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The Materia Medica of the Hindus, compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works c5.s3: Nat. Order. Berberideæ

The Materia Medica of the Hindus, compiled from Sanskrit Medical Works c5.s3

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Contents

Nat. Order. Berberideæ

Berberis Asiatica and Other Species

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Sans. दारुहरिद्रा, Dáruharidrá. दार्बी, Dárvi. Vern. Dáruhaldi. Hind.

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THE wood, root-bark and extract of Indian Barberry have been used in Hindu Medicine from a very remote period. Its properties are said to be analogous to those of turmeric. The extract, called Rasánjana* in Sanskrit and Rasot in the vernacular, is directed to be prepared by boiling together equal parts of a decoction of Indian barberry and milk, till reduced to the consistence of an extract.† The extract thus prepared, is said to be particularly useful in affections of the eyes. Indian barberry and its extract rasot are regarded as alterative and deobstruent, and are used in skin diseases, menorrhagia, diarrhœa, jaundice and above all, in affections of the eyes.

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Rasánjanádi churna,1 or compound powder of rasot. Take of rasot, átis, the bark and seeds of Holarrhena antidysenterica, flowers of Woodfordia floribunda (dhátaki) and ginger, in equal parts. Powder and mix. Dose, about a drachm, with rice water

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* Galena or the sulphide of lead ore is sometimes called rasánjana in Sanskrit, and some physicians in Bengal use the lead ore for rasánjana, whenever this term occurs in a prescription. In the Upper Provinces however, rasánjana is invariably translated rasot in the vernacular. This, no doubt, is the correct practice. The mistake on the part of the Bengali physicians, probably occurred from their not being acquainted with rasot, which is the produce of plants indigenous to the Himalayan range.

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† दार्बीक्वाथ समंक्षीरं पादम्पक्त्वा यथाघनम् । तदारसाञ्जनाख्यन्तन्नेत्रयोः परमं हितम् ।

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1 रसाञ्जनादि चूर्णः। रसाञ्जनं सातिविषं कुटजस्य फलं त्वचम् । धातकी- शृङ्गबेरञ्च प्रपिबेत्तण्डुलाम्बुना ॥ चौद्रेणयुतं नुदतिरक्षातिसारसल्वनम् । मन्दं दीपयतेचाग्निं मूलञ्चापिनिवर्त्तयेत् । चक्रदत्तः । ( tandulámbu ) and honey. This powder is said to be useful in bilious diarrhœa.

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Dárvyádi kvátha,¹ or compound decoction of Indian barberry. Take of the root bark of Indian barberry, rasot, chiretta, Adhatoda Vasica (vásaka), Cyperus rotundus (mustaka), bela fruit and marking nuts, equal parts, and prepare a decoction in the usual way. This is administered with honey in menorrhagia and copious discharges from the womb. Another combination said to be very useful in menorrhagia is as follows. Take of rasot and the root of Amaranthus spinosus ( tanduliya ) equal parts, beat into a paste with water, and administer with honey and water in which rice has been steeped.

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¹ दार्बीग्रादिकाथः । दार्बी रसाञ्जनं वृषाब्द किरात बिल्व भल्लातकै रवि-

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Sárangadhara recommends a simple decoction of Indian barberry to be given with the addition of honey in jaundice. In painful micturition from bilious or acrid urine, a decoction of Indian barberry² and emblic myrobalan is given with honey. A decoction³ of the root bark is used as a wash for unhealthy ulcers, and is said to improve their appearance and promote cicatrization. In the intertrigo of infants, rasot is recommended to be applied externally and administered internally.⁴ Rasot mixed with honey, is said to be an useful application to aphthous sores.

