A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c29.173

Language: English

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464 The twenty guṇas are enumerated. Cf. Ca.Śā.6.10; Cakra ad Ca.Sū.1.49. 465 A bird called pākahamsa is mentioned. K.N. Dave (1985: 427, 430–431) identifies this bird as the mute swan, *Cygnus olor* (Gmelin). See Cakra's remarks on jīvantī, the godhā (varan) and the fish called rohita as the most wholesome items of the groups they belong to. See on the rohita: Ca.Sū.27.82cd–83ab. 466 Beef (gomāmsa) is the most unwholesome among the flesh of the mrga group of animals (see Ca.Sū.27.35–37ab); the most unwholesome fish is the cilicima (also mentioned at Ca. Sū.26.83 and 84); the kāṇakapota is the most unwholesome bird; the fat (vasā) of the kā-kamadgu (called pāṇiyakākikā by Cakra; compare: plava and madgu) is the most unwholesome fat among that of the aquatic birds. Cf. Su.Sū.46.332–339. K.N. Dave (1985: 372) identifies the kākamadgu as the small cormorant. 467 See P.V. Sharma (1991c). Cf. Su.Sū.46.332–339. 468 See on āsavas: V.S. Bajpeyi et al. (1985); M.J. Indira Ammal et al. (1976); D. Joshi and C.B. Jha (1990); J. Lal, S.K. Dutta and P.V. Sharma (1973); Muzafeer Alam et al. (1983); Muzaffer Alam et al. (1977), (1984), (1986); V. Narayanaswami, V.N. Sundararajan and S. Saradambal (1967); G.B. Pande, P.J. Mehta and M.V. Dholakia (1978); N.N. Pandey and M. Shukla (1997); R.C. Saxena (1977); C. Seshadri and P.N. Krishnan Nambisan (1976a), (1976b), (1977); B.N. Sharma, S.K. Dutta and P.V. Sharma (1975); V.N. Sundararajan et al. (1969). 469 See on drākṣāsava: Muzaffer Alam et al.

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(1983); P.V. Sharma, S. Prasad and J. Lal (1972). 470 Interpreted as sugar by Cakra. P.V. Sharma (1983) has argued that here and in some other passages (Ca.Sū.5.21; Ci.14.165; 26.160, 161, 179; 28.120; 30.51) a plant must be meant, probably *Themeda arundinacea* (Roxb.) Ridley. See on this grass: WIRM X, 208. 471 Cf. Bhela Sū.12. 472 See on this discussion: A. Wezler (1993a). 473 Compare on the tastes in Islamic medicine: T. Siddiqi (1981a): 253–255. 474 Cakra says that this is the view of Kapila (the founder of the Sāmkhya system). 475 Reducing (apaṭarpaṇakāraka) according to Cakra; eliminative of the doṣas according to Gaṅgādhara and Yogīndranāthasena. Interpreted as depletive (Gulabkunverba), emaciating (R.K. Sharma and Bhagwan Dash), eliminating (P.V. Sharma). 476 Roborant (bṛmhaṇa) according to Cakra; pacifying the doṣas according to Gaṅgādhara and Yogīndranāthasena. Interpreted as impletive (Gulabkunverba), nourishing (R.K. Sharma and Bhagwan Dash), pacifying (P.V. Sharma). 477 Compare Bhela Sū.9.13–19 and Su.Sū.41.3–4. 478 Cf. Su.Sū.41.5. 479 See Jyotir Mitra (1982): 459–463. See also the translation by R.K. Sharma and Bhagwan Dash. Cf. Su.Sū.42.3 and 10; U.63. 480 See P.V. Sharma (1985e): 216. 481 Cf. Ca.Sū.1.49. The list differs from those found in Vaiśeṣika texts. See: Jyotir Mitra (1982): 209–218; S. Dasgupta (1975): II, 369–370; DGV I, 151–158.

