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A History of Indian Medical Literature v1.c23.s8: The materia medica of the Suśrutasaṃhitā

A History of Indian Medical Literature v1.c23.s8

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The materia medica of the Suśrutasaṃhitā

v1.c23.s8.1

Names of plants and vegetable substances occurring in the Suśrutasaṃhitā,³⁴⁶ but absent from the Carakasaṃhitā, are:³⁴⁷ abda³⁴⁸ (Ci.38.51; Ka.3.17; U.40.67; 52.14); abhra³⁴⁹ (U.10.4); abja³⁵⁰ (U.40.74; 50.23); ādārī³⁵¹ (U.44.19); agastya³⁵² (Sū.46.281 and 282); agavṛttikā³⁵³ (Ka.7.29); ahiṃsrā³⁵⁴ (Sū.37.3; U.21.15; 45.33); ahipuṣpa³⁵⁵ (Ci.17.28); ajalomī³⁵⁶ (U.60.47); ajaruhā³⁵⁷ (Ka.1.78); alasāndra³⁵⁸ (Sū.46.35); alavaṇā³⁵⁹ (Sū.38.16; Ci.17.34); amara³⁶⁰ (Ci.37.11 and 23; 38.60, 61, 64, 68); amaradruma³⁶¹ (Ci.37.36; U.62.27); amarāhva³⁶² (U.52.14); amarakāṣṭha³⁶³ (U.11.8); amaravarāyudhasāhvaya³⁶⁴ (Ci.17.41); āmaya³⁶⁵ (U.39.256); ambhoda³⁶⁶ (Ci.38.44; U.39.222 and 224; 40.66; 41.50); ambhodhara³⁶⁷ (U.52.31); ambhoja³⁶⁸ (Sū.6.27); ambhoruha³⁶⁹ (U.26.14); āmiṣa³⁷⁰ (Ci.37.15; U.51.50); amṛtadvaya³⁷¹ (Ci.37.20); añjanakī³⁷² (Ci.18.34); antrapācaka³⁷³ (Ka.2.5); aṇu³⁷⁴ (U.19.13); apehivātā³⁷⁵ (Ci.18.4); āraṇyamāṣa³⁷⁶ (Sū.46.36); ārevata³⁷⁷ (Sū.38.64; Ci.5.8; 9.10; 10.12; 20.51; U.12.42; 55.47); arkaparṇī³⁷⁸ (Ka.8.106); arkapuṣpī³⁷⁹ (Sū.46.262; Śā.10.69); ārtagala³⁸⁰ (Sū.38.10; 39.7; Ci.7.6; U.9.19; 17.51; 53.11); asanapuṣpaka³⁸¹ (Sū.46.8); asitamuṣkaka³⁸² (Sū.11.11); asitāsrivā³⁸³ (U.12.48); asitasarṣapa³⁸⁴ (Sū.46.50); aśuklacandana³⁸⁵ (U.50.18); aśvabalā³⁸⁶ (Sū.46.256 and 261; Ci.1.113; 6.8); aśvahantrī³⁸⁷ (Ci.9.28); aśvamūtrī³⁸⁸ (U.42.94); atimukta(ka)³⁸⁹ (Sū.45.120; Ci.31.5; U.45.16; 60.35); atiyava³⁹⁰ (Sū.46.43); avaguttha³⁹¹ (Sū.46.221); bahupattraka³⁹² (U.21.9); bahuputrā³⁹³ (Ka.1.68); bākucī³⁹⁴ (Ci.9.32; 25.18); bāṇa³⁹⁵ (Sū.6.36); bandhūka³⁹⁶ (Sū.6.36; Ka.1.72); barhiṣṭha³⁹⁷ (Ci.18.21; U.11.6 and 8; 39.230; 62.23 and 27); bāṣpadvaya³⁹⁸ (Ci.4.32); bhadrā³⁹⁹ (Ci.38.60); bhadrakāṣṭha⁴⁰⁰ (Ka.7.23; U.21.22); bhadrarohiṇī⁴⁰¹ (U.40.105); bhallūka⁴⁰² (Sū.38.12; Ci.7.6 