Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c42.s31: 1 The Cikitsāsaṃgraha

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c42.s31

Language
English

Contents

1 The Cikitsāsaṃgraha

v3.c42.s31.1

The Cikitsāsaṃgraha,⁸ also called Cakradatta and Cakra(datta)saṃgraha, is a therapeutic treatise of the same type as Vṛnda's Siddhayoga.⁹

Contents

v3.c42.s31.t1.1

The work consists of about 4,800 verses and some prose,¹⁰ arranged in seventy-nine chapters. The maṅgalācaraṇa is in praise of the Trimūrti. In the second verse the author, who calls himself Cakrapāṇi, declares to have made a collection of various famous formulae, accompanied by explanations of obscure meanings (gūḍhavākyabodhakavākya). After a verse on the basic attitude to be adopted by a therapist, Cakrapāṇi begins at once expounding the rules concerning the treatment of fevers. Verses on nidāna are absent.¹¹

v3.c42.s31.t1.2

Chapters one to sixty-five are arranged in conformity with the scheme of the Mādhavanidāna, except for a number of minor deviations. These changes consist of separate chapters on jvarātisāra, śūla and pariṇāmaśūla, udāvarta and ānāha, udara and plīhayakṛt (swelling of spleen and liver);¹² the Cakradatta has one chapter only on all kinds of vraṇa, called vraṇaśotha; visarpa and visphoṭa are dealt with in one chapter; three chapters are devoted to women's diseases, namely asṛgdara, yonivyāpad and strīroga.¹³ The disease yonikanda, described for the first time in a separate chapter of the Mādhavanidāna, is mentioned in the chapter on yonivyāpad under the name of bhagaphala.¹⁴

v3.c42.s31.t1.3

Niścalakara, the author of a commentary on the Cakradatta, does not acknowledge a separate chapter on dāha, as the Mādhavanidāna and Siddhayoga have.¹⁵

v3.c42.s31.t1.4

The order of some chapters of the Cakradatta differs from that found in Mādhavanidāna and Siddhayoga. The chapter on bhagna is placed between those on śūkadoṣa and kuṣṭha, whereas the Mādhavanidāna and Siddhayoga put it between those on vraṇa and nāḍīvraṇa.¹⁶

v3.c42.s31.t1.5

The order of the kṣudrarogas disagrees with their arrangement in the Mādhavanidāna.

v3.c42.s31.t1.6

The chapters on treatment of the various diseases are followed by eleven chapters, concerned respectively with rasāyana, vṛṣya (= vājīkaraṇa), sneha, sveda, vamana, vinecana, anuvāsana, nirūha, nasya, dhūma, and kavala. The Siddhayoga has a similar series of chapters. The last three chapters of Cakrapāṇi's treatise are devoted to preparations used in the treatment of eye diseases (āścyotana, añjana, tarpaṇa, puṭapāka), bloodletting, and the preservation of health (svastha). Unlike the Siddhayoga, the Cakradatta has no chapters on ariṣṭas and on miscellaneous subjects. The work ends with two verses containing information on the author and his treatise.

v3.c42.s31.t1.7

The main source for the composition of the Cikitsāsaṃgraha was obviously Vṛnda's Siddhayoga, which strikes the eye when both works are compared. Indications in the text itself concerning its sources are small in number. Caraka and Suśruta are referred to on a number of occasions.¹⁷ The latter part of the chapter on children's diseases consists of a reproduction of Rāvaṇa's Kumāratantra;¹⁸ a large part of the chapter on rasāyana (34–125) is a paraphrase of Nāgārjuna's Lohāśāstra;¹⁹ a nāgārjunayoga is found in the chapter on haemorrhoids (arśas 61–70); the śilājatuvidhāna, found in the same chapter (152–158), was borrowed from Caraka,²⁰ as indicated in the text itself;²¹ the formula of śivaguṭikā (rasāyana 172–195), taught by Śiva to Gaṇapati, is said to be from the Śaivasiddhānta.²²

v3.c42.s31.t1.8

Noteworthy among the authorities to whom recipes are ascribed are Agastya (kāsa 61–66),²³ the Aśvins,²⁴ a Bodhisattva (arśas 105–106),²⁵ Jīvaka (ślīpada 24–30),²⁶ Kaca (mūtrāghāta 10),²⁷ and Kṛṣṇatreya (karṇaroga 18–22).²⁸

v3.c42.s31.t1.9

Numerous references to works and authors exploited by Cakrapāṇi in the composition of his Saṃgraha occur in the commentaries of Niścalakara and Śivadāsasena.

