[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907) › c7.t3 # Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.t3: § 46. Conspectus of the Ancient Indian and Modern Systems Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.t3 - **Language:** English ### § 46. Conspectus of the Ancient Indian and Modern Systems ### [c7.t3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.1) 1. The subjoined comparative table, setting side by side the system of Modern Anatomy and the systems of Ātreya-Charaka and Suśruta, as well as the skeleton shown in Figs. 4 and 5, may serve as a guide to the detailed identification of bones discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. Column I on Modern Anatomy is based on Dr. Samuel O. L. Potter’s \*Compend of Human Anatomy\* (5th ed., 1893), pp. 9, 10; column II on §§ 4, 7; and column III on § 34. ### [c7.t3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.2) | | I. Potter. | | II. Charaka. | | III. Suśruta. | | | | | | | | | | | | \*\*A. Four Extremities.\*\* | | | | | | | 1 | Phalanges, or joints of fingers and toes | 56 | pāṇi-pād-aṅguli | 60 | pāṇi-pād-aṅguli | 60 | § 47 | | 2 | Metacarpus and Metatarsus, Long bones | 20 | śalākā | 20 | tala | 20 | § 48 | | 3 | Carpus and tarsus, Clusters, or Bases | 30 | adhiṣṭhāna | 4 | kūrca | 4 | § 49 | | 4 | Os calcis, heel | 2 | pārṣṇi | 2 | pārṣṇi | 2 | § 50 | | 5 | Forearm (Radius, Ulna) | 4 | aratni | 4 | aratni | 4 | § 51 | | 6 | Styloid processes, wrist-bones | 4 | maṇika | 4 | maṇibandha | 2 | § 52 | | 7 | Olecranon, elbow-pan | 2 | kapālikā | 2 | kūrpara | 2 | § 53 | | 8 | Leg (tibia and fibula) | 4 | jaṅgha | 4 | jaṅgha | 4 | § 51 | | 9 | Malleoli, ankle-bones | 4 | gulpha | 4 | gulpha | 2 | § 52 | | 10 | Patella, knee-cap | 2 | jānu | 2 | jānu | 2 | § 53 | | 11 | Arm (humerus) | 2 | bāhu-nalaka | 2 | bāhu | 2 | § 54 | | 12 | Thigh (femur) | 2 | ūru-nalaka | 2 | ūru | 2 | § 54 | | | | 120 | | 110 | | 106 | | | | \*\*B. Trunk.\*\* | | | | | | | 13 | Shoulder : Clavicle, collar-bone | 2 | akṣaka | 2 | akṣaka | 2 | § 55 | | 14 | Scapula, shoulder-blade | 2 | aṃsa-phalaka | 2 | aṃsa-ja | 2 | § 56 | | 15 | Thorax : Ribs | 24 | pārśvaka, &c. | 72 | pārśvaka, &c. | 72 | § 58 | | 16 | Sternum, breast-bone | 1 | uras | 14 | uras | 17 | § 57 | | 17 | Vertebrae, thoracic and lumbar | 17 | | | pṛṣṭha | 30 | § 59 | | 18 | Pelvis : Sacrum | 1 | pṛṣṭha | 45 | trika | 1 | § 60 | | 19 | Coccyx | 1 | | | guda | 1 | § 60 | | 20 | Ilium, ischium | 2 | śroṇi-phalaka | 2 | nitamba | 2 | § 60 | | 21 | Pubes | | bhag-āsthi | 1 | bhaga | 1 | § 60 | | | | 50 | | 138 | | 128 | | ### [c7.t3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.3) | I. Potter. | II. Charaka. | III. Suśruta. | ### [c7.t3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.4) C. Head and Neck. ### [c7.t3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.5) | 22 | Cervix : | | | | | | | | Vertebrae, | | | | | | | | Neck-bones | 7 | grīvā | 15 | grīvā | 9 | § 61 | | 23 | Trachea, bron- | | | | | | | | | chi, wind- | | | | | | | | | pipe | | jatru | 1 | kaṇṭha-nāḍī | 4 | § 62 | | 24 | Cranium, | | | | | | | | | Frontal | 1 | | | | | | | | Parietal | 2 | śiraḥ-kapāla | 4 | śiraḥ-kapāla | 6 | § 63 | | | Occipital | 1 | | | | | | | | Sphenoid | 1 | | | | | | | | Ethmoid | 1 | | | | | | | 25 | Temporal | 2 | śaṅkhaka | 2 | śaṅkha | 2 | § 64 | | 26 | Face : | | | | | | | | | Superior | | | | | | | | | Maxillary | 2 | | | | | | | | Inferior do. | 1 | hanu, hanumūla | 3 | hanu | 2 | § 65 | | | Superciliary | | | | | | | | | ridges, brows | | lalāṭa | | | | § 66 | | 27 | Malar | 2 | gaṇḍa-kūṭa | 1 | gaṇḍa | 2 | § 66 | | 28 | Nasal | 2 | nāsikā | | nāsā | 3 | § 66 | | 29 | Palate bones | 2 | tālūṣaka | 2 | tālu | 2 | § 67 | | | Lachrymal | 2 | | | | | | | | Inferior tur- | | | | | | | | | binated | 2 | | | | | | | | Vomer | 1 | | | | | | | | Hyoid | 1 | | | | | | | 30 | Additional : | | | | | | | | | Teeth | | danta | 32 | danta | 32 | § 68 | | | Sockets of teeth | | ulūkhala | 32 | | | § 68 | | | Nails | | nakha | 20 | | | § 69 | | | Eyeballs | | | | akṣi-koṣa | 2 | § 70 | | | Ears | | | | karṇa | 2 | § 71 | | | Total : | 30 | | 112 | | 66 | | | | Grand total : | 200 | | 360 | | 300 | | ### [c7.t3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.6) Cranial Bone, \*Śiraḥkapāla\* ### [c7.t3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.7) Superciliary