and 10); bhāṇḍī⁴⁰³ (Ci.31.5); bhilloṭa(ka)⁴⁰⁴ (Ci.24.15; U.17.40); bhīruka⁴⁰⁵ (Sū.45.149 and 151); bhṛṅgavṛkṣa⁴⁰⁶ (U.35.4); bhujaṅgapuṣpa⁴⁰⁷ (U.46.17; 47.32 and 38); bhūmikadamba⁴⁰⁸ (Ci.2.90); bhūtakeśī⁴⁰⁹ (U.60.47); bimbiloṭa⁴¹⁰ (U.12.11); bimbitikā⁴¹¹ (Sū.46.249); brahmacāriṇī⁴¹² (Sū.19.29); cakramarda⁴¹³ (Ci.9.12 and 13); campaka⁴¹⁴ (Sū.28.11; 45.12; 46.288; Ci.29.236; Ka.6.20); carmarī⁴¹⁵ (Ka.2.5); carmavṛkṣa⁴¹⁶ (Ci.11.10); cagalāntrī⁴¹⁷ (Sū.38.29; 39.4; 46.249); citraphalā⁴¹⁸ (U.32.8; 58.66); coca⁴¹⁹ (Sū.38.24; Ci.17.15; 63); corakapattra⁴²⁰ (Sū.38.48); cūta⁴²¹ (Sū.6.27; Ci.9.23; 25.32 and 43); dadhināman⁴²² (U.50.27); dala⁴²³ (Ka.3.17); dāsīkuruṇṭaka⁴²⁴ (Sū.38.6); devadālī⁴²⁵ (Sū.39.5; Ka.7.35 and 36); devakāṣṭha⁴²⁶ (U.18.100; 26.22; 52.15); dhattūra⁴²⁷ (Ci.17.37; Ka.7.52 and 53); dīrghamūlā⁴²⁸ (Sū.38.45); dīrghapattra⁴²⁹ (Sū.45.150 and 154); dīrghavṛnta⁴³⁰ ( Ci.1.107; U.40.70, 81, 87); drāviḍī⁴³¹ (Sū.38.54); duḍuraka⁴³² (Sū.46.274); dūṣaka⁴³³ (Sū.46.4); gajādināmā⁴³⁴ (Ci.18.45); gajāśanā⁴³⁵ (U.40.155); gaḷodya⁴³⁶ (Ci.5.8); gandhāhva⁴³⁷ (Ci.9.60); gandharvahasta(ka)⁴³⁸ (Ci.4.30; 33.7; 38.67; U.35.3); gāṅgeya⁴³⁹ (U.17.17; 39.109); gargaraka⁴⁴⁰ (Ka.2.5); gāyatrī⁴⁴¹ (U.41.50; 45.34; 52.19); ghoṇṭā⁴⁴² (Ci.17.34); gilodya⁴⁴³ (Sū.42.11; Ci.11.10); girihvā⁴⁴⁴ (Ci.18.34; Ka.5.75); girikadambaka⁴⁴⁵ (U.31.4; 32.6); giryāhvā⁴⁴⁶ (Ka.2.45); gocandanā⁴⁴⁷ (Ci.28.22); gojī⁴⁴⁸ (Sū.8.15 and 18; Ci.9.10; 18.5, 32, 33; 19.44; 22.19; Ka.6.3; 7.29; U.24.28); gopā⁴⁴⁹ (Ka.1.37); gopaghoṇṭā⁴⁵⁰ (Sū.38.6; Ci.11.10; Ka.6.3); gṛdhranakhi⁴⁵¹ (Sū.38.73); guḍaśarkara⁴⁵² (U.42.70); guptaphalā⁴⁵³ (U.46.23); harigandhā⁴⁵⁴ (U.35.4); harimantha⁴⁵⁵ (Sū.46.277); harivṛkṣa⁴⁵⁶ (Ci.11.10); hastikarṇa⁴⁵⁷ (Sū.39.9; 45.115); hastyāluka⁴⁵⁸ (Sū.46.298); hatha⁴⁵⁹ (Sū.45.11; Ci.11.9; 29.29); hemāṅga⁴⁶⁰ (Ci.25.39); hima⁴⁶¹ (U. 42.71); hiraṇyapuṣpī⁴⁶² (Śā.10.11); hrasvaśigruka⁴⁶³ (U.26.28); hutabhuj⁴⁶⁴ (U.42.29; 52.30); hutāśa(na)⁴⁶⁵ (Ci.37.8; U.41.47; 61.32); ibha⁴⁶⁶ (Ci.38.52); ibhagandhā⁴⁶⁷ (Ka.2.5); ibhakaṇā⁴⁶⁸ (U.52.42); ibhakṛṣṇā⁴⁶⁹ (U.52.38); indīvara⁴⁷⁰ (Sū.38.12;