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² दार्बी तथै वामलकीरसेन समाक्षिकां पैत्तिक मूत्रकृच्छ्रे । चक्रदत्तः ।

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³ त्रिफला खदिरो दार्बी न्यग्रोधादिबलाकृताः । निम्ब कोलकपत्राणि

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⁴ रसाञ्जनं विशेषेण पानालेपनयोर्हितम् । गुदभ्रंशेगुदं स्नेहैर्भव्यञ्चाशु

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The principal use of rasot however is in eye-diseases, in which it is employed in a great variety of forms. The following are a few illustrations. Take of rasot, chebulic myrobalan, rock salt and red ochre, equal parts, rub them together into a paste with water,

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कृतोमधुना कषायः । पीतो जयत्यतिबलं प्रदरं समूलं पीतासितारुण विलोहित
नील गुल्मम् ॥ चक्रदत्तः ।

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कषायः शोधने हितः । चक्रदत्तः ।

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प्रवेशयेत् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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and apply round the orbit in inflammatory affections of the eyes. 1 Rasot mixed with honey may also be used in the same way. An emulsion of rasot made with milk is recommended to be poured into the eyes, or used as a collyrium for relieving pain, burning and lachrymation.²

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² दार्वीरसाञ्जनं वापि स्तन्ययुक्तं प्रपूरणम् ॥ निहन्तिशीघ्रं दाहार्त्तिवेदनाः स्यन्दसम्भवाः । चक्रदत्तः ।

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NAT. ORDER. NYMPHÆACEÆ.

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NELUMBIUM SPECIOSUM.

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NYMPHÆA LOTUS ETC.

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THESE beautiful aquatic plants had attracted the attention of the ancient Hindus from a very remote period, and obtained a place in their religious ceremonies and mythological fables; hence they are described in great detail by Sanskrit writers. The flowers of *Nelumbium speciosum*, called *Padma* or *Kamala*, are sacred to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. The white variety of this plant is called *Pundarîka*, the red, *Kokanada* and the blue, *Indivara*. The entire plant including root, stem and flower is called *Padmini*. The torus or receptacle for the seed is, called *Karnikára*, and the honey formed in the flowers, *Makaranda*. The filaments round the base of the receptacle, pass by the name of *Kinjalka* and the leaf-stalk by that of *Mrinála*. The species of *Nymphæa* described, are as follows:—

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*Nymphæa Lotus*. Kumuda, Sans. Sáluka. Beng. Koi. Hind.

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*Nymphæa stellata*. Nilotpala, Sans. Nilsaphalá, Beng.

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*Nymphæa rubra*. Raktotpala, Sans. Raktakambal, Beng.

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The root-stocks of these water plants contain a sort of starch, and are eaten by the poorer classes. During the famine of 1866 in Orissa, they were much sought after by the starving people.

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¹ हरीतकीसैन्धवञ्च गैरिकञ्च रसाञ्जनम् । विडाल्कोजलेपिष्ठः सर्वनेत्रामयापहः ॥ शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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The seeds of *Nelumbium speciosum* are eaten raw. The small seeds of *Nymphæa Lotus*, called *bheta*, are fried in heated sand and used as a light easily digestible food. The seeds of *Euryale ferox* called *makhánna* is Sanskrit, are also used in the same manner, and are regarded as light, invigorating food suited for sick people.

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The filaments of these plants are used medicinally. They are considered astringent and cooling, and useful in burning of the body, bleeding piles and menorrhagia. In bleeding piles the filaments of the lotus are given with honey and fresh butter or with sugar.¹ In menorrhagia the filaments of *Nymphæa stellata* are given with the addition of sonchal salt, nigella seeds, liquorice powder, curdled milk and honey.² A compound decoction is thus prepared.

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¹ समङ्गाकेशरं क्षौद्रं नवनीतं नवं लिहेत् । सिताकेशर संयुक्ता रक्तार्शःसुखिभवेत् । भावप्रकाशः ।

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² दघ्न सौवर्चल जाजीमधुकं नीलमुत्पलम् । पिबेत् क्षौद्रयुतं नारीवातासृग्दरपीडिता । चक्रदत्तः ।

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*Utpaládi sritam*.³ Take of the filaments of *Nymphæa Lotus*, *N. stellata* and *N. rubra*, of the white váriety of *Nelumbium speciosum* and liquorice root, equal parts, in all, two tolás, and prepare a decoction in the usual way. This decoction is said to be useful in thirst, burning of the body, fainting, vomiting, hemorrhage from the internal organs, and bleeding from the womb during gestation.

