[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Minerals and Metals in Ancient India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996) › v2.c51 # Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c51: Appendix E: Some Technical Words in the Post-Christian Era Indian Literature Related to Minerals and Metals Minerals and Metals in Ancient India v2.c51 - **Language:** English ### Appendix E: Some Technical Words in the Post-Christian Era Indian Literature Related to Minerals and Metals ### [v2.c51.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.2) \*Akik\* : agate \*Adrija\* : bitumen \*Abhraka\* : mica \*Amla\* : acid \*Arka\* : sunstone \*Aśmasāra\* : metallic extract, pig iron (?) \*Ājiva\* : alloying element to harden \*Ārakūṭa\* : brass \*Indragopa\* : golden beryl or zircon (?) \*Indranīla\* : sapphire \*Utpala\* : greenish-blue aquamarine \*Audbhida\* : plant ash alkali \*Kajjali\* : cinnabar \*Kankuṣṭha\* : tin ore (?) \*Kankuṣṭam\* : purgative soil with Mg/Na sulphate \*Kaṃsa\* : bronze, bell-metal \*Kaṃsa-Mākṣika\* : coarse grained arseno-pyrite \*Karuṇḍaka\* : crimson-yellow ruby ### [v2.c51.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.3) \*Karketana\* : chrysoberyl ### [v2.c51.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.4) \*Karpūrarasa\* : calomel or mercuric chloride ### [v2.c51.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.5) \*Karmānta\* : factory ### [v2.c51.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.6) \*Kākatunḍi\* : leaded-brass turning black with acid ### [v2.c51.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.7) \*Kāntaloha\* : iron from magnetite ### [v2.c51.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.8) \*Kāmksi\* : alum ### [v2.c51.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.9) \*Kāmsya\* : bronze/bell-metal ### [v2.c51.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.10) \*Kāmsya Vimala\* : arseno-pyrite or löllingite ### [v2.c51.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.11) \*Kāravellaka\* : non-laminated zinc ore ### [v2.c51.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.12) \*Kāsīsa\* : green vitriol or ferrous sulphate ### [v2.c51.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.13) \*Kiṭṭa\* : dross ### [v2.c51.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.14) \*Kuṭila\* : tin ### [v2.c51.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.15) \*Kuruvinda\* : corundum ### [v2.c51.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.16) \*Kṛśan\* : conch-pearl ### [v2.c51.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.17) \*Kṣāra\* : alkali ### [v2.c51.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.18) \*Khaṭikā / Khaṭi\* : steatite chalk ### [v2.c51.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.19) \*Khani\* : mine ### [v2.c51.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.20) \*Khanija\* : mineral ### [v2.c51.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.21) \*Kharpara\* : zinc ore, calamine, sphalerite (?) ### [v2.c51.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.22) \*Gandhaka\* : sulphur ### [v2.c51.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.23) \*Garuḍodgāra\* : emerald ### [v2.c51.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.24) \*Galu\* : gem ### [v2.c51.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.25) \*Gāndhāra\* : red lead ### [v2.c51.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.26) \*Gārutmata\* : emerald ### [v2.c51.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.27) \*Gairika\* : red ochre, hydrated iron oxide ### [v2.c51.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.28) \*Gomeda\* : zircon, hyacinth, jacinth ### [v2.c51.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.29) \*Ghoṣa\* : bell-metal; 20 p.c. tin in copper, makes sound ### [v2.c51.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.30) \*Candrakānta\* : special feldspar, cloudstone (?) ### [v2.c51.