v3.c42.s31.t1.10

The former's Ratnaprabhā is a very rich mine of information on the subject.²⁹ It indicates as sources utilized by Cakrapāṇi: Agniveśa, Amitaprabha, Amṛtamālā, Aśvavaidyaka, Aśvinīkumārasaṃhitā, Ātreya, Āyurvedasāra, Bhadravarman, Bhāluki, Bhela, Bhiṣagmuṣṭi, Bhoja, Bindusāra, Bṛhattantrapradīpa, Cakṣuṣyeṇa, Candraṭa, Caraka, Carakottaratantra, Cikitsākalikā, Cikitsātiśaya, Dṛḍhabala, Gandhaśāstra, Haramekhalā, Hārīta, Jatūkarṇa, Kālapāda, Kharaṇāda, Kṛṣṇatreya, Kṣarāpāṇi, Lohāśāstra, Mādhavakara, Nāgārjuna, Nalanṛpati's Sūdaśāstra, Nāvanītaka, Parāśara, Pṛthviṃṣha, Puṣkalāvata, Ratnamālā, Ravigupta, Śālihotra, Śaunaka, Siddhasāra, Siddhayoga, Śivasiddhānta, Sūdaśāstra, Suśruta,³⁰ Svalpavāgbhaṭa, tantrāntara, Tiṣaṭa, Ugrasena, Vāgbhaṭa, Vṛddhasuśruta, Vṛddhavāgbhaṭa, Vṛddhavideha, Vyagradaridraśubhaṃkara, Yogapañcāśikā, Yogaśata, and Yogayukti.

v3.c42.s31.t1.11

Some sources mentioned by Śivadāsasena are: Agniveśa (jvara 64), Āyurvedasāra (jvara 105), Bhela (jvara 182–183), Candraṭa (vraṇaśotha 52; vṛṣya 15–24), Caraka (often), Hārīta (jvara 71; gulma 43–44), Kṛṣṇatreya (chardi 17–18), Suśruta (often), and Vāgbhaṭa (often).

v3.c42.s31.t1.12

Cakrapāṇi's relationship to Vṛnda is to some extent clarified by Niścala, who repeatedly records stanzas of Vṛnda changed by Cakrapāṇi,³¹ verses added to those by Vṛnda, and formulae of the Cikitsāsaṃgraha which are absent from the Siddhayoga.³² Many verses which Cakra simply took from the Siddhayoga are, however, not indicated by Niścala as deriving from this source.³³

v3.c42.s31.t1.13

Śivadāsasena records a number of cases where Cakra disagrees with Vṛnda.³⁴

v3.c42.s31.t1.14

³⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.15

Cakra’s respect for Vṛnda is revealed by the imprecation at the end of the Cikitsā-saṃgraha: “The curse uttered by those who know the Bhaṭṭatraya³⁵ and the three Vedas may at once come down on the head of him who includes formulae, which are not written down in the Siddhayoga, in this treatise, or who removes a single one from it”.

v3.c42.s31.t1.16

³⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.17

The success of Cakrapāṇi’s Saṃgraha, which ousted Vṛnda’s Siddhayoga, may be due to its inclusion of a rather large number of new formulae, containing inorganic substances such as mercury, sulphur, metals, and compounds of these. The verses with the formula of one of these medicines were composed by Cakrapāṇi himself, as indicated in the text.³⁶ Some prose passages from the Suśrutasaṃhitā, containing lists of plants and other medicinal substances belonging to a particular group (gaṇa), were versified by Cakrapāṇi, as attested by Niścala.³⁷ The commentaries of Niścalakara and Śivadāsasena on the Cakradatta contain additional information on verses composed by the author or deliberately changed.³⁸