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³ गुर्वियागर्भतोरक्तं स्रवेद्यदि मुहुर्मुहुः । तन्निरोधाय सा दुग्धमुत्पलादि कृतं पिबेत् । भावप्रकाशः ।

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A cooling application⁴ for external use is prepared as follows. Take of the filaments and leaf-stalks of *Nelumbium speciosum*, *Nymphæa stellata*, and *Nymphæa Lotus* and of red sandal wood, equal parts, and rub them together into a thin paste with cold water. This is applied to the forehead in cephalalgia. A paste made of emblic myrobalans and the filaments of the lotus is also used for the same purpose. Similar compositions are recommended for external inflammations, erysipelas etc.

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⁴ मृणालबिसशालूकचन्दनोत्पलकेसरैः । स्निग्धशीतैः शिरोदह्यात्तहृद-मन्नकोत्पले । चक्रदत्तः ।

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The large leaves of *Nelumbium speciosum* are used as cool bedsheets, in high fever with much heat and burning of the skin.¹

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¹ चन्दनाम्बु कणास्वान्तालङ्कन्नोपवीजितः। तृषाहार्दितोऽम्भोजकदलीदलसम्भवे। चक्रदत्तः।

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NAT. ORDER. PAPAVERACEÆ.

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PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM.

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Sans. अहिफेन, *Ahiphena*. Vern. *A'phim*.

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OPIUM appears to have been brought into India by the Mussulmans, as its Sanskrit name is evidently derived from the Arabic *Afyun*, and as it is not mentioned by the older Sanskrit writers.

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The capsules of the poppy are called *Khákhas*, and the seeds, *Khasatila*, in Sanskrit. The seeds yield a bland oil, which is used for culinary purposes and in lamps. The seeds themselves are innocuous and used as food. They are boiled, mixed with a little oil and salt, and taken as a curry with rice, or they are made into balls and formed with tamarind, into an acid curry. Poppy seeds are sprinkled over some sorts of native sweetmeats.

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Sanskrit writers describe poppy seeds as demulcent and nutritive, and useful in cough and asthma. The capsules of the poppy are regarded as light, astringent, and narcotic. They promote talkativeness and destroy or diminish the sexual power. The properties of opium are said to be analogous to those of the capsules. Opium is used as an astringent and narcotic in bowel complaints, cough, external inflammations, urinary diseases, fractures, skin diseases etc.

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In diarrhœa and cholera the following, called *A'marákshasi*,² is used. Take of opium, nutmeg, cloves, cinnabar and camphor, equal parts. Beat them into a mass with water, and make into four-grain pills.

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² आमराक्षसी। जातीफलं लवङ्गं स्यादहिफेनं सशोणितम्। कर्पूरं समभागञ्च वटों कुर्य्यात् दिरक्तिकाम्। अन्नसोदरमुष्णन्तु अनुपानं प्रशस्यते।

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In chronic diarrhœa and dysentery, the following called *Grahani kapáta rasa*,¹ is recommended. Take of nutmeg, borax, prepared talc and datura seeds, each one part, opium two parts, and make into two-grain pills with the juice of *Pæderia fœtida* (*prasárani*). In diarrhœa with anasarca the following, called *Dugdhavati*, is much used by the Kavirajas.

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¹ ग्रहणीकपाटरसः। जातोफलं टङ्कणमभ्रकञ्च धूस्तूरबीजं समभागचूर्णम्। भागद्वयंस्यादहिफेणकस्य गन्धालिकापत्र रसेनमर्दम्। चणप्रमाणां वटिकां प्रकाय्या यत्नादिदध्यात् ग्रहणीगदेषु । सामेषु शूलेषु सरक्तवेषु पक्वेष्वपक्वेषु गुदामयेषु । पथ्यं सदध्योदनमतदेयं रसोत्तमोयं ग्रहणीकपाटः । रसेन्द्रसारसंग्रहः ।

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*Dugdhavati*.² Take of opium and aconite, twenty-four grains each, prepared iron ten grains, prepared talc twelve grains. Beat them into a mass with milk and make into four-grain pills. One pill is to be given every morning with milk. The diet is restricted to milk alone, water and salt being prohibited. In fever with diarrhœa, opium is used in combination with arsenic, as for example in the following preparation.