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46.298; Śā.4.72; Ci.7.11 and 17; U.45.35); indraparṇī⁴⁷¹ (Ci.17.15); indrapuṣpī⁴⁷² (Ci.17.15); indrasurā⁴⁷³ (Ci.37.34; U.11.15); indravallī⁴⁷⁴ (U.28.7); indravṛkṣa⁴⁷⁵ (Sū.11.11; U.57.9; 61.34); jālaksīrī⁴⁷⁶ (Ka.2.5); jalaśūka⁴⁷⁷ (Sū.16.19); jālinī⁴⁷⁸ (Ci.2.91; Ka.7.15 and 34); jaṭā⁴⁷⁹ (Ka.6.15; 7.23; U.60.47; 62.30); jātukanda⁴⁸⁰ (Sū.37.16 and 21); jatumukha⁴⁸¹ (Sū.46.12); jyotiṣka⁴⁸² (Ci.9.10; 14.10); kaccaka⁴⁸³ (Ci.7.6); kādamba⁴⁸⁴ (Ka.2.5); kadambapuṣpī⁴⁸⁵ (Ci.19.63; U.44.19); kahlāra⁴⁸⁶ (Sū. 39.8; U.26.13; 47.57); kākādanī⁴⁸⁷ (Sū.39.9; Ci.14.8; 18.13 and 36; 19.63; Ka.7.31; U.28.6; 32.8; 34.7; 44.19; 51.24); kākajanghā⁴⁸⁸ (Ci.19.63); kākalaka⁴⁸⁹ (Sū.46.8); kālāguru⁴⁹⁰ (Ci.39.275); kālaka⁴⁹¹ (Sū.20.5); kālaskandha⁴⁹² (Sū.38.8); kālayavallī⁴⁹³ (Ci.6.8); kālikā⁴⁹⁴ (U.51.23); kālinda(ka)⁴⁹⁵ (Sū.9.4; 46.211 and 214); kāmboji⁴⁹⁶ (Ci.19.42); kāṇa⁴⁹⁷ ((U.60.47); kanakāhva⁴⁹⁸ (Sū.44.49); kāñcanaka⁴⁹⁹ (Sū.39.7; 46.4); kandalī⁵⁰⁰ (Sū.39.8); kaṅkuṣṭha⁵⁰¹ (Sū.28.13); kaṇṭakī⁵⁰² (Sū.38.6); kāntāra⁵⁰³ (Sū.45.149 and 153); kapotavaṅkā⁵⁰⁴ (Sū.38.12; Ci.7.6 and 25; 31.5; U.32.3); kara-ghāṭa⁵⁰⁵ (Ka.2.5); karambha⁵⁰⁶ (Ka.2.5); karañjikā⁵⁰⁷ (Ci.2.74 and 91; 9.10; Ka.6.3); kāravella(ka)⁵⁰⁸ (Sū.19.33; 42.11; 46.269; Ci.5.12; U.17.51); kāravī⁵⁰⁹ (Sū.46.230); kardamaka⁵¹⁰ (Sū.20.5; Ka.2.5); karotaka⁵¹¹ (Ka.2.5); kārpasinī⁵¹² (U.47.34); kartarīya⁵¹³ (Ka.2.5); kāṣṭhāluka⁵¹⁴ (Sū.46.298); kaṭukikā⁵¹⁵ (Sū.46.262); kaṭvī⁵¹⁶ (Sū.44.26; Ci.37.39; Ka.7.39); kavaka⁵¹⁷ (Sū.20.8); kedāra⁵¹⁸ (Sū.46.8); kenduka⁵¹⁹ (U.21.15); keṭakī⁵²⁰ (Sū.6.32; U.42.45); khadyotaka⁵²¹ (Ka.2.5); kharamañjarī⁵²² (Ci.18.23; 25.14; 31.5; U.12.50; 19.11); kīṭārī⁵²³ (Ci.2.91); kīṭaśatru⁵²⁴ (U.12.44); kokilākṣaka⁵²⁵ (U.58.44); kolā⁵²⁶ (U.51.33); kośakāra⁵²⁷ (Sū.45.155; U.40.126); kośakṛt⁵²⁸ (Sū.45.150); kośavatī⁵²⁹ (Ci.18.20; Ka.7.34; U.56.17); kṛmighātin⁵³⁰ (U.42.42); kṛmighna⁵³¹ (Ci.9.59; U.10.8; 21.52; 26.29; 40.40; 52.29); kṛmiśatru⁵³² (U.31.36); kṣaṇadā⁵³³ (U.17.17); kṣīradruma⁵³⁴ (U.18.36); kṣīramoraṭa⁵³⁵ (Sū.42.11; Ka.8.132); kṣīrapalaṇḍu⁵³⁶ (Sū.46.247); kṣīravṛkṣa⁵³⁷ (Sū.46.163, 165, 253; Śā.10.13; Ci.1.17 and 114; 7.33, 34, 35; 20.16; 24.15; 38.80; U.21.30; 23.6; 29.4); kṣīrin⁵³⁸ (Sū.37.23; Śā.10.61; Ci.2.65 and 83; 19.43; 20.34; 22.15 and 17; Ka.5.60; 8.133; U.39.181; 40.104; 47.41); kuberākṣī⁵³⁹ (Sū.39.7; U.3.5.3); kubjaka⁵⁴⁰ (Ci.7.6; U.17.8); kukkuṭā⁵⁴¹ (U.60.47); kukkuṭāṇḍaka⁵⁴² (Sū.46.12); kukkuṭī⁵⁴³ (U.29.7; 33.7); kulāhala⁵⁴⁴ (Sū.38.18; 46.221); kulatthikā⁵⁴⁵ (Ci.16.26; 20.50); kulevara⁵⁴⁶ (Sū.46.290); kulīra⁵⁴⁷ (U.21.45); kumudaghni⁵⁴⁸ (Ka.2.5); kumudvatī⁵⁴⁹ (Ka.2.5); kunda⁵⁵⁰ (U.7.30; 51.38; 60.35); kuntalikā⁵⁵¹ (Sū.46.274 and 276); kurabaka⁵⁵² (Ka.5.86); kuravaka⁵⁵³ (Sū.46.8); kuruṇṭikā⁵⁵⁴ (Sū.38.12; 46.274 and 276; Ci.7.10); kuruvaka⁵⁵⁵ (Sū.42.11); kuśimbivallī⁵⁵⁶ (Sū.46.46); kuvalaya⁵⁵⁷ (Sū.13.14; 38.52; 46.285); lakṣmī⁵⁵⁸ (Sū.19.29); lambā⁵⁵⁹ (Ka.2.5); lāṅgulī⁵⁶⁰ (Sū.19.29); latākastū-rikā⁵⁶¹ (Sū.46.204); lāvākṣaka⁵⁶² (Sū.46.12); lohitikā⁵⁶³ (Ci.11.10); madhvāluka⁵⁶⁴ (Sū.46.298); magadhā⁵⁶⁵ (U.17.25; 26.7; 40.181; 41.49; 47.30 and 38; 52.34; 56.17); magadhājā (U.17.23); magadhobhavā (U.11.14; 52.44; 56.18); mahādūṣaka⁵⁶⁶ (Sū.46.4); mahākarambha⁵⁶⁷ (Ka.2.5); mahāmāṣa⁵⁶⁸ (Sū.21.23); mahānimba⁵⁶⁹ (Sū.38.22); mahāṣaṣṭika⁵⁷⁰ (Sū.46.8); mahāsugandhā⁵⁷¹ (U.26.40); mahāśūka⁵⁷² (Sū.46.4); mahāśyāmā⁵⁷³ (Sū.38.29); mahāviṣa⁵⁷⁴ (Ka.2.5 and 17); mahīkadamba⁵⁷⁵ (Ci.17.15; U.41.47); mahiṣaśūka⁵⁷⁶ (Sū.46.4); malayaja⁵⁷⁷ (U.47.55); mallikā⁵⁷⁸ (Sū.46.286); māṇaka⁵⁷⁹ (Sū.46.306); mandārī⁵⁸⁰ (Ci.19.63); maṇḍūkī⁵⁸¹ (U.57.11); maṅgalya⁵⁸² (Sū.20.5; 46.27); mātuluṅgī⁵⁸³ (Sū.37.3; 39.6; U.45.36; 56.18);