v3.c42.s31.t1.18

³⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.19

³⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.20

³⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.21

*Special features*³⁹ Among the special features of Cakra’s saṃgraha the medicines containing mercury or mercurial compounds should be noted first. These are chiefly found at: grahaṇī 85–90 (rasaparpaṭikā)⁴⁰ and 91–97 (tāmrayoga); arśas 177 (rasaguṭikā); agnimāndya 28–29 (pānīyabhaktaguṭikā); krimi 10 (= Siddhayoga 7.13); yakṣman 30–34 (rasendraguṭikā); pariṇāmaśūla 51–53 (rasamandūra); plīhayakṛt 41–47 (lokanātharasa); amlapitta 38–50 (kṣudhāvatī guṭikā); masūrikā 7.⁴¹

v3.c42.s31.t1.22

³⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.23

⁴⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.24

⁴¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.25

Medicines containing metals, especially iron, or their compounds, are found at:⁴² arśas 161–168 (agnimukhalauha) and 169–176 (bhallātakalauha);⁴³ pāṇḍuroga 11–12 (navāyasaloha),⁴⁴ 13–19 (yogarāja), 34–35 (viḍaṅgādyalauha), 36–41 (tryūṣaṇādyamaṇḍūra),⁴⁵ 42–44 (punarnavāmaṇḍūra),⁴⁶ 45–48 (maṇḍūravajravaṭaka);⁴⁷ raktapitta 82–97 (khaṇḍakādyalauha);⁴⁸ yakṣman 28–29 (vindhyavāsiyoga); śūla 50–57 (dhātrīlauha); pariṇāmaśūla 13 (triphalālauha and -maṇḍūra),⁴⁹ 14 (pippalyādilauha),⁵⁰ 15 (pathyādilauha),⁵¹ 16–19 (sāmudrādyacūrṇa),⁵² 21–22 (saptāmṛtalauha), 25 (kolādimanḍūra),⁵³ 26–28 (bhīmavaṭakamanḍūra),⁵⁴ 29 (kṣīramaṇḍūra),⁵⁵ 30–31 (cavikādimanḍūra), 32 (maṇḍūra- and lauhaprayoga), 33–35 (śatāvarīmaṇḍūra),⁵⁶ 36–41 (tārāmandūraguḍa),⁵⁷ 42–45 (rāmamandūra), 46–50 (bṛhacchatāvarīmaṇḍūra), 51–53 (rasamaṇḍūra), 54 (triphalālauha),⁵⁸ 55–56 (lauhaguṭikā), 57–62 (dhātrīlauha),⁵⁹ 63–68 (lauhāmṛta); sthaulya 6–9 (viḍaṅgādyalauha) and 19–29 (lauharasāyana); kuṣṭha 152 (sindūrādyataila)⁶⁰ and 153–156 (mahāsindūrādyataila);⁶¹ amlapitta 38–50 (kṣudhāvatī guṭikā); netraroga 125–129 (nāgārjunavarti);⁶² yonivyapad 30; rasāyana 129–135 (ṣaḍaṅgatāmrayoga) and 136–151 (saptāṅgatāmrayoga).

v3.c42.s31.t1.26

⁴² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.27

⁴³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.28

⁴⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.29

⁴⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.30

⁴⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.31

⁴⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.32

⁴⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.33

⁴⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.34

⁵⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.35

⁵¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.36

⁵² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.37

⁵³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.38

⁵⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.39

⁵⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.40

⁵⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.41

⁵⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.42

⁵⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.43

⁵⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.44

⁶⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.45

⁶¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.46

⁶² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.47

Alchemical processes are described: amlapitta 27–29 (abhraśuddhi), 30–32 (lauhaśuddhi), 33–34 (maṇḍūraśuddhi), 35 (rasaśuddhi), 36–37 (gandhakaśuddhi); rasāyana 34–50, 51–62 (lauhamāraṇavidhi), 63–64 (bhānupāka), 65–66 (sthālīpākavidhi), 67–75 (puṭapākavidhi), 76–91 (pākavidhi), 92–97 (abhrakavidhi), 98–122 (bhakṣaṇavidhi), 123–125.