Ridge, \*Lalāṭa\* ### [c7.t3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.8) Temporal Bone, \*Śaṅkha\* ### [c7.t3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.9) Nasal Bone, \*Nāsikā\* ### [c7.t3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.10) Ramus, \*Hanumūla-bandhana\* ### [c7.t3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.11) Jawbone, \*Hanu\* ### [c7.t3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.12) Teeth, \*Danta\* ### [c7.t3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.13) Cheekbone, \*Gaṇḍakūṭa\* ### [c7.t3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.14) Eyeball, \*Akṣikośa\* ### [c7.t3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.15) Ribs, \*Pārśvaka\* ### [c7.t3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.16) Collarbone, \*Akṣaka, Aṃsa\* ### [c7.t3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.17) Breastbone, \*Uras\* ### [c7.t3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.18) IIIᵃ Upper Limbs, \*Bāhu\* (3,4) ### [c7.t3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.19) Pelvis, \*Śroṇi\* ### [c7.t3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.20) Hipbone, \*Śroṇiphalaka, Nitamba\* ### [c7.t3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.21) Sacrum, \*Trika\* ### [c7.t3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.22) Coccyx, \*Guda\* ### [c7.t3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.23) Pubic Arch, \*Bhaga\* ### [c7.t3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.24) IIIᵇ Lower Limbs, \*Sakthi\* (5,6) ### [c7.t3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.25) Kneecap, \*Jānu\* ### [c7.t3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.26) Astragalus, \*Kūrca-śiras\* ### [c7.t3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.27) Metatarsus, \*Śalākā, Tala\* ### [c7.t3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.28) Phalanges, \*Aṅguli\* ### [c7.t3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.29) Nails, \*Nakha\* ### [c7.t3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.30) FIG. 4. HUMAN SKELETON. \*Asthi-saṃgraha\*. Front View. ### [c7.t3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.31) Cranial Bones, Śiraḥkapāla ### [c7.t3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.32) Ear, Karṇa ### [c7.t3.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.33) Neck, Grīvā ### [c7.t3.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.34) Vertebral Column, Pṛṣṭhavaṃśa ### [c7.t3.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.35) Acromion Process, Aṃsakūṭa ### [c7.t3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.36) Shoulderblade, Aṃsaphalaka ### [c7.t3.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.37) Arm, Bāhu-nalaka ### [c7.t3.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.38) Olecranon Process, Kūrpara, Kapālikā ### [c7.t3.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.39) Forearm, Aratni \< Ulna, Radius ### [c7.t3.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.40) Styloid Processes, Maṇika ### [c7.t3.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.41) Carpus, Adhiṣṭhāna, Kūrca ### [c7.t3.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.42) Metacarpus, Śalākā, Tala ### [c7.t3.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.43) Phalanges, Aṅguli ### [c7.t3.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.44) Nails, Nakha ### [c7.t3.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.45) Thigh, Ūru-nalaka ### [c7.t3.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.46) Leg, Jaṅgha \< Tibia, Fibula ### [c7.t3.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.47) Malleoli, Gulpha ### [c7.t3.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.48) I. Head and Neck, 'Śiro-grīvā, (1) ### [c7.t3.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.49) II. Trunk, Antarādhi, (2) ### [c7.t3.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.50) III. Limbs, 'Śākhā, (3-6) ### [c7.t3.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3.51) FIG. 5. HUMAN SKELETON. Asthi-saṃgraha. Back View. ## Cites (2) - [Carakasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka) — Agniveśa (Āyurveda) & Caraka, Sanskrit - [Suśrutasaṃhitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.susruta-school.susruta) — Suśruta & Nāgārjuna (siddha/alchemist), Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.hoernle-1907.c7.t3) · Pramāṇa