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.31) \*Capala\* : quick-melting tin or bismuth ore ### [v2.c51.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.32) \*Cīnāmāti\* : China-clay or Kaolin ### [v2.c51.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.33) \*Cuṇī\\*\* : ruby, from \*cūrṇikā\* or small ruby ### [v2.c51.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.34) \*Cunā Pāthar\\*\* : limestone, produces \*cūṇa\* or lime ### [v2.c51.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.35) \*Culikā Lavaṇa\* : sal ammoniac ### [v2.c51.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.36) \*Jabarjad\\*\* : Olivine, peridot ### [v2.c51.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.37) \*Jawharmuhra\\*\* : jade ### [v2.c51.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.38) \*Jāmīrā\\*\* : purple amethyst; quartz with Mn ### [v2.c51.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.39) \*Jārana\* : amalgamation ### [v2.c51.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.40) \*Tankana\* : borax ### [v2.c51.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.41) \*Tāmḍi, Tāmrya, Tāmri\* : garnet, carbuncle ### [v2.c51.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.42) \*Tāmra\* : copper ### [v2.c51.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.43) \*Tāra\* : silver ### [v2.c51.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.44) \*Tārāmaṇi\* : star sapphire ### [v2.c51.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.45) \*Tārkṣya\* : emery or corundum with iron ### [v2.c51.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.46) \*Tāla\* : orpiment, bell-metal ### [v2.c51.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.47) \*Tālaka\* : orpiment ### [v2.c51.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.48) \*Tikṣṇa\* : steel, carburised iron ### [v2.c51.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.49) \*Tikṣṇa Dhātu\* : iron ore ### [v2.c51.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.50) \*Tutthaka, Tnute\\*\* : blue vitriol, CuSO₄ ### [v2.c51.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.51) \*Tuvārī\* : alum ### [v2.c51.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.52) \*Trapu\* : tin ### [v2.c51.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.53) \*Darada\* : cinnabar ### [v2.c51.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.54) \*Dastā\\*\* : zinc ### [v2.c51.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.55) \*Durdura\* : flaky laminated zinc ore ### [v2.c51.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.56) \*Drāvaṇavarga\* : flux ### [v2.c51.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.57) \*Dhātu\* : metal and metal-bearing ore ### [v2.c51.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.58) \*Navasāra\* : potassium chloride/carbonate fertiliser ### [v2.c51.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.59) \*Nāga\* : lead \*Nikaṣya\* : streak-plate \*Nirvāpa\* : quenching \*Nīla / Nīlakānta\* : sapphire \*Nīlagandhi\* : red ruby with a blue tint \*Nīlāñjana\* : stibnite or carrollite \*Padmarāga\* : ruby \*Pānnā\* : emerald \*Pārada\* : mercury \*Pāribhadra\* : aquamarine \*Pālaṅka\* : onyx \*Pitala / Pitatāla\* : brass \*Pilu\\*\* : jade \*Puttika\* : olivine, peridot \*Pulaka\* : garnet? \*Puṣparāga\* : topaz \*Puṣyarāga\* : topaz \*Pūtiloha\* : low m.p. metals \*Peroja\\*/Piroja\\*\* : turquoise \*Pokhrāj\\*\* : topaz \*Pogara\* : cementite streaks in carburised iron \*Pravāla\* : coral \*Phatki\\*/Phullikā\* : alum \*Bālasūryaka\* : spinel balas-ruby \*Billaur\\*\* : quartz (or velur/beryl?) \*Bīja\* : alloying element to harden \*Bhastrā\* : bellow \*Bhidura\* : diamond \*Bhiṣma\* : quartz or chalcedony ? \*Makaradhvaja\* : mercuric sulphide ### [v2.c51.