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meṣa⁵⁸⁴ (U.17.45); meṣaviṣāṇanāman⁵⁸⁵ (U.17.31); misi⁵⁸⁶ (Ci.38.44, 53, 57, 69, 72); mocakī⁵⁸⁷ (Ci.2.64); modayantī⁵⁸⁸ (Ci.25.33); mohanavallikā⁵⁸⁹ (U.60.48); mohanikā⁵⁹⁰ (Ci.28.22); mokṣaka⁵⁹¹ (Ci.4.32; Ka.3.9; U.44.29); mṛgabhojinī⁵⁹² (Ci.17.37); mṛgādanī⁵⁹³ (Ci.2.91; 9.58; Ka.5.69; U.28.7); mṛgairvāru⁵⁹⁴ (Sū.39.3; U.30.6); muculunda⁵⁹⁵ (Ci.18.10); mūlaka⁵⁹⁶ (Ka.2.5); muñja⁵⁹⁷ (Śā.5.49); muraṅgī⁵⁹⁸ (Sū.39.6; Ci.23.12; Ka.5.68; U.21.17); muruṅgī⁵⁹⁹ (Ci.6.9; 14.10); mūṣikā⁶⁰⁰ (Ka.1.78); nādeyī⁶⁰¹ (Ci.4.32); nadībhallātaka⁶⁰² (Sū.46.249); nāga⁶⁰³ (Sū.45.12; 46.287; Ci.25.38; U.47.61); nāgavinnā⁶⁰⁴ (U.62.31); nagavṛttika⁶⁰⁵ (Ci.20.12); nagavṛttikā⁶⁰⁶ (Ci.15.9; Ka.5.76); naipāla⁶⁰⁷ (Sū.45.150 and 154); nandana⁶⁰⁸ (Ka.2.5); nandivṛkṣa⁶⁰⁹ (Sū.38.46 and 48); nārācaka⁶¹⁰ (Ka.2.5); narādhipa⁶¹¹ (Ci.37.11 and 41); nāraṅga⁶¹² (Sū.46.139 and 161); narendra(druma)⁶¹³ (Ci.9.40; 18.6; Ka.5.61); nīlapora⁶¹⁴ (Sū.45.150 and 154); nīraja⁶¹⁵ (Ci.25.33); nirdahanī⁶¹⁶ (Ci.4.32; U.40.39; 55.48; 57.10); niśacchada⁶¹⁷ (Ci.38.43 and 67); nīcaiḥkadamba⁶¹⁸ (U.51.40); nṛpavṛkṣa⁶¹⁹ (U.42.61; 57.9); nṛttakuṇḍaka⁶²⁰ (U.51.34); pārāvataka⁶²¹ (Sū.46.12); pāribhadra(ka)⁶²² (Sū.11.11; 29.64; Ci.4.32; Ka.3.9; U.32.3; 54.26; 58.48); pārijāta⁶²³ (Ci.11.9; 14.13); pārtha⁶²⁴ (Ka.6.22); patolī⁶²⁵ (U.39.226); pauṇḍraka⁶²⁶ (Sū.45.149 and 151; Ci.26.17); picu⁶²⁷ (Sū.46.187); picuka⁶²⁸ (Ci.7.17); pippala⁶²⁹ (Ka.8.110 and 120); pītaka⁶³⁰ (Sū.20.5; 46.8); pracībalā⁶³¹ (U.34.3); prācībalā⁶³² (Sū.38.18); prapuṇḍarīka⁶³³ (Ka.2.5); puṇḍarīka⁶³⁴ (Sū.46.4); punnāga⁶³⁵ (Sū.6.23; 38.24 and 45; Ka.2.47; 5.66; 6.16; U.47.61); puṣkaravarti⁶³⁶ (Sū.46.163); puṣpaṇḍaka⁶³⁷ (Sū.46.4); puṣpaphala⁶³⁸ (Sū.9.4; 46.211; U.47.45); putrañjīvaka⁶³⁹ (Ci.19.61; U.31.8); putraśreṇī⁶⁴⁰ (Sū.38.29; Ka.6.3); rājadruma⁶⁴¹ (Ka.3.9; U.57.8); rājataru⁶⁴² (U.57.14); rājikā⁶⁴³ (Sū.46.221); raktā⁶⁴⁴ (Ci.37.31; 38.71; Ka.5.61 and 68; U.52.35); raktāluka⁶⁴⁵ (Sū.46.298); raktasāra⁶⁴⁶ (Ci.9.50); raktasarṣapa⁶⁴⁷ (U.3.11); raktavṛkṣa⁶⁴⁸ (Sū.46.284); raktotpala⁶⁴⁹ (Sū.38.52); rāmatha⁶⁵⁰ (U.51.16); rambhā⁶⁵¹ (Ci.1.108); ramyaka⁶⁵² (Sū.38.29; 39.4; 43.3; Ci.4.27); rātrī⁶⁵³ (Ci.9.12; U.10.5); reṇu⁶⁵⁴ (Ci.37.17 and 40; 38.51 and 57); reṇukā⁶⁵⁵ (Ka.2.5); reṇukā⁶⁵⁶ (U.17.16); ruj⁶⁵⁷ (U.40.57; 42.29); rūpikā⁶⁵⁸ (Sū.43.3; Ci.9.5; 17.25; Ka.7.52); rodhrapuṣpaka⁶⁵⁹ (Sū.46.4); sadābhadra⁶⁶⁰ (U.24.32); śailabheda⁶⁶¹ (U.10.4); śāka⁶⁶² (Sū.8.15 and 18; 38.43; 42.11; Śā.10.59; Ci.7.6 and 17; 9.10; 15.22; 18.32; Ka.6.3); śākhoṭaka⁶⁶³ (Ci.18.23); śakrāhva⁶⁶⁴ (Ci.37.27); śakrayava⁶⁶⁵ (Ci.38.27; U.39.227; 40.66 and 104); śālāmukha⁶⁶⁶ (Sū.46.12); śaṅkhāluka⁶⁶⁷ (Sū.46.298); śāntanu⁶⁶⁸ (Sū.46.21 and 23.) saptāhva⁶⁶⁹ (Sū.6.36; Ci.9.50); sārapāka⁶⁷⁰ (Ka.2.5); śarapuṅkhā⁶⁷¹ (Ka.7.53); sarpagandhā⁶⁷² (Ka.5.84; 7.29; U.60.47); sarpaghātin⁶⁷³ (Ka.2.5); sarpākṣī⁶⁷⁴ (Ka.6.22; 8.117); sarṣapa⁶⁷⁵ (Ka.2.5); śataparvaka⁶⁷⁶ (U.58.44); saurabhabīja⁶⁷⁷ (U.23.4); saurīyaka⁶⁷⁸ (Ka.2.5); sauvīra⁶⁷⁹ (Sū.46.139 and 146); śephālikā⁶⁸⁰ (Sū.8.15 and 18); siddhaka⁶⁸¹ (Ka.3.9); siṃha⁶⁸² (Ci.9.27); siṃhī⁶⁸³ (U.39.219); sinduka⁶⁸⁴ (U.31.7); śīrṇavṛnta⁶⁸⁵ (Sū.46.216 and 220); śitabhīruka⁶⁸⁶ (Sū.46.4); sitakarṇikā⁶⁸⁷ (U.45.20); śītaphala⁶⁸⁸ (Sū.46.163); sitasāriva⁶⁸⁹ (U.47.41); sitasindhuvāra⁶⁹⁰ (Ka.5.66 and 77); śītaśiva⁶⁹¹ (Sū.14.35; 39.9; 42.11; Ci.11.10; 17.15; Ka.6.18); śivāṭī⁶⁹² (U.23.4); soma⁶⁹³ (Ka.1.37); somavṛkṣa⁶⁹⁴ (Ci.11.8); śṛgālavinnā⁶⁹⁵ (Ci.5.7; U.42.113; 58.59); śrī⁶⁹⁶ (Ci.22.69; U.24.27); śrīniketa⁶⁹⁷ (Ci.9.12); sthūlakanda⁶⁹⁸ (Sū.46.306 and 307); sūcipattra(ka)⁶⁹⁹ (Sū.45.149 and 154); sugandha⁷⁰⁰ (Ka.2.5); sugandhaka⁷⁰¹ (Sū.20.5; 38.18; 46.4 and 221); sugandhā⁷⁰² (Ka.5.76); sugandhikā⁷⁰³ (Ci.17.8 and 28;

