Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.t3: § 46. Conspectus of the Ancient Indian and Modern Systems

Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.t3

Language: English

§ 46. Conspectus of the Ancient Indian and Modern Systems

c7.t3.1

1. The subjoined comparative table, setting side by side the system of Modern Anatomy and the systems of Ātreya-Charaka and Suśruta, as well as the skeleton shown in Figs. 4 and 5, may serve as a guide to the detailed identification of bones discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. Column I on Modern Anatomy is based on Dr. Samuel O. L. Potter’s *Compend of Human Anatomy* (5th ed., 1893), pp. 9, 10; column II on §§ 4, 7; and column III on § 34.

c7.t3.2

| | I. Potter. | | II. Charaka. | | III. Suśruta. | |
| | | | | | | |
| | **A. Four Extremities.** | | | | | |
| 1 | Phalanges, or joints of fingers and toes | 56 | pāṇi-pād-aṅguli | 60 | pāṇi-pād-aṅguli | 60 | § 47 |
| 2 | Metacarpus and Metatarsus, Long bones | 20 | śalākā | 20 | tala | 20 | § 48 |
| 3 | Carpus and tarsus, Clusters, or Bases | 30 | adhiṣṭhāna | 4 | kūrca | 4 | § 49 |
| 4 | Os calcis, heel | 2 | pārṣṇi | 2 | pārṣṇi | 2 | § 50 |
| 5 | Forearm (Radius, Ulna) | 4 | aratni | 4 | aratni | 4 | § 51 |
| 6 | Styloid processes, wrist-bones | 4 | maṇika | 4 | maṇibandha | 2 | § 52 |
| 7 | Olecranon, elbow-pan | 2 | kapālikā | 2 | kūrpara | 2 | § 53 |
| 8 | Leg (tibia and fibula) | 4 | jaṅgha | 4 | jaṅgha | 4 | § 51 |
| 9 | Malleoli, ankle-bones | 4 | gulpha | 4 | gulpha | 2 | § 52 |
| 10 | Patella, knee-cap | 2 | jānu | 2 | jānu | 2 | § 53 |
| 11 | Arm (humerus) | 2 | bāhu-nalaka | 2 | bāhu | 2 | § 54 |
| 12 | Thigh (femur) | 2 | ūru-nalaka | 2 | ūru | 2 | § 54 |
| | | 120 | | 110 | | 106 | |
| | **B. Trunk.** | | | | | |
| 13 | Shoulder : Clavicle, collar-bone | 2 | akṣaka | 2 | akṣaka | 2 | § 55 |
| 14 | Scapula, shoulder-blade | 2 | aṃsa-phalaka | 2 | aṃsa-ja | 2 | § 56 |
| 15 | Thorax : Ribs | 24 | pārśvaka, &c. | 72 | pārśvaka, &c. | 72 | § 58 |
| 16 | Sternum, breast-bone | 1 | uras | 14 | uras | 17 | § 57 |
| 17 | Vertebrae, thoracic and lumbar | 17 | | | pṛṣṭha | 30 | § 59 |
| 18 | Pelvis : Sacrum | 1 | pṛṣṭha | 45 | trika | 1 | § 60 |
| 19 | Coccyx | 1 | | | guda | 1 | § 60 |
| 20 | Ilium, ischium | 2 | śroṇi-phalaka | 2 | nitamba | 2 | § 60 |
| 21 | Pubes | | bhag-āsthi | 1 | bhaga | 1 | § 60 |
| | | 50 | | 138 | | 128 | |

c7.t3.3

| I. Potter. | II. Charaka. | III. Suśruta. |

c7.t3.4

C. Head and Neck.

c7.t3.5

| 22 | Cervix : | | | | | |
| | Vertebrae, | | | | | |
| | Neck-bones | 7 | grīvā | 15 | grīvā | 9 | § 61 |
| 23 | Trachea, bron- | | | | | | |
| | chi, wind- | | | | | | |
| | pipe | | jatru | 1 | kaṇṭha-nāḍī | 4 | § 62 |
| 24 | Cranium, | | | | | | |
| | Frontal | 1 | | | | | |
| | Parietal | 2 | śiraḥ-kapāla | 4 | śiraḥ-kapāla | 6 | § 63 |
| | Occipital | 1 | | | | | |
| | Sphenoid | 1 | | | | | |
| | Ethmoid | 1 | | | | | |
| 25 | Temporal | 2 | śaṅkhaka | 2 | śaṅkha | 2 | § 64 |
| 26 | Face : | | | | | | |
| | Superior | | | | | | |
| | Maxillary | 2 | | | | | |
| | Inferior do. | 1 | hanu, hanumūla | 3 | hanu | 2 | § 65 |
| | Superciliary | | | | | | |
| | ridges, brows | | lalāṭa | | | | § 66 |
| 27 | Malar | 2 | gaṇḍa-kūṭa | 1 | gaṇḍa | 2 | § 66 |
| 28 | Nasal | 2 | nāsikā | | nāsā | 3 | § 66 |
| 29 | Palate bones | 2 | tālūṣaka | 2 | tālu | 2 | § 67 |
| | Lachrymal | 2 | | | | | |
| | Inferior tur- | | | | | | |
| | binated | 2 | | | | | |
| | Vomer | 1 | | | | | |
| | Hyoid | 1 | | | | | |
| 30 | Additional : | | | | | | |
| | Teeth | | danta | 32 | danta | 32 | § 68 |
| | Sockets of teeth | | ulūkhala | 32 | | | § 68 |
| | Nails | | nakha | 20 | | | § 69 |
| | Eyeballs | | | | akṣi-koṣa | 2 | § 70 |
| | Ears | | | | karṇa | 2 | § 71 |
| | Total : | 30 | | 112 | | 66 | |
| | Grand total : | 200 | | 360 | | 300 | |