and 43) ### [v2.c50.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.63) \*Puṣyarāga\* : a gem, yellow like turmeric (2.11.30) ### [v2.c50.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.64) \*Pṛṣata\* : making of beads (of gold etc.), a bead (2.13.40, 43 and 60; 2.14.45) ### [v2.c50.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.65) \*Pṛṣatakāru\* : a bead-maker (2.13.33) ### [v2.c50.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.66) \*Petaka\* : enclosing of metals (2.14.26-33) ### [v2.c50.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.67) \*Peṣaka\* : a grinder (1.21.10) ### [v2.c50.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.68) \*Pautava\* : standardisation (from \*pū\* to refine) (2.19.1) ### [v2.c50.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.69) \*Pratāpana\* : heating (4.8.22) ### [v2.c50.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.70) \*Pravāla\* : coral (2.6.4; 2.11.42; 2.12.27) ### [v2.c50.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.71) \*Prātivedhanika\* : stamping of weights and measures (2.19.40), stamping fee (2.19.42) ### [v2.c50.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.72) \*Prāstara\* : consisting of rocks (2.3.1) ### [v2.c50.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.73) \*Phalāmla\* : sour fruit juice (acidic), (2.15.18, 2.25.39) ### [v2.c50.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.74) \*Bimba\* : die for making coins (4.4.20) ### [v2.c50.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.75) \*Bija\* : an alloy (2.12.24) ### [v2.c50.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.76) \*Bhastrā\* : skin bag, bellow (4.4.20) ### [v2.c50.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.77) \*Bhānda\* : article, container ### [v2.c50.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.78) \*Manirāga\* : the imparting of colour to gems (1.18.8, 2.12.1) ### [v2.c50.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.79) \*Mandala\* : a metal ball (2.19.13) ### [v2.c50.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.80) \*Manahśilā\* : realgar, red arsenic sulphide (2.12.2, 2.14.48, 2.22.6, 14.2.17) ### [v2.c50.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.81) \*Mārjārakṣaka\* : cat’s eye, a variation of beryl (2.11.39) ### [v2.c50.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.82) \*Māsaka\* : copper coin, 1/16 of a \*pana\* (2.12.24, 2.13.15-16, 2.19.2-7) ### [v2.c50.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.83) \*Muktā\* : pearl (2.6.4) ### [v2.c50.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.84) \*Mukhalavana\* : rock salt, salt from the Indus land (2.29.43) ### [v2.c50.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.85) \*Mudrā\* : stamp, seal (later coin) (1.20.23, 2.21.2 and 26, 5.3.41, 11.1.25) ### [v2.c50.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.86) \*Mustika\* : a hand-vice (4.4.20) ### [v2.c50.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.87) \*Mūsā\* : a crucible, (2.12.1, 4.4.20) ### [v2.c50.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.88) \*Mūkamūsā\* : dummy crucible (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.89) \*Yantra\* : a machine (2.15.62, 2.18.1, 10.6.48); a mechanism (1.20.2, 2.3.34, 2.5.2) ### [v2.c50.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.90) \*Yāntrika\* : a mechanic (10.3.44) ### [v2.c50.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.91) \*Yavaksāra\* : caustic ash of barley (2.12.9; 2.15.15) ### [v2.c50.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.92) \*Yogānjana\* : a poisonous collyrium which blinds (4.10.13) ### [v2.c50.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.93) \*Rasa\* : a liquid ore (2.12.2) ore from streams (?) ### [v2.c50.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.94) \*Rasapāka\* : the smelting of liquid ores (2.12.1-3) ### [v2.c50.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.95) \*Rasaviddha\* : smelted from liquid ores or obtained from streams (?) qualifying gold. Another kind of gold stated to be from the mines (2.13.3 and 6) ### [v2.c50.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.96) \*Rūpa\* : a coin (2.12.24; 5.2.61) ### [v2.c50.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.97) \*Rūpadarśaka\* : an examiner of coins (2.5.10, 2.9.28, 2.12.25, 4.1.44) ### [v2.c50.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.98) \*Rūpika\* : coining fee, manufacturing charges (2.12.26, 30 and 35; 2.6.10) ### [v2.c50.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.99) \*Rūpya\* : silver (2.12.5. and 6; 2.14.20) ### [v2.c50.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.100) \*Rocani\* : the grinding mill (3.8.11) ### [v2.c50.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.101) \*Rocanidrsad\* : the mill stones (2.15.62; 2.18.15) ### [v2.c50.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.102) \*Laksanādhyaksah\* : mint-master (2.12.24) ### [v2.c50.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.103) \*Lavaṇādhyakṣaḥ\* : master of salt works (2.12.28) \*Lohādhyakṣaḥ\* : the director of metal-work (2.12.23) \*Vajra\* : diamond (2.6.4, 2.11.37, 2.12.27) \*Varṇa\* : colour or quality (2.14.5, 3.12.53, 4.1.30) \*Varṇikā\* : the standard gold (2.13.17) \*Vāsaya\* : to gild (2.13.46) \*Vāsitaka\* : gilding (2.14.17) \*Vāstuka\* : the base or frame of a gold article (2.13.43, 2.14.35, 39 and 46) \*Viḍa/bida\* : salt containing chlorides of sodium and calcium, also sulphate and some red iron oxide (from sea-water) (2.15.15) \*Vimalaka\* : white-red gem from Vimala (Girnar) mountains. Carnelian? Pyrite? (2.11.35, 2.12.6) \*Viṣṭi\* : sappers, miners and labourers (9.2.9, 10.1.9 and 17, 10.4.17) \*Vija\* : additive alloying element to harden (2.12.24) \*Vṛtta\* : steel or carburised iron (2.12.23, 2.17.14, 3.17.8, 4.1.35) \*Vedhana\* : which transmutes through smelting (2.12.3 and 5) \*Vellaka\* : an alloy of silver and iron in equal proportions (2.14.22) \*Vaikṛntaka\* : a kind of metal (2.12.16 and 23; 2.17.14, 4.1.35). Some special kind of alloy of iron? Later \*vaikrānta\* meant a gem like diamond. \*Vaidūrya\* : beryl (2.11.30) \*Śaṅkha\* : conch-shell (2.6.4, 2.12.27, 7.12.24) \*Śilājatu\* : bitumen or ‘lac of the rock’ (2.12.4) \*Śukti\* : oyster, nacre (2.11.35) \*Śulka\* : duty, toll (2.21.2) \*Śulkaśālā\* : the customs house (2.21.1) \*Śulva\* : two meanings: (1) copper (2.13.16 and 44; 2.14.20-22 and 30-31); (2) underground vein of metal ore (2.12.1) or water (2.24.1) \*Śvetatāra\* : white silver (2.13.50, 51 and 54) \*Sattva\* : the metallic content (or essence) (2.12.7) \*Samyūha\* : to coat, to plate (2.13.44, 2.14.48) ### [v2.c50.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.104) \*Saṃyūhya\* : the work of gold-plating (2.14.17, 26 and 50) ### [v2.c50.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.105) \*Saṃkara\* : impurity (3.14.38) ### [v2.c50.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.106) \*Saṃdhātya\* : fixing base metal in an article of gold or silver (2.14.17, 26 and 30) ### [v2.c50.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.107) \*Saṃdaṃśa\* : a pair of tongs (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.108) \*Sasyaka\* : blue gem, copper sulphate (2.11.35, 2.12.6) ### [v2.c50.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.109) \*Sāra\* : an article of high value (2.5.8, 2.7.2, 2.11.1) strength (1.16.9, 8.1.61) ### [v2.c50.