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.60) \*Maṇi\* : gem \*Maṇirāga\* : imparting colour to gem \*Maṇḍūra\* : rust of iron \*Manaḥśilā\* : realgar \*Marakata\* : emerald \*Marmara\* : marble \*Masāra\* : emerald (from Misar / Egypt?) \*Mākṣika\* : pyrite \*Mākṣika Kaṃsa\* : arsenopyrite \*Mākṣika Tāra\* : pyrite \*Mākṣika Svarṇa\* : chalcopyrite \*Mākṣika Hema\* : chalcopyrite \*Māṇikya\* : gem, ruby \*Māraṇa\* : incineration, oxidation of metal \*Mārjārākṣa\* : cat’s eye, chrysoberyl \*Miśraloha\* : alloy \*Muktā\* : pearl \*Muṇḍaloha\* : wrought iron \*Mūṣā\* : crucible \*Mṛddārāśṛṅga\* : anglesite or litharge, yellow PbO \*Yaśada\* : zinc \*Yaśadāyaka\* : zinc \*Yaśam\* : jade \*Yukta\* : alloy \*Rajata\* : silver \*Ranga, Rung\* : tin \*Rasa\* : mercury, liquid or melt \*Rasaka\* : zinc metal or ore, calamine \*Rasakarpūra\* : mercuric chloride \*Rasapāka\* : smelting of ores to liquid state \*Rasasindūra\* : mercuric sulphide \*Rasāñjana\* : stibnite or mercuric sulphide \*Rājāvarta, Lajward\\*\* : lapis lazuli \*Rāng\\*\* : tin \*Ritikā\* : malleable alpha-brass \*Rīti\* : brass, calx of brass \*Rukham\\*\* : alabaster \*Rudhirākṣa\* : carnelian \*Reh\\*\* : soil containing sodium sulphate and bicarbonate \*Raupya\* : silver \*Raupyamal\* : calx of silver \*Lavaṇa\* : salt \*Lasuniyā\\*\* : garlic-like chrysoberyl, cat’s eye \*Loha\* : metal ‘which is extracted’ \*Lohavedha\* : metallic transformation \*Lohitākṣa\* : carnelian \*Lauha\* : iron \*Lauha Kānta\* : magnetic iron \*Lauha Tikṣṇa\* : carburised iron, steel \*Lauha Muṇḍa\* : wrought iron \*Vajra\* : diamond \*Vaṅga\* : tin \*Vaṃśamuktā\* also \*Vaṃśa-Locana, Tvakṣāra\* : bamboo-pearl \*Varanāga\* : ‘lead-like antimony’, alloy of Sb/Fe \*Varaloha\* : Cu/Fe alloy \*Varātikā\* : marine nodule \*Vartaloha\* : alloy of five metals : Cu/Fe/Pb/brass and bell-metal. Also known as \*Pañcaloha\* \*Vahṇimṛttikā\* : fire-clay ### [v2.c51.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.61) Viḍalavaṇa : reacting black salt, ‘kills’ gold Viduraka : chrysoberyl, cat’s eye Vidruma : coral Vimala, Vimalaka : pyrite Vimala Kāmsya : arsenopyrite Vimala Tāra : pyrite Vimala Hema : chalcopyrite Veḷuriya\* : beryl Vellaka : silver-iron alloy Vaikṛntaka : magnetic iron or iron from magnetite Vaikṛntakadhātu : magnetite Vaikrānta : tourmaline Vaidūrya : beryl Vaidūrya Nila : aquamarine Śaṅkha : conch-shell Śastra : steel, weapon Śastrapāna : quench-hardening of śastra Śilā : rock, realgar Śilājatu : bitumen Śukti : oyster Śulva : copper, underground vein of metallic ore Śulva-Ari or Śulvāri : sulphur, ‘killer’ of copper Śulvanāga : Cu/Pb alloy Śeṣa : onyx Śodhana : purification Śorā/Sorā : saltpetre KNO₃ Satva/Sattva : metallic essence in an ore Satvapātana : extraction of metal Sarjikā Kṣāra/Sarjikā Mṛttikā : river-bed alkaline soil with Na₂SO₄/NaHCO₃ ### [v2.c51.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.62) \*Sasyaka\* : blue vitriol or CuSO₄ \*Sīsaja\* : red lead \*Sīsā\* : lead \*Surmā\* : collyrium, stibnite \*Sulemānī\* : onyx \*Suvarcikā\* : borax \*Suvarṇa\* : gold \*Sūryakānta\* : sunstone \*Sonelā\* : yellow quartz with iron oxide. False topaz. \*Sohtā\* : carrollite \*Sohāgā\* : borax \*Saugandhika\* : yellowish-red spinel ruby \*Saubhāgya\* : borax \*Saubhirāñjana\* : stibnite \*Saubhrācala/Sauvarcala\* : alkaline sochal salt; borax or saltpetre (?) \*Saurāṣṭraja\* : alum \*Snapana\* : quenching \*Sphaṭika\* : quartz \*Sravanmadhya\* : asteriated or star sapphire \*Srotāñjana\* : carrollite \*Svarṇa\* : gold \*Svarṇa Mākṣika\* : chalcopyrite \*Harā Kāśīsa\* : green vitriol FeSO₄ \*Haritāla\* : orpiment (Also löllingite?) \*Harinmaṇi\* : emerald \*Hingula\* : cinnabar \*Hīraka/Hīrā\* : diamond ### [v2.c51.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.63) ∗ indicates non-Sanskritic words. ### [v2.c51.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.64) Agrawal, D.P. and Chakrabarti, D.K. (eds.), \*Essays in Indian Proto-history\*, B.R. 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Brajendranath, \*The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus\*, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1985. ### [v2.c51.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.101) Sharma, R.K., and Dash, B., (ed. and tr.), \*Caraka Saṃhitā\*, 2 volumes, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1983. ### [v2.c51.