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482 Superiority and inferiority with regard to place, time, age (vayas), measure (māna), (vi)-pāka, vīrya, taste, etc., are meant (26.31). See Cakra's comments: paratva = pradhānatva, aparatva = apradhānatva; examples are given; an alternative interpretation is that on Vaiśeṣika lines: paratva = vidūrasambandha (relative distantness), aparatva = samnikṛṣṭasambandha (relative proximity). 483 Absent from the Vaiśeṣika lists. Defined by Cakra as the proper preparation of medicines, having regard to the doṣa(s) involved (in the disease), etc. (doṣadyapekṣayā bheṣajasya samīcīnakalpanā). 484 Four types are distinguished: dvandvaja, sarvaja, ekakarmaja, and anitya (26.32). Cakra's examples are taken from the *Praśastapādabhāṣya* on the Vaiśeṣikasūtras. See P.V. Sharma's criticisms (1985e: 218) of Cakra's comments. Cf. Ca.Vi.1.22 and Śā.7.17. 485 Three kinds of vibhāga are mentioned: vibhakti, viyoga and bhāgaśo grahaḥ. See P.V. Sharma (1985e): 218–219; Jyotir Mitra (1982): 214–215. Cf. Ca.Śā.7.17. 486 Three types are mentioned: asaṃyoga, vailakṣaṇya and anekatā. Cakra's examples are from Praśastapāda's commentary again. See P.V. Sharma's critical notes (1985e: 219). 487 Cf. Ca.Vi.1.22; Su.Sū.42.3. 488 See G.J. Meulenbeld (1987): 6–7; P.V. Sharma (1985d): 46–47. 489 Cf. Ca.Sū.26.74–79; Vi.8.139–144; Su.Sū.42.10. 490 See Cakra's comments and P.V. Sharma's (1985e: 224–225) critical notes. 491 See on vipāka: C. Chaturvedi (1973); DGV I, 199–221; G.J. Meulenbeld (1987): 9–11; P.V.

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Sharma (1985e): 225–229. 492 See on vīrya: DGV I, 221–232; G.J. Meulenbeld (1987): 11–14; P. Śarmā, C. Caturvedī and K. Raghunāthan (1968); P.V. Sharma (1980a). Cf. Su.Sū.40.5. See on the importance of the opposition hot–cold: L.A. Babb (1975): 230–236; B.E.F. Beck (1969); E.V. Daniel (1983); D. Knipe (1975); M. Nichter (1987); R. Pool (1987); N. Rizvi (1986): 228–231; D. Shulman (1980): 94–95; J. Storer (1977); F. Zimmermann (1995): 18–26. 493 See on prabhāva: DGV I, 232–237; G.J. Meulenbeld (1987): 14–17; P.V. Sharma (1980a). 494 Cf. Su.Sū.40.5. 495 Cf. Ca.Sū.26.43; Vi.8.139–144. 496 Compare on this subject: Bhela Sū.12.7–14ab. See on the differences between the classifications of Caraka and Suśruta: DGV I, 36–37. 497 The cilicima is described at Ca.Sū.26.83. 498 A bird called hāridraka is mentioned only in this exposition. Cf. Su.Sū.20.13–16. 499 Cf. Su.Sū.20.13–16. 500 Cf. Bhela Sū.27 and 28; Su.Sū.45 and 46; A.h.Sū.5 and 6; A.s.Sū.6 and 7. 501 See on Caraka's classifications of drugs: V. Dvivedī (1966): 47–72. See for a comparison of the classifications of Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa: V. Dvivedī (1966): 118–155. 502 Compare Ca.Sū.27.8–15 and Su.Sū.46.4–14. This group begins with varieties of rice. Rice is not mentioned in the *Rgveda*, where only yava occurs, which may be a generic term for any kind of grain there. The *Atharvaveda* refers to vrīhi rice. The *Yajurveda* is also acquainted with rice. See on rice in India: E. Balfour (1968): III, 53–54, 412–419; A.A.

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Macdonell and A.B. Keith (1967): I, 209 and 496, II, 166 and 345; S.V.S. Shastry and S.D. Sharma (1974); B.G.L. Swamy (1973): 66–68, (1976b): 44–45; Watt V, 498–654; WIRM VII, 115–116. Some of the names for varieties of rice are very old; hāyana (27.12), for example, figures in the offerings to the devaśū gods, which form part of the rājasūya (see J.C. Heesterman, 1957: 70; compare A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith, 1967: II, 502). See on the varieties called mahāśāli (Ca.Sū.27.8 and 11; Ci.14.95 and 21.113) and kalama (Ca. Sū.27.8 and 11; Ci.14.95): P.K. Gode (1944h). The other kinds of śūkadhānya mentioned are śyāmāka and related grains, yava (barley) and godhūma (wheat). 503 This group begins with mudga and māṣa. Mudga occurs in the *Vājasaneyisaṃhitā*, māṣa is mentioned in the *Atharvaveda*. See on caṇaka (the chickpea) in ancient India: P.K. Gode (1946g); Om Prakash (1961): 263, (1987): II, 397–398; B.G.L. Swamy (1973): 71–72; U.P. Thapliyal (1979): 94–95.