Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: Some Contemporary European Accounts c6.s4: Notes

Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century: Some Contemporary European Accounts c6.s4

Language: English

Notes

c6.s4.1

1. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: *Memoirs*.

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2. See mid-eighteenth century *Tracts on Inoculation* in the British Museum

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3. *Encyclopaedia Britannica*: 1910-11 edition: Article on *Sowing*.

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⁵ *Edinburgh Review*, Vol.22, Jan. 1814, pp.474-75

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⁷ *Encyclopaedia Britannica*: 1823 edition: Article on Hindoos, Vol.X, p.477.

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⁸ *Edinburgh Review*, Vol.X (1810), p.387; also see ‘An Essay on the Sacred Isles in the West’ by Francis Wilford in the *Asiatic Researches*, Vol.8 (1808), pp.246-7.

c6.s4.9

⁹ *Philosophical Transactions*, Vol.83 (1793), Article by John Lloyd Williams, pp.45-9.

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¹⁰ *Asiatic Researches*, Vol.5 (1798), Article by W. Hunter, pp.177-211.

12. G.R. Kaye (honorary correspondent of Archaeological Department of India), Calcutta, Government Printing Press, 1920.
13. Ibid.
14. J.P. Tavernier: *Travels in India*, Calcutta, 1905, p.425.
15. *Bengal: Past and Present*, Vol.6, pp.279-80
16. *Encyclopaedia Britannica*: 8th Edition (1850), Article on *Algebra*.
17. *Encyclopaedia Britannica*: 11th Edition (1910-11), Article on *Binomial Theorem*.
18. *Asiatic Researches*, Vol.13 (1820), Article by R. Tytler, M.D., pp.456-67.
19. Ibid.
20. See Chapter VI, p.146.
21. India Office Records (IOR): MSS Eur F/95/I, ‘Some Remarks on the Soil and Cultivation on the Western Side of the River Hooghly’, ff.81r.
22. See Chapter XVII, pp.255.
23. *Ibid*, pp.256.
24. *Report on the Progress of Vaccine Inoculation in Bengal*, Calcutta, 1804.
25. *Ibid*, p.27-8.
26. *Ibid*, p.94.
27. See *Tracts on Inoculation*, referred to above (reference 2) for the theological reasons advanced against inoculation in Britain in the eighteenth century.
28. IOR: Practice of Inoculation in the Benares Division: From Officiating Superintendent General of Vaccination to Government N.W.P., dated 6th June 1870, p.77.
29. Ibid, Report by R.M. Milne, Officiating Superintendent of Vaccination, dated 1st April 1870, p.72.
30. See Chapter VIII, p.161.
31. See Chapter XII, p.191.
32. Rameshchandra Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta: *An Advanced History of India*, 3rd edition (1967), p.564.
33. *Philosophical Transactions*, Vol.65 (1775), Article by Joseph Black, M.D., pp.124-8.
34. See Chapter XVII, p.258.
35. *Philosophical Transactions*, Vol.85 (1795), ‘Experiments and Observations to investigate the Nature of a Kind of Steel, manufactured at Bombay, and there called Wootz: with Remarks on the Properties and Composition of the different States of Iron’, by. George Pearson, M.D., F.R.S., pp.322-346. See also D. Mushet: *Experiments on Wootz or Indian Steel* (British Museum 727. k.3), pp.650-62.
36. Stodart to B. Heyne: Quoted in Heyne’s *Tracts on India*, 1814, p.363. According to Robert Hadfield, Stodart was probably ‘the same Mr Stodart who many years later assisted Faraday in preparing and investigating a large number of steel alloys’ (*Journal of Iron and Steel Institute*, Vol.85). According to Heyne, Stodart was ‘an eminent instrument-maker’, and according to Pearson, whom he assisted in conducting the experiments on Wootz in 1794-5, Stodart was an ‘ingenious artist’.
37. *Ibid*, p.364.
38. *Philosophical Transactions*, Vol.85, Pearson’s Experiments, p.345.

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39. J.M. Heath: ‘On Indian Iron and Steel’ quoted in D. Mushet, *Ibid*, p.671.

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41. *Ibid*.
42. *Ibid*, p.669, 671.
43. See, for instance, an English version of D. Havart’s *Rise and Decline of Coromandel* (from the original Dutch published in 1692 or 1693, from Utrecht), pp.291-94, 401-3, in *Mackenzie MSS (Private)*, Vol.88, in IOR.
44. M.G. Ranade: *Essays on Indian Economics*, 3rd edition, 1916, p.155.
45. See Chapter XV, p.215.
46. National Archives of India (NAI): HOME, Misc. Records, Vol.437, *Report of the Mineralogical Survey of the Himalaya Mountains*, 1826, p.627.
47. IOR: Public Despatch to Bengal, July 29, 1814, para 9.
48. Francois Baltazar Solvyns: *Les Hindous*, 4 Vols, 1802-12.
49. *Philosophical Transactions*, Vol.28, from Fr Papin, Bengale, December 18, 1709, p.226.
50. Kurt Pollak: *The Healers: The Doctor, Then and Now*, English Edition 1968, pp.37-8.
51. Majumdar and others: *An Advanced History of India*, p.561.
52. *Encyclopaedia Britannica*: 8th edition, Article on Algebra.
53. NAI: India Public Proceedings, March 7, 1835, Minutes on Public Instruction.
54. See, amongst others, *Speeches of William Wilberforce on India in the British House of Commons in 1813*, also James Mill’s *History of British India*, 1817, particularly Vol.I.
55. Voltaire: *Collected Works*, Vol.38 (BM 1341 d 8), pp.83-4, 87.
56. See S.C. Almast ‘History and Evolution of Indian Method of Rhinoplasty’, in Proceedings of Fourth International Congress on Plastic Surgery, Rome, 1967, Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1969.