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.102) Sharma, R.S., \*Material Culture and Social Formation in Ancient India\*, New Delhi, 1983. ### [v2.c51.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.103) Shatstri, A.M., \*India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṃhitā of Varāhamihira\*, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1969. ### [v2.c51.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.104) Suryakant, \*Vaidik Koś\*, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1963. ### [v2.c51.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.105) Tagore, S.M., \*Maṇimālā\*, 2 volumes, Calcutta, 1879. ### [v2.c51.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.106) Vasu, Śrīśa Chandra, (ed. and tr.), \*The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini\*, 2 volumes, Motilal Banarsidass, 1962. ### [v2.c51.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.107) Alchemy, related to \*Rasaśāstra\* texts, 143-46 Alloys, in \*Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra\*, 49-50 in \*RRS\*, 162-64 \*Amarakośa\*, 137 \*Aṅgavijjā\*, 135-36 Archaeology, and Indian history, 177-78 related to \*Mahābhārata\*, 59-60 \*Arthaśāstra\* of Kauṭilya, 39-55: authorship, 39-40 date, 39-40 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 235-41 \*Āryans\*, 5-6 \*Aṣṭādhyāyī\* of Pāṇini, 30-38 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 221-34 \*Ayas\*, 8-9, 17-22 ### [v2.c51.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.108) Beryl, in \*Ratnaśāstra\*, 81-85 Beryllium, germs containing, in \*Ratnaśāstra\*, 81-89 \*Bhisma\*, a gem, 98 ### [v2.c51.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.109) Brass, in \*Rasaratnasamuccaya\*, 174 \*Bṛhatsaṃhitā\*, 137-40 Buddhist literature, minerals and metals in, 66 ### [v2.c51.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.110) \*Candrakānta\*, 103-04 \*Caraka Saṃhitā\*, 127 Categorisation of gems, 71-75 Chalcedony, group of gems, 98-102 Chalcolithic transition, 6-7 Chrysolite, 104 Coins, in \*Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra\*, 50 in Pāṇini’s \*Aṣṭādhyāyī\*, 32-33 Coral, 107-10 Corundum, 78-81 Cosmology, in the Vedic literature, 16 ### [v2.c51.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.111) Diamond, in \*Ratnaśāstra\*, 75-78 Director of Metals, in \*Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra\*, 50-51 Director of Mines, in \*Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra\*, 41-42 ### [v2.c51.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.112) Emerald, 84-89 Epics, minerals and metals in, 57-66 post-Christian era additions in, 64-65 Extractive Metallurgy in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30-31 ### [v2.c51.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.113) Feldspar group of gems, 103-04 Ferrous materials, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 167-71 Fire, in Ṛgvedic metallurgy, 7-8 Furnaces, in the Vedic literature, 16-17 ### [v2.c51.114](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.114) Garnet, 90-92 Gems, categories of-, 71-75 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 42-45 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 155-56 in Ṛgveda, 10-11 in Vedic literatures, 24-25 scientific information on, 199-211 scientific knowledge of-, in Ratnaśāstra, 121 Gemmology texts, 69-123 Gold, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 32-33 in Vedic literature, 20-22 Gupta era Rasaśāstra literature, 135-36 ### [v2.c51.115](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.115) Iatrochemical texts, 148-49 Indranila, 78-81 Inorganic materials in Vedic literature, 22-24 Iron, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 52-53 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 in Vedic literature, 22 ### [v2.c51.116](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.116) Jade, 102-03 ### [v2.c51.117](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.117) Kāntaloha, 