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² दुग्धवटी । अमृतं सूर्यगुञ्जं स्यात् अहिफेणं तथैव च । पञ्चरक्तिक लौहञ्च षष्ठरक्तिकमभ्रकम् । दुग्धं गेञ्जाद्वयमिता वटिकाकार्याभिषग्विदा । दुग्धानुपानं दुग्धैश्च भोजनं सर्वथा हितम् । शोथं नानाविधं हन्ति ग्रहणी विषमज्वरम् । मन्दाग्निं पाण्डु रोगञ्च नाम्ना दुग्धवटी परा । वर्जयेत् लवणं वारि व्याधि निःशेषतावधि । भैषज्यरत्नावली ।

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*Sambhunátha rasa*.³ Take of orpiment, realgar, cinnabar, white arsenic, borax, aconite and alum each, one part, mercury,

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³ शम्भुनाथ रसः। तालकं टङ्कणं रक्तं फिटकारी च मनःशिला। गोदन्तं वत्सनाभञ्च सर्वतुल्यञ्च भागिकम् । सर्वतुल्यं रसं गन्धं तत्समं फणिफेणकम् । शक्राग्न रसैर्भाव्यं निर्गुण्ड्याश्च रसेन च । कनकस्य पत्ररसै निम्ब-

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असाध्येत्वामरोगे तु एषैकमहौषधम् । आमराजसनामायं रसः परमदुर्लभः । रसेन्द्रसारसंग्रहः । sulphur and opium, each seven parts. Soak them for seven days in each of the following fluids, namely, juice of the leaves of *Cannabis sativa*, *Vitex Negundo*, datura and nim. Make into two-grain pills. These are given with ginger juice in diarrhœa with high fever.

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Akarádi churna.¹ Take of pellitory root, ginger, seeds called (*kakkola*), saffron, long pepper, nutmeg, cloves and red sandal wood, each two tolás, opium eight tolás. Rub them together and pass the powder through a cloth. Then add sugar, equal in quantity to all the above ingredients. Dose grains six to twelve, with honey. This medicine is used as an aphrodisiac.

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¹ चकरादिचूर्णः। अकराकरभः शुण्ठीकक्कोलं कुङ्कुमं कणा। जातीफलं लवङ्गञ्च चन्दनञ्चेतिकार्षिकान्। चूर्णनिमांस्ततः कुर्यादहिफेनं पलोज्झितम्। सर्वमेकीकृतं चूर्ण सूक्ष्मं तद्वस्त्रगालितम्। सितासर्वसमादेयामाषैकं मधुनालिहेत्। शुक्रस्तम्भकरं चूर्ण पुंसामानन्दकारकम्। नारीणां प्रीतिजननं सेवेतनिषिकासुकः। शार्ङ्गधरः।

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Opium enters into the composition of some external applications in the form of paste, along with other medicines. A poultice made of poppy seeds with milk is prescribed by Sárangadhara in porrigo of the scalp.²

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² दुग्धेन खाखसबीजं प्रलेपादारुणं जयेत्। शार्ङ्गधरः।

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The Amritaságar recommends the following preparation of opium in diabetes. Take of camphor and musk, each one part, opium and mace, each four parts. Make into two-grain pills. They are administered with the juice of betel leaves.

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पवरसैः पुनः। पृयगेषां रसैः सप्त भावयेत् कुशलभिषक्। वटीं रक्तिद्वयं कुर्यात् शृङ्गवेरानुपानतः। सर्वरूपं सान्निपातमतिसारञ्च नाशयेत्। ग्रहणीमामदोषञ्च ज्वरं सर्वं विनाशयेत्। उद्वेगे मस्तके तैलं पथ्यञ्च दधिभक्तकम्। शीतोपचारं कर्त्तव्यं क्रमेण गुणवर्द्धते। शम्भुनाथ इति ख्यातो महादेवेन भाषितः। भैषज्यतन्त्रः।

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NAT. ORDER. CRUCIFERÆ.

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SINAPIS.

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*Sans.* सिद्धार्थ, *Siddhártha*. राजिका, *Rájiká*.

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*Vern.* Sarishá, Rái Sarishá, Beng.

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Two varieties of mustard are mentioned by Sanskrit writers, namely, *siddhártha* or white mustard, (*Sinapis glauca* of Roxburgh, *Brassica campestris*, L.) and *rájiká* or dark brown variety, (*Sinapis ramosa* of Roxburgh, *Brassica juncea*, Hooker, *fil*, et Thomson). The latter is more pungent and preferred for external application as a rubefacient. Mustard oil is largely used by the natives for culinary purposes as well as for anointing the body before bathing. Mustard oil anointment is said to keep the body cool, and the skin soft, to promote the growth of hair and to remove prurigo, lice and scurf. The leaves of the mustard plant are used as a pot-herb, and considered pungent and stomachic.