v1.c23.s8.4

Ka.5.69; 6.15); śukāhvayā⁷⁰⁴ (Ci.18.48; 19.65); śukākhya⁷⁰⁵ (Ci.18.36; 19.65); śukākhyā⁷⁰⁶ (Ci.2.90; Ka.7.34; U.44.19; 51.23); śukanasā⁷⁰⁷ (Ci.17.37; 19.63); śukanasā⁷⁰⁸ (Sū.42.11; Ci.1.115); śuklamarica⁷⁰⁹ (U.11.13 and 16; 12.51); surā⁷¹⁰ (U.62.30); suradruma⁷¹¹ (Ci.37.16; U.61.31); surakāṣṭha⁷¹² (U.11.6); sūraṇa⁷¹³ (Sū.46.306 and 307); surasī⁷¹⁴ (Sū.38.18; Ka.5.70); surendrakanda⁷¹⁵ (Sū.46.305); sūryavallī⁷¹⁶ (Sū.45.120; Ci.31.5; Ka.2.45); śvetacandana⁷¹⁷ (Ci.25.39); śetadūrvā⁷¹⁸ (Śā.10.69); śvetakarkaṭaka⁷¹⁹ (U.58.42); śvetamokṣaka⁷²⁰ (Ci.4.32); śvetapora(ka)⁷²¹ (Sū.45.149 and 152); śvetapunarnavā⁷²² (Ka.7.24 and 52); śvetasarṣapa⁷²³ (Ci.5.10; 22.20); śvetasurasā⁷²⁴ (Sū.38.18); śvetavalguja⁷²⁵ (Ci.28.3); talakoṭa⁷²⁶ (U.51.45); tālapitrī⁷²⁷ (Sū.11.3; 37.30; Ci.18.5; 25.18); tālitala⁷²⁸ (Ci.17.25); tāmravallī⁷²⁹ (Śā.10.59); tāpasavṛkṣa⁷³⁰ (Sū.38.16; Ci.18.13); tāpasekṣu⁷³¹ (Sū.45.149 and 153); taskara⁷³² (Ci.37.17); tīkṣṇagandhā⁷³³ (U.23.4); tiktālābu⁷³⁴ (Sū.46.215); timira⁷³⁵ (U.51.32); toya⁷³⁶ (Ka.2.51; 6.16; 8.114); tripuṭaka⁷³⁷ (Sū.46.27); trivarga⁷³⁸ (Ci.2.73; 24.7; U.41.45); trivarṇaka⁷³⁹ (Sū.44.7); tuṇḍikera⁷⁴⁰ (U.48.27); tuṇḍikerī⁷⁴¹ (Ni.2.10; 16.42); turaṅgagandhā⁷⁴² (U.41.41 and 43); tuvara(ka)⁷⁴³ (Sū.45.122; 46.196 and 423; Ci.9.7; 13.20; 31.5; U.16.8); tvaksāra⁷⁴⁴ (Sū.8.15); tvaritaka⁷⁴⁵ (Sū.46.12); udumbarī bhadrāsamjñā⁷⁴⁶ (Ci.9.15); ugrā⁷⁴⁷ (Ci.25.38; 38.45; U.23.4; 41.50; 51.27; 61.36); undurukarṇikā⁷⁴⁸ (Sū.38.18); unmatta(ka)⁷⁴⁹ (Ka.7.54; U.21.6); utpalasārivā⁷⁵⁰ (Śā.10.60); uttamāraṇī⁷⁵¹ (Ci.6.12; 10.8); vahni⁷⁵² (Ci.9.47; U.52.35); vaijayantī⁷⁵³ (Sū.42.11; Ci.4.32; 11.9; 19.39); vairāṭaka⁷⁵⁴ (Ka.2.5 and 14); vājigandhā⁷⁵⁵ (Ci.37.12 and 20; 38.43; U.41.42; 62.27); vajraproktā⁷⁵⁶ (U.60.48); vajrākhya⁷⁵⁷ (Ci.9.55); vajravṛkṣa⁷⁵⁸ (Sū.38.20); vakra⁷⁵⁹ (Ka.5.63; 6.3; 7.29; 8.47, 48, 54, 104, 117; U.9.13; 18.94 and 98); vanamudga⁷⁶⁰ (Sū.20.5; 46.27 and 29); vandāka⁷⁶¹ (Ci.6.13); vanyakulattha⁷⁶² (Sū.46.38); varadāru⁷⁶³ (Ka.2.5); varāhakanda⁷⁶⁴ (Sū.46.309); vārāhī⁷⁶⁵ (Ci.7.10; 17.4 and 36; 27.11; 30.5 and 13); varavāstuka⁷⁶⁶ (U.17.50); vārida⁷⁶⁷ (Ci.38.71); varṇaka⁷⁶⁸ (U.10.10; 35.7); vātaghna⁷⁶⁹ (Ci.16.4); veṇagāman⁷⁷⁰ (Sū.46.238); veṇuka⁷⁷¹ (Ka.2.5); veṇupattrikā⁷⁷² (Ka.1.53); vidyucchikā⁷⁷³ (Ka.2.5); vijaya⁷⁷⁴ (Ka.2.5); vinirdahanī⁷⁷⁵ (U.44.28); vīrataru⁷⁷⁶ (Sū.38.12; 39.7; Śā.10.22; Ci.7.26; 15.44; U.9.20; 40.41); viṣaghnī⁷⁷⁷ (U.62.30); viśalyā⁷⁷⁸ (Śā.10.11; Ci.18.48; Ka.5.61; U.55.49; 62.30); viṣaṇuṣṭikā⁷⁷⁹ (Sū.38.18); viṣapattrikā⁷⁸⁰ (Ka.2.5); vṛddhi⁷⁸¹ (Sū.38.35; Ci.37.12; 38.28); vyādhihāta⁷⁸² (Ci.9.14); yavaphala⁷⁸³ (U.31.6); yavaphalā⁷⁸⁴ (Ka.6.15); yojanavallī⁷⁸⁵ (U.38.45).

v1.c23.s8.5

The inorganic substances of the Suśrutasaṃhitā⁷⁸⁶ are collectively referred to as pārthiva substances;⁷⁸⁷ the items listed as such consist of gold (suvarṇa), silver (rajata), gems (maṇi), pearls (muktā), manaḥśilā, clay (mṛd), potsherds (kapāla), etc.⁷⁸⁸

v1.c23.s8.6

Apart from salts,⁷⁸⁹ caustics (kṣāra)⁷⁹⁰ and some types of añjana,⁷⁹¹ the Suśrutasaṃhitā mentions:⁷⁹² āgāradhūma⁷⁹³ (Sū.14.35; Ci.9.10); āla⁷⁹⁴ (Ci.1.107 and 108; 9.27 and 55; 19.18; 20.21; 25.38; U.11.9; 52.22); ananta⁷⁹⁵ (Śā.10.13); aśmajajatu⁷⁹⁶ (U.41.57); aśmajātajatu⁷⁹⁷ (U.46.24); aśmantaka⁷⁹⁸ (U.15.26); aśmasāra⁷⁹⁹ (U.59.24); audumbara⁸⁰⁰ (U.18.63 and 85); ayas (iron) and ayorajas (powdered iron) (Sū.9.19; 11.11; 16.18; Ci.10.11 and 12; 13.7; 19.47; 25.28; 35.12; 44.17 and 21; U.15.26; 17.85; 18.62; 44.17); ayaskānta⁸⁰¹ (Sū.7.15; 27.1); ayomala⁸⁰² (U.44.24 and 32); bhasmaśarkarā⁸⁰³ (Sū.11.11); dhātumākṣika⁸⁰⁴ (Ci.9.6); gairika⁸⁰⁵ (Sū.14.36; Ci.19.30 and 40;

