A History of Indian Medical Literature v2.c30.324

Language: English

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Krishna Sastri (1916): 89–90, 155, 159; J.B. Long (1977); A.A. Macdonell (1981); W.D. O'Flaherty (1971): 315–319, (1980c): 272–277, (1982); M.M. Pathak (1978); D. Shulman (1980); 113–116, 337–346; D.C. Sircar (1973): 5–7; W.J. Wilkins (1974): 372–380; H. Zimmer (1977): 299–307. A fever demon, called Jvarāsura, is known in Indian folk religion (see S. Sen Gupta, 1976: 97). A deity like the Roman goddess Febris (see P.E. Burke, 1996: 2266–2271; W.A. Jayne, 1925: 462–463; G. Wissowa, 1909) is unknown in India. 91 Compare Su.U.39.10 and 13cd–14ab. 92 Compare Ca.Ni.1.33, which has a much longer list. 93 Compare Ca.Ci.3.32, which distinguishes bodily and mental fevers; see Cakra's comments on the apparent contradiction; see also Ca.Ci.3.36–37ab and Cakra's explanations. 94 See Ca.Ni.1.24 and 27. 95 Compare Ca.Ni.1.32. 96 See P.V. Sharma (1994): 58–59. 97 This appears to be the description of the āgneya and saumya types of fever, though Cakra (ad Ca.Ci.3.32) defined them as caused by heat, respectively cold. 98 Compare Suśruta's gambhīra type (U.39.92cd–93ab). 99 Jejjaṭa mentions that some read these verses. He does not comment on them. 100 See Cakra's comments and the various interpretations he refers to. See also P.V. Sharma (1994): 62–64. Compare Ca.Sū.6 on ṛtucaryā. 101 See the comments of Jejjaṭa and Cakra. Compare P.V. Sharma (1994): 66. Cf. Su.U. 39.45cd–46ab. 102 Compare Suśruta's incurable type of gambhīra fever (U.39.93cd–94ab).

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103 Identified as malarial remittent fever by A. Roy (1929: 149). N. Saxena (1995: 115) claims that a fever of the saṃtata type occurs in filariasis. A remittent fever is also characteristic of relapsing fever (see on this disease in India: N. Chevers, 1886: 95–109). Leptospirosis, known as seven-day fever, is another disease which may have been designated as saṃtata. See on the history of malaria in general: E.H. Ackerknecht (1953). See on malaria in India: R.H. Cassen (1978): 85–88; N. Chevers (1886): 162–262; S.R. Christophers and J.A. Sinton (1926); A. Hirsch (1881): 144–146; I. Klein (1972); R.P. Misra (1970): 107–114; R.W. Nicholas and A.N. Sarkar (1976); H.E. Sigerist (1961): 128. See on the history of malaria in ancient Greece and Rome: P.F. Burke (1996); M.D. Grmek (1991): 245–304; W.H.S. Jones (1907), (1909), (1967); A. Patrick (1967): 242–243. 104 Satataka is a double quotidian fever. A fever of this type is a characteristic feature of leishmaniasis (kala-azar) (C. Chakraberty, 1923: 211). A double remission in the twenty-four hours also occurs in one other tropical fever, subtertian malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Satataka is identified as double quotidian malarial fever by A. Roy (1929: 149). N. Saxena (1995: 115) claims that a fever of the satataka type also occurs in filariasis. 105 Anyeduṣka is a quotidian fever, found in malaria and other diseases, such as enteric fevers, pyelonephritis, cholecystitis, amoebic abscess of the liver, etc.

