A Concise History of Science in India c4: Illustrations, Tables and Plates

A Concise History of Science in India c4

Language: English

Illustrations, Tables and Plates

| | | *Page* |
| 1. | A Survey of Source Materials | |
| | 1.1. Map showing Early, Middle and Late Stone Age sites | 4 |
| | 1.2. Map showing principal pre-Harappan settlements, and Harappan and post-Harappan sites . . . . | 7 |
| | 1.3. Map showing principal neolithic and chalcolithic sites . | 10 |
| 2. | Astronomy | |
| | 2.1. The celestial sphere and some important great circles . | 104 |
| | 2.2. Latitude, zenith distance and declination . . . | 105 |
| | 2.3. Declination, longitude and obliquity of the ecliptic . | 107 |
| | 2.4. Ascensional difference . . . . . . | 108 |
| | 2.5. Eccentric model . . . . . . . | 112 |
| | 2.6. Epicyclic model . . . . . . . | 113 |
| | 2.7. Eccentric-epicyclic model for finding the *śīghra* correction . . . . . . . . | 115 |
| | 2.8. Earth's shadow . . . . . . . | 119 |
| | 2.9. Conditions of eclipse . . . . . . | 120 |
| | 2.10. Duration of eclipse . . . . . . | 120 |
| | 2.11. Parallax . . . . . . . . | 121 |
| | 2.12. Latitudinal and longitudinal parallax . . . . | 122 |
| | 2.13. (*a*) Astrolabe. The 'face', *wadjih*, showing the graduated rim, the 'spider' and the circular tablets as seen through the 'spider' . . . | 127 |
| | 2.13. (*b*) Astrolabe. The 'spider' or *'ankabūt* . . . | 128 |
| | 2.13. (*c*) Astrolabe. The diopter or *al-'iḍāde* . . . | 128 |
| | 2.13. (*d*) Astrolabe. The 'back', *zahar* . . . . | 128 |
| | 2.14. *Samrāṭ yantra* . . . . . . . | 129 |

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3. MATHEMATICS

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| 3.1. | Sketch of an Indus scale . . . . . . | 137 |
| 3.2. | Baudhāyana’s construction of a square . . . . | 145 |
| 3.3. | Transformation of a square into a rectangle . . . | 147 |
| 3.4. | Transformation of a square into a rectangle, according to Baudhāyana . . . . . . . | 147 |
| 3.5. | Construction of a square equal to the sum of two different squares . . . . . . | 147 |
| 3.6, 3.7. | Pythagorean Theorem . . . . . . | 148 |
| 3.8. | Squaring the circle . . . . . . | 150 |
| 3.9. | (a) *Mahāvedi* . . . . . . | 151 |
| 3.9. | (b) *Śyena-cit* . . . . . . | 151 |
| 3.10. | Geometrical representation of indeterminate equations, according to Kātyāyana's *Śulba* . . . . | 152 |
| 3.11. | Geometrical method of finding the value of √2, according to *Śulba-sūtras* . . . . . . | 155 |
| 3.12. | Pascal's triangle, *meru-prastāra* . . . . . | 157 |
| 3.13. | *Gelosia* method . . . . . . | 180 |
| 3.14. | Construction of the isosceles trapezium . . . | 186 |
| 3.15. | Gaṇeśa's geometrical proof for the area of a circle . | 188 |
| 3.16. | Relation between diameter and segments of a chord . | 189 |
| 3.17. | *Jyā*, *koṭi-jyā* and *utkrama-jyā* . . . . | 198 |
| 3.18. | Hindu rules for spherical trigonometry . . . | 202 |

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(Some of the geometrical figures in chapters on Astronomy and Mathematics in the text are not captioned. Captions of these figures are given here on the basis of textual descriptions.)

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5. CHEMICAL PRACTICES AND ALCHEMY

c4.7

| 5.1. | Bar-diagram showing the chronological spread of different cultures and wares . . . . . | 277 |
| 5.2. | Map showing the spread of Malwa, Jorwe and Lustrous Red wares . . . . . | 278 |
| 5.3. | Copper-hoards: some implements and other objects from the Gangetic region . . . . . | 282 |
| 5.4. | Sketches of some pottery types . . . . . | 286 |

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| | | *Page* |
| 5.5. | Sketches of some ancient iron objects found at Hastināpura, Taxila, Sisupalgarh and Ujjain . . . . | 288 |
| 5.6. | Sketches of some ancient glass specimens . . . | 293 |
| 5.7. | Map showing the distribution of the Painted Grey and Northern Black Polished wares . . . | 297 |
| 5.8. | Schematic representation of a native copper-smelting furnace at Singhara near Khetri in Rajasthan (1831) | 300 |
| 5.9. | Sketch of the remains of a furnace for forging iron objects at Ujjain (period II) . . . | 301 |
| 5.10. | Possible form of the furnace used by the ironsmiths of south India . . . . . | 303 |
| 5.11. | The four ‘elements’ of the Greek thinker, Empedocles . | 311 |
| 5.12. | The *rasaśālā*—an artist's impression . . . | 329 |
| 5.13. | The *koṣṭhi* . . . . . . | 331 |
| 5.14. | The *dolā yantram* . . . . . | 332 |
| 5.15. | The *svedanī yantram* . . . . . | 332 |
| 5.16. | The *adhaḥpātana yantram* . . . . | 332 |
| 5.17. | The *tiryakpātana yantram* . . . . | 333 |
| 5.18. | An efflorescence of *pūnīru*; (inset) *aṇḍakkal* . . | 336 |