v1.c23.s8.7

Ka.6.16; U.9.15; 10.8; 17.6, 87; 45.39); girija⁸⁰⁶ (Ci.13.12); gomedaka⁸⁰⁷ (Ni.3.7); gṛhadhūma⁸⁰⁸ (Ci.9.60; 18.41); haritāla⁸⁰⁹ (Sū.37.14 and 18; Ci.1.60, 97, 105; 6.12; 9.10; 19.40 and 46; U.30.7); heman (gold) (Śā.10.13 and 68); iṣṭakā⁸¹⁰ (Ci.32.5); kāca (glass) (Sū.8.15; 46.453); kajjala (U.12.53); kāṃsya (Sū.46.328; Ci.18.36; 32.4; U.18.61 and 103); kāṃsyamala (U.12.14, 41, 50); kanaka (gold) (Sū.26.20; Śā.10.68); kanakagairika⁸¹¹ (Ka.2.51); kanakākārodbhava⁸¹² (U.17.39); kāñcana (gold) (Śā.10.68); kāñcanagairika⁸¹³ (Ka.5.67; U.44.21); kāñcanāhvagairika⁸¹⁴ (U.50.19); kapāla⁸¹⁵ (Sū.16.15; Ci.32.4 and 5; U.18.96); kardama⁸¹⁶ (Ci.25.32); kāsīsa⁸¹⁷ (Sū.37.14, 19, 31; 38.37; Ci.1.60, 96, 97, 103; 9.10 and 55; 18.54; 19.40; U.12.18 and 24; 14.4; 17.44; 18.25; 25.32; 50.27); kaṭaśarkarā⁸¹⁸ (Sū.11.12); kṛṣṇakapālikā⁸¹⁹ (Ni.5.8); kṛṣṇaloha⁸²⁰ (Sū.38.62; U.18.24); kṛṣṇāyas⁸²¹ (Sū.46.499; Ci.12.10 and 11; 25.31); kuruvinda⁸²² (Sū.8.15; 37.31; Ka.3.14; U.15.26); loha⁸²³ (Sū.7.7; 9.8; 12.4; 18.16; 46.328; Ci.1.90; 6.11; 9.25; 13.5, 6, 7; 32.5; 35.12); lohacūrṇa⁸²⁴ (Ci.9.25; U.12.24); lohakitta⁸²⁵ (U.44.32 and 34); lohamala⁸²⁶ (Sū.38.62); lohapurīṣa⁸²⁷ (Ci.18.52); loharajas⁸²⁸ (Sū.15.32; Ci.25.33); mākṣika⁸²⁹ (Ci.13.17 and 18); manaḥśilā⁸³⁰ (Sū.1.32; 37.14, 18, 31; Ci.1.60 and 97; 9.10 and 55; 19.40 and 46; U.11.8 and 9; 18.100; 17.7, 18, 27, 39, 98; 30.7; 18.100; 52.22); maṇḍūra⁸³¹ (U.44.23); maṇi⁸³² (Sū.1.32; 45.17; 46.330; Ci.1.100; 35.12; 39.235); manohvā⁸³³ (U.13.7); mṛd (U.44.3; 45.33; Ka.3.12); muktā (Sū.1.32; 45.17; 46.329; U.15.26; 44.21); nadīja⁸³⁴ (Ci.9.25); nadījadhātu⁸³⁵ (U.44.31); naipāla⁸³⁶ (U.50.18); naipālī⁸³⁷ (U.12.16); nepālajā⁸³⁸ (U.19.14); nepālajātā⁸³⁹ (U.11.16); nepālī⁸⁴⁰ (U.12.16; 14.4); pāṣāṇa⁸⁴¹ (Ci.32.5); pārada (Ci.25.39; ⁸⁴² U.3.5.7); ⁸⁴³ pravāla (coral)⁸⁴⁴ (U.44.21); pulaka⁸⁴⁵ (U.15.26); puṣpa⁸⁴⁶ (Ka.6.17); rajata (silver)⁸⁴⁷ (Sū.1.32; 26.20; 38.62; 46.449 and 451; Ci.35.12; U.10.15; 18.85); ratna⁸⁴⁸ (U.12.25; 18.94); rīti (yellow brass) (Sū.26.20; Ci.35.12); rūpya⁸⁴⁹ (Sū.46.327); śailajatu⁸⁵⁰ (U.44.31); śātakumbha⁸⁵¹ (U.10.9 and 15; 17.85; 18.85 and 92); śilā⁸⁵² (Ci.2.60; 25.38; Ka.6.17; U.12.29; 14.7; 21.48); śilājatu⁸⁵³ (Sū.38.37; Ci.9.6; 13.4–10ab; U.44.31); sīsa (lead) (Sū.26.20; 38.62; 46.329; Ci.13.7; 18.38); sphaṭika (rock crystal) (Sū.8.15; 46.329 and 453; U.10.15; 12.17; 15.26; 18.92); srotoja (U.17.98); sudhāśarkarā⁸⁵⁴ (Sū.11.11); surāṣṭraja⁸⁵⁵ (Sū.37.14; Ci.1.60; 19.24); sutāra⁸⁵⁶ (Ka.3.14); suvarṇa (gold)⁸⁵⁷ (Sū.1.32; 38.62; 46.326 and 450; Śā.10.68; Ci.35.12); svarṇagairika (U.17.12);⁸⁵⁸ tāmra (copper) (Sū.26.20; 38.62; 46.327 and 452; Ci.9.23; 12.10; 18.38; 35.12; U.11.6; 12.29 and 40; 15.26; 17.85 and 97; 18.24); tāmracūrṇa (Ci.19.47; U.18.100); ṭaṅkaṇa (borax) (Sū.46.322 and 325; U.18.24); tāpīja⁸⁵⁹ (Ci.13.17); tāpya⁸⁶⁰ (U.44.23); tāra (silver)⁸⁶¹ (Ka.3.14); tīkṣṇaloha⁸⁶² (Ci.10.11; 12.15); trapu (tin) (Sū.26.20; 38.62; 46.329; Ci.13.5 and 7; 18.38; U.12.14; 54.33); tuttha (Ci.1.97; 2.69 and 73; 7.102; 9.10 and 27; 18.54; U.11.6 and 12; 12.16; 18.95); tutthaka (Sū.38.37; Ci.9.61); vaidūrya (Sū.46.329 and 453; U.10.15; 15.26; 18.92); vajrendra (Sū.46.329); vidruma (coral)⁸⁶³ (Sū.46.329; U.10.15; 12.17; 17.98; 18.24).

v1.c23.s8.8

Dhanvantari

v1.c23.s8.9

Dhanvantari,¹ incarnated as Divodāsa, king of Kāśī, is the teacher of Suśruta and a number of other disciples in the Suśrutasaṃhitā.

v1.c23.s8.10

In contrast with Divodāsa, Dhanvantari is not mentioned in Vedic literature,² apart from its latest layer, the Sūtra texts.