v3.c42.s31.t1.48

A noteworthy name of a disease is ahiṇḍikā (bālaroga 7);⁶³ some recipes are given for its treatment (bālaroga 8–10).⁶⁴

v3.c42.s31.t1.49

⁶³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.50

⁶⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.51

Cakrapāṇi added a fair number of single or compound medicines to those collected by Vṛnda.⁶⁵ Some of these are:⁶⁶ the fresh juice from the leaves of śephalī in fevers (jvara 214), aṅkoṭhavaṭaka in diarrhoea (atisāra 58–60), nāgārjunayoga (arśas 61–70) and vijayacūrṇa (arśas 71–77) in haemorrhoids, powdered lotus seeds (padmabījacūrṇa; kāsa 16) in cough due to pitta, vyāghrīharītakī (kāsa 67–70) in coughs, mayūrapucchādileha (hikkāśvāsa 17) in hiccup and shortness of breath, kalahamsa (arocaka 18–19) in anorexia, aśvatthavalkalapānīya (chardi 25) in vomiting, dhustūramūlasiddhapāyasa (unmāda 6) in insanity, śephālikātha (vātavyādhi 43) in gṛdhrasi, siṃhanādaguggulu (āmavāta 39–47) and rasonasurā (āmavāta 71–73) in āmavāta, rudrajatālepa (vṛddhi 20), rūpikālepa (vṛddhi 21), hastikarṇapalāśalepa (gala-gaṇḍa 2), karpāsamūlapūpikā in apacī (gala-gaṇḍa 27), bhūnāgacūrṇalepa (bhagaṇḍara 10) in anal fistulas, etc. Some more new prescriptions are: irimedāyataila (mukhagaroga 19–24), bakulādyataila (mukhagaroga 28–29), and citrakaharītakī (nāsāroga 31–33).⁶⁷

v3.c42.s31.t1.52

⁶⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.53

⁶⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.54

⁶⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.55

Cakrapāṇi’s chapter on strīroga, longer than the chapter on the same subject in Vṛnda’s Siddhayoga, adds recipes suitable to making flabby breasts firm (strīroga 62–66), tightening the vagina (67), and promoting the husband’s interest in his wife (68–69).

v3.c42.s31.t1.56

To be noticed too is the increased use of substances of animal origin and of prescriptions with a Tantric flavour.⁶⁸ Mantras are repeatedly employed. Cakrapāṇi describes two yantras, the ubhayatriṃśaka, already known to Vṛnda, and the ubhayapañcadaśaka (strīroga 25–27), both thought to assure a pregnant woman of an easy delivery.