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Mustard enters into the composition of emetic mixtures, of which the following is an example. Take of mustard seeds, *Acorus Calamus* root (vacha), bark of *Symplocos racemosa* (lodhra), and rock salt, equal parts. Powder and mix.¹

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¹ सिद्धार्थ वचालोध्र सैन्धवैस्र्पलेपनम् । वमनञ्च निहन्त्याशु पिडकां यौवनोद्भवाम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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Mustard forms an ingredient of several prescriptions for loss of appetite, indigestion, etc. Thus take of mustard seeds, cumin seeds, fried assafœtida, ginger and rock salt, equal parts. Powder and mix. Dose, grains twenty-two with butter-milk.

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Mustard is used externally, alone, or in combination with other medicines in a great variety of diseases, and notably in parotitis, sciatica, paraplegia, gout, inflammatory swellings, urticaria etc. Sárangadhara recommends the following application² in urticaria. Take of mustard seed, turmeric, *pátchuk* root, sesamum and the seeds of *Cassia Tora* (*chakramardaka*), equal parts, and rub them together into a paste with mustard oil. In gout, sciatica, etc, simple mustard plasters are used.¹ In inflammatory affections, the following poultice is prescribed by Sárangadhara. Take of the root of *Boerhaavia diffusa* (*punarnavá*), wood of *Berberis Asiatica* (*dáruharidrá*), root of *Moringa pterygosperma* (*sobhánjana*), ginger and mustard seeds, equal parts, and rub them into a paste with fermented rice water.²

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² सिद्धार्थ रजनीकुष्ठप्रपुन्नाटतिलैः सह । कटुतैलेन संमिश्रमुद्वर्त्तं विलेपनम् । शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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¹ गौरसर्षपकल्केन प्रदेहोवा रुजापहैः । भावप्रकाशः ।

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² पुनर्नवाद दारुशठों सिद्धार्थं प्रियुमेवच। पिष्ट्वाचवारनालेन प्रलेपः सव्व-शोषहा । शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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LEPIDIUM SATIVUM. The seeds of *Lepidium Sativum*, called *Chandra sura* in Sanskrit, and *Hálim* in Hindi, are described as tonic and alterative, and useful in hiccup, diarrhœa, and skin diseases from disordered blood. It is said to be a very efficacious remedy in hiccup, for which the Bhávaprakása gives the following formula. *Hálim* seeds are macerated in eight times their weight of water; when the seeds are softened they are rubbed in the water, and the emulsion strained through cloth. This emulsion is recommended to be given frequently in doses of about an ounce for the relief of obstinate hiccup.³

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³ चन्द्रसूर रसः । चन्द्रसूरस्य बीजानि द्विपेदगुणे जले । यदा मृदूनि मृदीयात्ततोवाससि गाळयेत् ॥ हिक्कातिवेगविकळस्तज्जलं पलमात्रया । पिबेत् पिबेत् पुनश्चापि हिक्कावश्यं प्रगामप्रति ॥ भावप्रकाशः ।

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NAT. ORDER. CAPPARIDACEÆ.

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CRATÆVA RELIGIOSA.

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*Syn.* *Capparis trifoliata*. Rox.

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*Sans.* वरुण, *Varuna*. अश्मरिघ्न, *Asmarighna*.

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*Vern.* *Barun*, Beng. Hind.

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THE bark of the stem and root of this plant constitutes the principal medicine of the Hindu Pharmacopœia, for calculous affections. It is said to promote the appetite, increase the secretion of the bile, act as a laxative and remove disorders of the urinary organs.

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In calculous affections it is used in a great variety of forms. Thus a simple decoction of the bark may be given with the addition of treacle.¹ A compound decoction is prepared along with equal parts of *Tribulus terrestris* (*gokshura*) and ginger, and is administered with the addition of *yavakshára* and honey.² A compound powder called *Varunádya churna*³ is prepared as follows. A solution of the ashes of *varuna* is made as directed under the head of alkaline water (*Kshárodaka*). This solution is boiled with the addition of *varuna* bark in powder and *yavakshára* (impure carbonate of potash), till the water is entirely evaporated. The resulting powder is given in ascites, calculus, enlargements of the abdominal viscera, and affections of the bladder and uterus. A confection called *Varunádya guḍa* is prepared by adding to the fluid extract of the bark, treacle and a number of diuretic and aromatic substances.