v1.c23.s8.11

The later Indian tradition is acquainted with him as the god of healing, closely associated with the science of medicine.³

v1.c23.s8.12

The earliest reference to Dhanvantari appears to be found in the Kauśikasūtra (74.6), which prescribes that a portion of the daily offering (baliharaṇa) be reserved for him.⁴ Offerings to Dhanvantari which form part of various rituals (baliharaṇa, caityayajña, pākayajña)⁵ are mentioned in gṛhyasūtras,⁶ dharmaśāstra texts,⁷ the Mahābhārata,⁸ and some Purāṇas.⁹

v1.c23.s8.13

Dhanvantari made his first appearance as one of the jewels that arose from the Ocean of Milk,¹⁰ after it had been churned for a long time by the Devas and Asuras in order to obtain the drink of immortality called amṛta.¹¹

v1.c23.s8.14

Shortly after this event, he asked Viṣṇu for his share in the sacrifice and a place on earth; the shares having already been apportioned, the second request could be granted only; he would enjoy the dignity of a god and be worshipped by the twice-born with oblations of boiled rice and barley (caru), mantras, vratas, and muttered prayers (japa).¹²

v1.c23.s8.15

The second incarnation of Dhanvantari took place in the Dvāparayuga, when he was born as the son or grandson of Dīrghatamas or -tapas, king of Kāśī.¹³

v1.c23.s8.16

The Suśrutasaṃhitā refers to Dhanvantari, who was born again as Divodāsa, King of Kāśī,¹⁴ as Ādideva (Sū.1.21) and amaravara (Sū.1.3); he is regarded as identical with the Dhanvantari who arose from the churning of the Milky Ocean (Ni.1.3; U.39.3).¹⁵

v1.c23.s8.17

The Brahmavaivartapurāṇa is acquainted with a Dhanvantari who was a pupil of Bhāskara, and who composed a medical work called Cikitsātattvajñāna.¹⁶ The same Purāṇa also tells a story about a Dhanvantari who was a toxicological expert, in particular skilled in counteracting the effects of snake venom.¹⁷

v1.c23.s8.18

The Bhaviṣyapurāṇa tells about a Dhanvantari who was an incarnation of Sūrya; this Dhanvantari, born in Kāśī as the son of the brāhmaṇa Kalpadatta, became a follower of Kṛṣṇacaitanya and wrote a treatise called Kalpaveda. He chose Suśruta, the son of a king, as one of his pupils; Suśruta composed, on the model of the Kalpaveda, his own medical work, a book in one hundred chapters, with the title Sauśrutatantra.¹⁸

v1.c23.s8.19

A narrative about a Dhanvantari, born as the son of a vaiśya girl called Vīrabhadrā after her encounter with the sage Gālava, is found in the Garuda-, Mārkaṇḍeya- and Skandapurāṇa, 19 and in a work called Ambaṣṭhacāracandrikā.20

v1.c23.s8.20

The Indian tradition is also familiar with a Dhanvantari who was one of the nine gems at the court of Vikramāditya.21 This Dhanvantari is often thought to be the author of the Dhanvantarīyanighaṇṭu.

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Finally, some Indian authors refer to a Dhanvantari who established a gotra of the Sārasvatabrāhmaṇas.22

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Dhanvantari’s name also appears in some of the lists of the Tamil Siddhas.23 The guru of Koṅkaṇavar, one of these Siddhas, was the pupil of a Dhanvantari. The introductory verses of some Tamil medical treatises, for example Tēraiyār’s Makākariśal,24 pay homage to Dhanvantari. A Tamil medical work, called Tanvantarivaityam,25 which contains many rasayogas, is also known.26

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Iconographic descriptions of the deity Dhanvantari are found in the Samarāṅgaṇasūtradāra (77.47), Śilparatna, and Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa.27 Sculptures representing Dhanvantari and shrines dedicated to him are rare.28

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Dhanvantari’s name is not absent from Indian folk traditions. He is mentioned in a tale on the origin of the Camār caste and in the Pañjābī legend about a princess called Niwal Daī.29

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A number of Indian scholars have tried to determine the number of different Dhanvantaris referred to in the texts. For obvious reasons, they have not succeeded in reaching a consensus; the number of Dhanvantaris distinguished varies from one to five.30

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The divine Dhanvantari is, in general, associated with Viṣṇu. He is considered to be a part (aṃśa) of Viṣṇu, this god’s twelfth avatāra,31 or a part of Nārāyaṇa.32 He is, however, also reckoned as a disciple of Śiva.33 Dhanvantari is one of the 1,008 names of Śiva in the Mahābhārata.34 The same epic lists Dhanvantari as one of the 108 names of Sūrya, the sun god.35

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Dhanvantari is also known to the Buddhist36 and Jaina traditions. He is a medical expert in the Milindapañha;37 the Ayoghara-Jātaka (Nr. 510) refers to him, together with Vaitaraṇa and Bhoja, as a specialist in the treatment of snake-bites.38 He is also mentioned in Āryaśūra’s Jātakamālā.39

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The Vivāgasuya (= Sanskrit Vipākaśruta), the eleventh aṅga of the Śvetāmbara Jaina canon, mentions a Dhanvantari as the court physician of Kanakaratha, king of Vijayapura. An Āyurvedaśāstra of Dhanvantari is mentioned in Śīlaṅka’s Caūpaṇṇamahāpurisacariya.40 Some more Dhanvantaris are referred to in other Jaina texts.41

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The popularity of Dhanvantari is attested by sayings found in the Hitopadeśa and other works.42

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Bhagvat Sinh Jee asserted that the term Dhanvantari is applied to a physician who is acquainted with no less than three hundred remedies for each and every affection.43

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The divine Dhanvantari and his later namesakes are connected with the science of medicine. The Dhanvantari who arose during the churning of the Milky Ocean bore a pitcher (kamaṇḍalu, kalaśa), full of the drink of immortality (amṛta), in one of his hands, and is described as a medical expert.44 The descendant of Dīrghatapas is referred to as the founder of āyurveda.45 The Dhanvantari who was the son of Vīrabhadra bore the title of Vaidya.46

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In his second existence, as the descendant of Dīrghatapas, Dhanvantari received his āyurvedic knowledge from Bharadvāja; he divided the āyurveda into eight branches and taught it to his pupils.47 The teacher is replaced by Bhāskara in the Brahmavaivartapurāṇa48 and Matsyapurāṇa.49 The Brahmavaivartapurāṇa mentions Garuḍa as the one who instructed Dhanvantari in mantraśāstra.50

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The Suśrutasaṃhitā (Sū.1.20), Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha (Sū.1.6–10) and Bhāvaprakāśa (I.1.71–72) relate that Dhanvantari received the āyurveda from Indra.

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Dhanvantari is a medical expert in general or a specialist in toxicology in the non-medical sources. The medical treatises regard him as an authority without special qualifications or as a specialist in surgery (śalya).