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8. ZOOLOGY

c4.10

| 8.1. | Neolithic haematite drawings showing stag, boar and hunters . . . . . . . | 404 |
| 8.2. | Skull of the Harappan dog, *Canis tenggeranus harappensis* Prashad . . . . . . | 406 |
| 8.3. | Representation of animals on seals of Mohenjo-daro . | 408 |
| 8.4. | Representation of animals on seals of Harappa . . | 409 |
| 8.5. | Figurines, toys, etc., of Mohenjo-daro . . . | 411 |
| 8.6. | Toys, etc., of Harappa . . . . . | 412 |
| 8.7. | Animal paintings on pottery of Kalibangan, Rajasthan | 412 |
| 8.8. | Animal motifs on Harappa wares . . . | 413 |
| 8.9. | Polychrome painting on Nāl ware showing *Nemachilus*-like fish . . . . . . | 414 |
| 8.10. | Mythical animals depicted on seals of Mohenjo-daro . | 415 |
| 8.11. | Animals in *Jātaka* sculptures . . . . | 423 |
| 8.12. | Mythological ‘*yali*’, the composite beast of the Tamil country . . . . . . . | 443 |

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10.1. Sketch of the weather chart of India: 16 Sept. 1888 . 504

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10.2. Sketch of the zenith sector used by William Lambton, now preserved in the Victoria Memorial Museum, Calcutta . . . . . . . . 508

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10.3. Sketch of the theodolite, assembled by S. Mohsin Husain and used by Waugh and his associates, now preserved in the Victoria Memorial Museum, Calcutta . . . . . . . . 513

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10.4. Sketches of six botanical specimens, reproduced from *Icones Roxburghianae* . . . . . 516

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10.5. Sketches of botanical specimens, reproduced from Wallich . . . . . . . . 517

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10.6. Sketches of four fossils discovered in the Siwalik hills by H. Falconer and P. Cautley . . . 522

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10.7. Sketches showing microsections of igneous rocks from Raipur and Balaghat districts, Central Provinces . 527

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10.8. (a) The Hooma or Blackfaced sheep of Tibet . . 532
(b) Himalayan Bradbill, *Psarisomus dalhousiae* . . 532

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10.9. (a) *Echeneis albescens*. (b) *Synaptura cornuta*. (c) *Labeo rohita* . . . . . . 535

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10.10. (a) *Lupocyclus strigosus*. (b) *Acanthephyra armata* . 536

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10.11. The first four Indian medical graduates who went to London . . . . . . . . 553

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10.12. Electric radiator designed and used by J. C. Bose . 557

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10.13. (a) The high magnification crescograph designed by J. C. Bose. (b) *Mimosa pudica*. (c) Desmodium plant . . . . . . . . 559

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TABLES

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2. ASTRONOMY

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2.1. *Nakṣatra* list in the Vedic *Saṃhitās*, the *Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa* and in the *Sūrya-siddhānta* . . . . 67

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2.2. The equations of centre of the sun and the moon in the *Romaka-siddhānta* . . . . . 86

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2.3. Planetary revolutions in a *Mahāyuga* . . . 87

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2.4. Longitudes of apogees and dimensions of *manda* and *śīghra* epicycles in Varāha's *Sū. Si.* and the modern *Sū. Si.* . . . . . . . 89

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2.5. Diameters of the sun, the moon and the earth, distances of the sun and the moon from the earth . . 118

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| 3.1. | Table showing examples of word-numerals . . . | 173 |
| 3.2. | Numerals without place-value . . . . | 176 |
| 3.3. | Numerals with place-value . . . . | 177 |
| 3.4. | Hindu half-chord (R sin θ) values of 24 angles in a quadrant . . . . . . . | 200 |

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5. CHEMICAL PRACTICES AND ALCHEMY

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| 5.1. | Chemical analysis of glass specimens (in percentage) from Taxila . . . . . . . | 295 |
| 5.2. | Chemical analysis of glass specimen (in percentage) from Arikamedu . . . . . . . | 295 |
| 5.3. | Chemical analysis of glass specimens (in percentage) from Kopia . . . . . . . . | 296 |
| 5.4. | Chemical analysis of glass specimens (in percentage) from Nalanda . . . . . . . | 296 |

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9. THE PHYSICAL WORLD: VIEWS AND CONCEPTS

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| 9.1. | Different types of substances and their attributes . . | 462 |

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