174-76 Kārṣāpaṇa, 33-35 Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, see Arthaśāstra Kuruvinda, 78-81 ### [v2.c51.118](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.118) Lapis lazuli, 105-07 Lājāvarta, 105-07 Lead, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 173 in Vedic literature, 19-20 Less common form of pearls, 111-14 ### [v2.c51.119](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.119) Mahābhārata and archaeology, 59-60 Mahārasas, 156-58 Marakata, 84-89 Metallic ores, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 46-49 Metals, in Buddhist literatures, 66 in epics, 57-66 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 39-56 in Mahābhārata, 60-65 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 31-32 in Rāmāyaṇa, 65-66 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55, 162-64 in \*Ṛgveda\*, 5-13 specially, 9-10 in Vedic literatures, 16-23, specially, 18-22 Mine, in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30 Mineral engineering, in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30 Mineral resources, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 41-42 Minerals, in Buddhist literatures, 66 in Epics, 57-66 in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 39-56 in Mahābhārata, 60-65 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 31-32 in Rāmāyaṇa, 65-66 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55 in \*Ṛgveda\*, 5-13 in Vedic literature, 16-25 scientific information on, 199-211 Minting coins, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 50 \*Muktā\*, 110-20, \*also see\* pearl \*Muṇḍaloha\*, 174-76 ### [v2.c51.120](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.120) Nāgārjuna, 130-33 Natural products, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 161-62 Neolithic to chalcolithic transition in \*Ṛgveda\*, 6-7 Non-gem minerals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 45-46 ### [v2.c51.121](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.121) Ornament, in \*Ṛgveda\*, 10-11 Ornamental metals, in the Vedic literature, 20-22 Oyster pearl, 114-17 ### [v2.c51.122](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.122) \*Padmarāga\*, 78-81 Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 30-38 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 221-34 Patañjali, 129-30 Pearl, 110-20 less common forms of-, 111-14 market of-, 117-19 mythological theory related to origin of-, 119-20 origin of-, 119-20 oyster pearl, 114-17 \*Piroja\*, 105 Post-Christian era technical terms related to minerals and metals, 243-50 Potteries in Vedic literature, 22-24 \*Pravāla\*, 107-10 Precious metals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 \*Pulaka\*, 92-94 \*Puṣparāga\*, 89-90 \*Puṣyarāga\*, 89-90 ### [v2.c51.123](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.123) Quartz family gem minerals, 95-97 ### [v2.c51.124](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.124) \*Rājāvarta\*, 105-7 Rāmāyaṇa, minerals and metals in, 65-66 \*Rasa\*, 164-7, also see Mahārasa and Uparasa Rasaka, 164-67 Rasaratnasamuccaya, minerals and metals in, 153-76 technical terms related to minerals and metals, 153-55 Rasārṇava, 146-48 Rasaśāstra, background of-, 125-40 some Sanskrit texts quoted in, 141-49 Ratnaśāstra, 69-123 scope of-, 75 some texts of-, 70 Ṛgveda, minerals and metals in, 5-13 Ruby, 78-81 ### [v2.c51.125](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.125) Salts, in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 161-62 Sapphire, 78-81 Sarasvati valley civilisation, 5-6 Śatamāna to Kārṣāpaṇa, 33-35 Scientific attitude in Ancient India, 179-85 Scientific informations on the minerals used during the ancient era, 199-211 Scientific knowledge about gems, 121 Scientific philosophy, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 54-55 Silver, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 49-50 in Vedic literature, 20-22 Steel, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 52-53 