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The Suśrutasaṃhitā presents him in his incarnation as Divodāsa as a surgeon.51 Daḷhaṇa gives, as an etymology of Dhanvantari’s name: dhanuḥ śalyaśāstram, tasya antaṃ pāraṃ iyarti gacchatīti dhanvantariḥ,52 which means that he completely mastered the science of surgery (dhanus = śalyaśāstra). Cakrapāṇidatta’s Bhānumatī53 quotes the same etymological explanation, preceded by another one: jagadarthasādhanād dhanur dharmaḥ, tasyānto vyādhyakālamṛtyusaṃpādako ’dharmaḥ, tasyārir, which means that he was the enemy of adharma, which leads to an untimely death due to disease.54

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The dhānvantarīyāḥ, i.e., those following Dhanvantari’s teachings, are obviously surgeons.

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Dhanvantari, in his role as Suśruta’s teacher, was also an expert in aśvaśāstra55 and rites beneficial to cattle.56

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The Suśrutasaṃhitā refers frequently to Dhanvantari, to whom many laudatory epithets are given: ahataśāsana (Ka.1.3), bhiṣajāṃ varaḥ (Ni.1.5), dharmabhṛtāṃ variṣṭhaḥ (Ni.1.3; Ci.2.3), mahāprajña (Ka.4.3), nimittāntarabhūmipa (Ni.9.3), sarvāmaraguru (Ni.9.3), sarvaśāstrarthatattvajña (U.18.3), sarvaśāstraviśārada (Ka.4.3), śrīmant (Ni.9.3), tapodharmabhṛtāṃ varaḥ (Ka.1.3), tapodṛṣṭi (U.18.3), vāgviśārada (Ci.2.3), udāradhī (U.18.3).

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Works ascribed to one or more authors called Dhanvantari are: (1) Auṣadhaprayoga(kārikā);57 (2) Āyurvedasārāvalī;58 (3) Bālacikitsā;59 (4) Cārucaryā;60 (5) Cikitsādīpikā;61 (6) Cikitsāsāra(saṃgraha);62 (7) Cikitsātattvajñāna;63 (8) Dhanvantarisaṃhitā;64 (9) Dhātukalpa;65 (10) Dinacaryā;66 (11) Guḍūcyādi;67 (12) Guṭikādhikāra;68 (13) Kālajñāna;69 (14) Māsavarṣacikitsā;70 (14) Nāmamālā or Śabdasaṃketakalikā;71 (15) Nibandhasaṃgraha;72 (16) Saṃnipātakalikā;73 (17) Vaidyabhāskarodaya;74 (18) Vaidyasāra;75 (19) Vaidyavidyāvinoda;76 (20) Vidyāprakāśacikitsā;77 (21) Yogacintāmaṇi;78 (22) Yogadīpikā.79 A Roganidāna and Vaidyacintāmaṇi are sometimes added to this list.80

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Several works associated with the name of Dhanvantari are known.81

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A Dhanvantarisaṃhitā is one of the sources of the Amṛtasāgara.82 The Āyurvedavijñāna mentions a Śākteyagrantha by Dhanvantari.83

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The Dhanvantari Nighaṇṭu is said to have emanated from the mouth of Dhanvantari.

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Authors and works quoting Dhanvantari or referring to him are: 84 *Agnipurāṇa*, 85 *Ātreyasaṃhitā*, 86 Basava's *Śivatattvaratnākara*, 87 *Bhāvaprakāśa*, 88 Bower MS, 89 Cakrapāṇidatta, 90 Candranandana, 91 Candraṭa, 92 *Carakasaṃhitā*, 93 Dalhaṇa, 94 *Garuḍapurāṇa*, 95 Indu, 96 the *Kairalī* commentary on the *Aṣṭāngahṛdayasaṃhitā*, 97 *Kāśyapa-saṃhitā*, 98 Kṣīrasvāmin's commentary on the *Amarakośa*, 99 *Nāḍijñānaprakāśikā*, Narahari's *Vāgbhaṭamaṇḍana*, 100 Nārāyaṇa's commentary on the *Amarakośa*, 101 *Rasakakṣapuṭa*, *Sahasrayoga*, 102 Śivadāsasena, 103 Śivadattamiśra's auto-commentary on the *Śivakośa*, 104 Soḍhala, 105 Śrīdāsapaṇḍita, 106 Toḍara, 107 and Vāgbhaṭa. 108

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A MS of a *Dhanvantarimantra* is described by P.K. Gode. 109

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Dhanvantari is known as Thaṅ-la-bar in the Tibetan medical tradition. 110

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Authors and works quoting from or referring to the *dhānvantarīyāḥ*, i.e., the representatives of a surgical school connected with the teachings of Dhanvantari, are: *Aṣṭāngasaṃgraha*, 111 *Ātreyasaṃhitā*, 112 Cakrapāṇidatta, 113 Candraṭa, 114 *Carakasaṃhitā*, 115 Gayadāsa, 116 Hemādri, 117 Jejjaṭa, 118 Parameśvara, 119 Śivadattamiśra, 120 Śrīdāsapaṇḍita, 121 and Tiṣaṭa. 122 The *dhānvantarāḥ* are cited by Aruṇadatta. 123

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An unidentified work called *Dhanvantari* is quoted by Aruṇadatta. 124

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Formulae attributed to Dhanvantari or associated with his name are: *aśvagandhādyataila*, 125 *bṛhacchṛṅgārabhra*, 126 *bṛhannārikelakhaṇḍa*, 127 *dhānvantaraghṛta*, 128 *dhānvantarasarpis*, 129 *dinajvarapraśamanī vaṭī*, 130 *dvātriṃśakaguggulu*, 131 *gaṅgādharayoga*, 132 *kāmadevacūrṇa*, 133 *kāmadevaguṭikā*, 134 *madhupakavaharītakī*, 135 *mahāmṛtyuñjayalauha*, 136 *mahodadhirasa*, 137 a *mātrābasti* to be used against *bālapakṣāghāta*, 138 *mṛtyuñjayalauha*, 139 *mṛtyuñjayaloha*, 140 *pāśupatarasa*, 141 *pāśupatāstrarasa*, 142 *rājavallabharasa*, 143 *rāmabāṇarasa*, 144 *rasābhraguggulu*, 145 *rasarājendra*, 146 *rasāyanavaṭī*, 147 *rasendraguṭikā*, 148 *rasendravaṭikā*, 149 *rogavidāraṇarasa*, 150 *romavedharasa*, 151 *saptatriṃśatikaguggulu*, 152 *saptaviṃśatikaguggulu*, 153 *sindūrarasa*, 154 *svarṇakṣīrīrasa*, 155 *tālabhasmaprayoga*, 156 *tālasindūra*, 157 *vāriśoṣaṇarasa*, 158 *viṣamajvarāntakalauha*, 159 and *viṣamajvarāntakaloha*. 160

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