The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c4.s2: Personal assistance rendered to Jai Singh
The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c4.s2
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Personal assistance rendered to Jai Singh
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3. Jai Singh did not rely altogether upon information contained in books. He sent to Europe “several skilful persons along with Padre Manuel”; Muḥammad Sharif⁵ was sent to some place where “the southern pole was overhead”; and Muḥammad Mahdī was sent to the “further islands.”⁶
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⁵ There is a treatise on the astrolabe (British Museum Adit. manuscripts No. 7489) by ‘Abdu’l Raḥīm b. Muḥammad Sharif al-Sharif. The date of the manuscript is A. H. 1165 (=A.D. 1751). See Morley, p. 2.
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⁶ Garrett p. 20.
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Confirmation of the expedition to Europe is found in the records of the Jesuit Missionaries in India. In 1728 or 1729 we are told⁷ that Jai Singh sent Father Figueredo, a Portuguese Jesuit, to Portugal. Also the same records relate that on January 6th, 1734, two priests set out from Chandernagore to Jaipur,⁸ at Jai Singh’s request. The account⁹ of the astronomical work done by these two priests at Jaipur and on their journey was written, according to M. D’Anville,¹⁰ by Father Boudier, one of the priests who made the journey.
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⁷ *Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites des Missions étrangères*. Nouvelle Édition. *Mémoires des Indes*. Tome quinzième. Toulouse, 1810, pp. 269 f.
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⁸ A journey of over a thousand miles.
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⁹ *Observations géographiques faites en 1734 par des Pères Jésuites, pendant leur voyage de Chandernagor à Delhi et à Jaëpour*, p. 269.
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¹⁰ *Eclaircissemens géographiques sur la Carte de l’Inde*. Paris 1753. p. 46. Father Boudier’s account was not published till later, but M. D’Anville obtained the manuscript from M. Despréménil.
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Observations were made at most of the important places through which they passed. The observatories at Delhi and Jaipur are mentioned but not those at Benares and Mathurā, at both of which places they made astronomical observations, and this means that the observatories at Benares and Mathurā were probably built after their visit, which took place in the early part of 1734.
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At the two observatories visited the following results were obtained:—
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| | Longitude East of Paris. | Longitude East of Greenwich. | Latitude north. |
| Delhi | 75° 0' = | 77° 20' 13" | 28° 37' |
| Jaipur | 73° 50' = | 76° 10' 13" | 26° 56' |
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From observations of an eclipse of the sun made on December 1st, 1732, by the Jaipur Pandits, Father Boudier calculated the difference in time between Paris and Jaipur as 4 hours 55 minutes 34 seconds east of Paris (=76° 13' 43" E. of Greenwich) and Father Boudier himself, observing the emersion of a satellite of Jupiter, calculated the longitude as 4 hours 55 minutes east of Paris (76° 5 13" E. of Greenwich). In the *Lettres édifiantes et curieuses* we read (p. 239): "Les observations des satellites de jupiter ont été faites par le Révérend Pére Chaubil (? at Pekin) avec une lunette de vingt pieds, et par les Péres Jésuites qui étaient en voyage avec une de dix-sept pieds."¹
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¹ The Paris observatory is 0° 9' 20.9 secs = 2° 20' 13.5" E. of Greenwich. Jaipur observatory is 75° 49' 18.5" E. of Greenwich, while Delhi observatory is 77° 13' 5" E. The approximately correct latitudes are Delhi 28° 37' 35" N., Jaipur 26° 55' 27" N. In the latter part of the seventeenth century the difficulty of chromatic aberration was partially overcome by the use of very long telescopes—often a hundred feet or more. This led to 'aerial telescopes' without tubes of which la Hire in 1715 gave a description possibly Father Boudier's was a small one of this type.
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This visit is of such importance as to warrant quotations from early works regarding it. We read in the *Lettres édifiantes* (p. 269 f.): "Le Raja d'Amber, Jassing-Savaë, dont les Gazettes d'Europe firent mention en 1728 ou 1729, au sujet d'un voyage en Portugal, que le Révérend Père Figueredo, Jésuite Portugais, fit par ses orders, mourat en 1743 . . . . Ce Prince ayant demandé des pères Jésuites de Chandernagore, l'espérance de le rendre encore plus favorable aux Chrétiens, en faveur de qui il avait déjà commencé une Église dans sa nouvelle ville,² détermina leur Supérieur-Général dans les Indes à lui en envoyer deux, qui partirent de Chandernagore de le 6 Janvier de l'année 1734, et qui firent les observations géographiques qu'on va rapporter. C'est tout ce que leur a permis de faire en ce genre l'incommodité des voyages en ce pays-ci, sourtout lorsqu'il faut les faire par terre, et leur mauvais santé, tous les deux devant leur retour ayant pensé mourir de maladie, causée par les fatigues et les mauvaises eaux qu'on est obligé de boire en chemin."
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² Jaipur was built about A.D. 1728.
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In 1775 M. D'Anville wrote³ "Cet habile Astronome (P. Boudier) se rendant aux sollicitations d'un puissant Raja, nommé Jassing-savaë, fort curieux d'astronomie et qui non content d'avoir fait construire un observatoire dans la ville de sa résidence à environ cinquante lieues de Delhi, en avoit élevé un autre avec magnificence dans un de ces faubourgs, & appelé Jassingpura, met 3 minutes 40 seconds de difference entire la hauteur rapportée au Palais du Mogol et cet observatoire, ce qui donne un intervalle d'environ 4000 toises." He died about A.D. 1792.
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³ *Antiquité géographique de l'Inde*. p. 60.
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Tieffenthaler, a French Jesuit, who landed in India in 1743, the year in which Jai Singh died, writes¹: "J'ai fait trois ou quatre excursions à Agra et Delhi, pour faire visite au R. P. André Strobel, que Jessing, Raja de Djepour, curieux d'astronomie avoit appelé d'allemagne avec un compagnon."
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¹ Description historique et géographique de l'Inde. Ed. by J. Bernoulli, 1876. Preface p. 5.
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The only other European connected with Jai Singh that we have information about, is a Don Pedro de Sylva, who, according to Hunter,² was a physician and an astronomer and resided at Jaipur with Jai Singh. De Sylva, it appears, died about A.D. 1792.
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² p. 210.