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¹ वरुणत्वक्कषायन्तु पीतञ्च गुडसंयुतम् । अश्मरीं पातयत्याशु वस्तिमूल-निवारणम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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² वरुणस्य त्वचं श्रेष्ठां शुण्ठीगोक्षुरसंयुताम् । यवक्षारागुडं दत्त्वा काथयित्वा पिबेद्धिताम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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³ वरुणभस्मपरिस्रुत सलिलं तच्चूर्णं यावशुश्रुतम् । कथनेयं तत्तावद्याव-च्छुत्वमायाति । तदगुड़युक्तं हन्यात् तदुदारमश्मरीं घोराम् । प्लीहानं गुल्मवरं श्रोणयां कुक्षिरुजां तीब्राम् । भावप्रकाशः ।

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*Varunádya ghrita*.⁴ Take of coarsely powdered *varuna* bark twelve seers and a half, water sixty-four seers, boil together till reduced to one-fourth and strain. To the strained decoction, add four seers of clarified butter, and two tolás each of the following substances in the form of a paste, namely, *varuna* bark, unripe splantains, bela fruit, the five roots called trinaja pancha mulaka (see Sugar cane), gulancha, leaves of Coleus aromaticus (asmabheda), cucumber seeds, Acorus Calamus root, bamboo-manna, the ashes of Sesamum Indicum (tila), and of Butea frondosa (palása) and the root of Jasminum auriculatum (juthiká). Boil them together and prepare a ghrita in the usual way. It may be given in doses of one to two tolás, according to the constitution of the patient. After this medicine is digested, butter-milk and treacle should be taken.

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⁴ वरुणाद्यघृतम् । वरुणस्य तुलां शुष्कां जलद्रोणे विपाचयेत् । पादशेषं परिस्राव्य घृतप्रस्थं विपाचयेत् । वरुणं कदलीं बिल्वं तृणजं पञ्चमूलकम् । अमृताचाभ्रसंजं देयं बीजञ्च लघुपञ्चवम् । शतपर्वातिलचारं पलाशक्षारमेवच । यूथिकायाश्च मूलानि कार्षिकाणि समावपेत् । अस्य मात्रां पिबेज्जन्तुर्दशका-लाद्यपेक्षया । जीर्णे तस्मिन् पिबेत् पूर्वं गुडं जीर्णन्त मस्तुना । अश्मरीं शर्कराञ्चैव मूत्रकृच्छ्रञ्च नाशयेत् । भावप्रकाशः ।

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Varunádya taila.¹ This is an oil prepared with varuna bark, for injection into the bladder. Take of varuna bark and of the entire plant of Tribulus terrestris (gokshura), two seers each, water sixty-four seers, boil together till reduced to one-fourth and strain. Boil this strained decoction with four seers of prepared sesamum oil and half a seer each, of the above mentioned drugs in the form of paste. This oil is recommended to be injected into the bladder, for the relief of painful micturition, calculus and gravel.

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¹ वरुणायं तैलम् । त्वक्पत्रमूलपुष्पस्य वरुणस्यत्विकण्टकात् । कषायेण पचेत्तैलं वस्तिना स्थापनेन च । शर्कराश्मरीशूलघ्नं मूत्रकृच्छ्रनिवारणम् । चक्रदत्तः ।

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In scrofulous enlargement of the glands under the lower jaw, a decoction² of varuna bark is prescribed by several writers. It is said to cure even old standing cases. In internal or deep seated suppurative inflammation, a decoction of varuna and Boerhaavia diffusa (punarnavá) is given internally.³

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² काञ्चनारत्वचः काथः शुण्ठीचूर्णेन नाशयेत् । गण्डमालां तथा काथः क्षौद्रेण वरुणत्वचः । शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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³ पुनर्नवावरुणयोः काथोऽन्तर्विद्रधिञ्जयेत् । शार्ङ्गधरः ।

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