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Identified as quotidian malarial fever by A. Roy (1929: 149). N. Saxena (1995: 115) claims that a fever of the anyeduṣka type also occurs in filariasis. An anyeduṣya fever is already mentioned in the Atharvaveda (7.116.2). 106 Tertian fever (tṛtīyaka) occurs in tertian malaria by Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale; a perfect tertian periodicity may also be present in enteric fevers and meningococcal septicaemia. Quartan fever (caturthaka) is found in quartan malaria by Plasmodium malariae, but also in enteric fevers and meningococcal septicaemia. N. Saxena (1995: 115–16) claims that fevers of these types also occur in filariasis. 107 Cf. Su.U.39.51–53, 57ab, 63cd–71ab. 108 Reversed quartan fever, usually called double quartan fever, may occur in multiple infection with Plasmodium malariae. Cf. Su.U.39.55. 109 See Cakra’s comments on various opinions about the question which fevers should be included in the group called viṣamajvara. See on viṣamajvara: S. Venkatraghavan et al. (1989). 110 See P.V. Sharma (1994): 72–73. Cf. Su.U.39.83–90ab. 111 Cf. Su.U.39.46cd–50. 112 Compare Ca.Sū.17.41. The treatment of these fevers is described at Ca.Ci.3.285cd–287ab (see Cakra’s comments). These thirteen varieties of saṃnipāta fever are prakṛtisamasamavāyārabdha, which means that their symptoms agree with those caused by the doṣas involved. See on this term: Cakra’s comments at Ca.Vi.1.10, Ci.5.16 and 17, 10.25–27, 18.69–75.

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113 Cakra disagrees with those regarding this fever as vikṛtiviṣamasamavāyārabdha, because some of the symptoms only are of this type; compare Jejjaṭa’s comments. See on the term: Cakra’s comments at Ca.Vi.1.10 and Ci.5.16–17. See also P.V. Sharma (1994): 74. 114 Cf. Su.U.39.41cd. 115 See on śokaja and kāmajvara: S.P. Gupta (1977): 492–496. See on kāma: F. Zimmermann (1995): 58–62. 116 See on abhicāra: L.P. van den Bosch (1978): 17, n.44 and 96, n.32; W. Caland (1908): 3–4. The literature on sorcery, magic and witchcraft in Indian culture is extensive. See, for example: L.A. Babb (1975): 200–208; E. Balfour (1968): III, 1079–1080; D.P. Bhattacharyya (1981), (1986); P.O. Bodding (1986); W. Caland (1908), (1967); G.M. Carstairs (1955), (1983); A.B. Chaudhuri (1984); W. Crooke (1906): 516–520; S.A. Dange (1989): 1377–1386; S. Epstein (1967), (1974); R. Gombrich and G. Obeyesekere (1990); V. Henry (1988); S. Kapur (1983); A.A. Macdonell (1915); P. Mariadassou (1937); McKim Marriott (1955); S.C. Mitra (1913); H.A. Rose (1915); R.N. Saletore (1981); E. Thurston (1912): 224–272. 117 Compare Ca.Ni.1.30. 118 See P.V. Sharma (1994): 75–76. Cf. Su.U.39.75cd–82. 119 See the comments of Jejjaṭa and Cakra. Compare P.V. Sharma (1994): 77. Cf. Su.U.39.23–24. 120 Also called navajvara (3.138cd) and sāmajvara (3.283cd). 121 Also called jīrnajvara (3.176cd). 122 See P.V. Sharma (1994): 78–79. 123 The vidārigandhādi group (3.183) is the same as the hrasvapañcamūla or sthirādi (Ca.Ci.

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26.23 and 74) group (see P.V. Sharma, 1985g: 58). The śatyādi- and bṛhatyādigaṇas (the members are enumerated) are useful in saṃnipātajvara (3.211–214). Cf. Bhela Ci.1.14–51 and 2.11–41. Compare Ca.Ci.3.134–136ab and Su.U.39.116cd–119ab (the characteristics of āmajvara), 3.139cd–142ab and Su.U.39.100cd–106ab (laṅghana), 3.143cd–146ab and Su.U.39.106cd–109ab, 3.147cd–149ab and Su.U.39.121cd–125 (emesis in fever patients), 3.149cd–160ab and Su.U.39.109cd–110ab, 135–156ab, 3.160cd–163ab and Su.U.39.110cd–114, 119cd–120ab, 3.163cd–168ab and Su.U.39.135–156ab, 3.178–195ab and Su.U.39.135–156ab, 3.195cd–196ab and Su.U.39.156cd–159, 3.257–266