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.110) \*Sīsā\* : lead (2.12.6, 13 and 24; 2.13.6 and 47; 2.17.14, 4.1.39) ### [v2.c50.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.111) \*Suvarcikalavaṇa\* : borax (2.14.23) ### [v2.c50.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.112) \*Suvarṇa\* : gold of fixed weight 16 māṣakas (2.19.3, 2.13.15, 48; 4.1.28) ### [v2.c50.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.113) \*Suvarṇa Pāka\* : the smelting of gold (1.18.8) ### [v2.c50.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.114) \*Suvarṇādhyakṣa\* : the superintendent of gold-works (2.13.1) ### [v2.c50.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.115) \*Sūryakānta\* : sunstone gem (2.11.32) ### [v2.c50.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.116) \*Saindhavikā\* : earth or sand from the river Indus (2.13.47 and 49) ### [v2.c50.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.117) \*Saugandhikā\* : red gem spinel (or ruby?) (2.11.29) ### [v2.c50.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.118) \*Sauvarcala\* : borax (2.15.15) ### [v2.c50.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.119) \*Sauvarṇika\* : the state goldsmith (2.13.2; 2.14.1 and 11) ### [v2.c50.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.120) \*Sneha\* : fat (2.15.64) ### [v2.c50.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.121) \*Sphaṭika\* : quartz, crystal (2.11.32) ### [v2.c50.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.122) \*Sravanmadhya\* : bluish gem ‘having rays shooting like flowing water’ (2.11.31) Asteriated or star sapphire. ### [v2.c50.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.123) \*Haritāla\* : yellow orpiment, arsenic sulphide (2.14.48, 2.22.6, 14.2.17) ### [v2.c50.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.124) \*Hiṅguluka\* : vermilion, mercuric sulphide (2.13.19 and 46, 2.14.34 and 48, 2.22.6) ### [v2.c50.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.125) \*Hiraṇya\* : money, cash (1.13.6, 1.19.12) ### [v2.c50.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50.126) Samyukta : the work of the Sūtras (1.1.10 and 1.1.11). Samyukta : (1.1.12). Samyukta : fixing these metals in an alloy of gold (1.1.13). Samyukta : a piece of copper (1.1.14). Samyukta : the upper part of the Sūtra (1.1.15, 1.1.16). Samyukta : a piece of gold (1.1.17 and 1.1.18). Samyukta : the gold to which it refers is as it were the Samyukta : the smelting of gold (1.1.19). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.20). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.21). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.22). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.23). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.24). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.25). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.26). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.27). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.28). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.29). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.30). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.31). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.32). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.33). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.34). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.35). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.36). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.37). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.38). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.39). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.40). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.41). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.42). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.43). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.44). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.45). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.46). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.47). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.48). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.49). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.50). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.51). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.52). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.53). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.54). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.55). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.56). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.57). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.58). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.59). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.60). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.61). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.62). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.63). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.64). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.65). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.66). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.67). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.68). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.69). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.70). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.71). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.72). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.73). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.74). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.75). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.76). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.77). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.78). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.79). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.80). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.81). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.82). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.83). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.84). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.85). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.86). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.87). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.88). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.89). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.90). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.91). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.92). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.93). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.94). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.95). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.96). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.97). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.98). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.99). Samyukta : the treatment of gold (1.1.100). ## Cites (2) - [Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.artha.kautilya.2.13.1) — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit - [Pāṇinīya Dhātupāṭha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.dhatu.other.paniniyadhatupatha) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c50) · Pramāṇa