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 Suryakānta, 103-4 Suśruta Saṃhitā, 127-29 ### [v2.c51.126](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.126) Tāntric alchemy, 143-46 Technical concepts in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 37-38 Technical terms, related to minerals and metals, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 235-41 in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 221-34 in Post-Christian era Indian literature, 243-50 in Ṛgveda, 213-20 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 153-55 in Vedic literature, 218-20 Texts, of Rasaśāstra, 141-49 of Ratnaśāstra / Gemmology, 70 Tikṣaloha, in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 51-52 in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 174-76 Tin in Vedic literature, 18-19 Topaz, 89-90,104 Tourmaline, 90-92,94-95 Turquoise, 105 ### [v2.c51.127](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.127) Unit operation, in Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, 35-37 Uparasa materials in Rasaratnasamuccaya, 158-61 ### [v2.c51.128](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.128) Vaidūrya, 81-85 Vaikrantaka, 51-52 Vajra, 75-78 Vedic literatures related to minerals and metals, 16-25 Vṛtta, 51-52 ### [v2.c51.129](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.129) Words related to minerals and metals, in the \*Ṛgveda\*, 201-6 in the (other) Vedic literature, 218-20 ### [v2.c51.130](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.130) \*Yājñavalkya\*, 129-30 ### [v2.c51.131](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.131) \*Yavanajātaka\*, 133-34 ### [v2.c51.132](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.132) Zinc, in \*Rasaratnasamuccaya\*, 171-73 Zircon, 90-92 ### [v2.c51.133](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51.133) D.K. 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An Intercontinental Publishing Enterprise Regd. office: 'Sri Kunj', F-52 Bali Nagar, NEW DELHI-110 015 Phone: (011) 546-6019; Fax: (011) 546-5926 ## Cites (16) - [Carakasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka) — Agniveśa (Āyurveda) & Caraka, Sanskrit - [Suśrutasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.susruta-school.susruta) — Suśruta & Nāgārjuna (siddha/alchemist), Sanskrit - [Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.artha.kautilya) — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit - [Rasaratnasamuccaya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.rasa.samuccaya.pramukha.rasaratnasamuccaya) — Vāgbhaṭa (alchemist), Sanskrit - [Aṣṭādhyāyī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.astadhyayi-school.astadhyayi) — Pāṇini, Sanskrit - [Bṛhatsaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.samhita.rsi.brhatsamhita) — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit - [Vṛddhayavanajātaka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.hora.yavana.vrddhayavanajataka) — Mīnarāja, Sanskrit - [Rasārṇava](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.rasa.siddha.rasarnava) — Sanskrit - [Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa*bo) — Classical Tibetan - [Mahābhārata](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.mahabharata.vyasa) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Ṛgvedasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.samhita.rg) — Sanskrit - [Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.ramayana.valmiki) — Vālmīki, Sanskrit - [Aṃgavijjā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.painna.angavijja) — Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit - [Maṇimālā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.ratna.manimala) — Saurīndramohana Ṭhakkura, Sanskrit - [Candra Kānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.bengali.pranayopakhyan.candrakanta) — Bengali - [Buddhabhaṭṭīya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.ratna.buddhabhattiya) — Buddha, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.biswas-1996.v2.c51) · Pramāṇa