v3.c42.s31.t1.57

⁶⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.58

Noteworthy vegetable substances mentioned in the Cakradatta are:⁶⁹ āhā (vātavyādhi 72),⁷⁰ ahīndra (rājayakṣman 7),⁷¹ aindrī (gala-gaṇḍa 21),⁷² amloṭa (jvara 223),⁷³ aruṇataṇḍuliyaka (masūrikā 23 and 24),⁷⁴ āśanamallikā (nāsāroga 28),⁷⁵ asitavetra (visarpa 21),⁷⁶ avākpuṣpī (arśas 129),⁷⁷ bṛhatpattra (amlapitta 31),⁷⁸ cakrāhvaya (kuṣṭha 32),⁷⁹ carmakārāluha (vṛṣya 25),⁸⁰ celaka (vātavyādhi 300),⁸¹ cāmpeya (vātavyādhi 230),⁸² cukrīkā (tṛṣṇā 22),⁸³ daṇḍotpala and daṇḍotpalā (arśas 169; gala-gaṇḍa 33; amlapitta 43),⁸⁴ devapuṣpī (vātavyādhi 268),⁸⁵ dvika (mukhagaroga 30),⁸⁶ ekaiṣikā (vraṇaśotha 8),⁸⁷ elaka or elakā (ślīpada 31),⁸⁸ gajacirbhīṭa (gulma 40),⁸⁹ gandhapattra (vātavyādhi 300),⁹⁰ gaṅgāpālāṅka (arśas 177),⁹¹ gaurā (vraṇaśotha 78),⁹² godhāvatī (mūtrāghāta 11; ślīpada 15),⁹³ guḍapuṣpa (agnimāndya 89),⁹⁴ hastikarṇa or hastikarṇapalāśa (gala-gaṇḍa 2; rasāyana 19), also called karikarṇacchada (rasāyana 55),⁹⁵ indrāśana (kuṣṭha 64),⁹⁶ irima (mukhagaroga 25),⁹⁷ jalakarṇa (rājayakṣman 31),⁹⁸ jalakumbhīka (gala-gaṇḍa 6),⁹⁹ jiṅgikā (prameha 8),¹⁰⁰ jīrākhya (raktapitta 94),¹⁰¹ jyotsnikā (arśas 6 and 113),¹⁰² kālā (gala-gaṇḍa 43; vraṇaśotha 8 and 101; nāḍīvraṇa 5),¹⁰³ kālamārīṣa (amlapitta 39),¹⁰⁴ kālāvakāraka (amlapitta 43),¹⁰⁵ kālāyadalī (vraṇaśotha 67),¹⁰⁶ kañicaṭa (atisāra 38; grahaṇī),¹⁰⁷ kaṅgunikā (nāḍīvraṇa 9),¹⁰⁸ kāntakrāmaka (vraṇaśotha 53),¹⁰⁹ kaṇṭakumbhāḍu (masūrikā 5),¹¹⁰ kapotavaktraka (aśmarī 3 and 26),¹¹¹ karabhavāruṇī (vṛṣya 57),¹¹² karṇākhya (jvara 209),¹¹³ karṇamota (vraṇaśotha 40),¹¹⁴ kaśikā (pariṇāmaśūla 63),¹¹⁵ keśarāja (pariṇāmaśūla 51; amlapitta 39 and 43; bālaroga 15; rasāyana 55 and 66),¹¹⁶ kaṭumbharā (vātavyādhi 230),¹¹⁷ khadīrī (mūtrāghāta 12),¹¹⁸ khaṇḍakarṇa (amlapitta 27 and 43),¹¹⁹ kolā (pariṇāmaśūla 25),¹²⁰ kṛṣṇavetra (kuṣṭha 61 and 154),¹²¹ kūḍakarāṇī (viṣa 25),¹²² kukkurameḍhaka (strīroga 68),¹²³ kulikā (viṣa 6),¹²⁴ kuṭhāra(ka) (vraṇaśotha 49, 90, 91), 125 lavalikā (mukharoga, mukhagataroga 30), 126 lomaśa (kuṣṭha 9), 127 maghī (masūrikā 5), 128 madhurī (vātavyādhi 254 and 268), 129 mahārāṣṭrī (vraṇaśotha 47), 130 nakhi (vātavyādhi 269), 131 naravṛkṣa (kṣudraroga 123), 132 nirdahanī (śūla 45), 133 palāśā (hṛdroga 28), 134 pamarā (vātavyādhi 269), 135 peṭī (bālaroga 32), 136 pratyaṅgirā (viṣa 2), 137 rudrajaṭā (mūtrāghāta 12; vṛddhi 20), 138 śāliñca (amlapitta 28 and 30; rasāyana 56), 139 śarada (prameha 2), 140 sikaṭī (masūrikā 5), 141 śītalī (aśmarī 37), 142 sphuṭaka (bālaroga 13), 143 śrāviṇī (vātarakta 75), 144 śṛgālakaṇṭaka (masūrikā 8), 145 śṛgālakolī (vraṇaśotha 58), 146 śvetabalā (yonivyāpad 32), 147 śvetajayantī (kuṣṭha 74), 148 śvetavyāla (pariṇāmaśūla 42; amlapitta 33), 149 taila (rājayakṣman 88), 150 tālamastaka (asṛgdara 23; vṛṣya 36 and 40), 151 tṛpaka (kuṣṭha 24 and 132), 152 tvakpattra (vireka 3), 153 uṣṭrakaṇṭaka (masūrikā 7), 154 and vaśīra (aśmarī 2-4), 155 An unidentified animal is the karatavī (vṛddhi 20). 156

v3.c42.s31.t1.59

⁶⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.60

⁷⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.61

⁷¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.62

⁷² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.63

⁷³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.64

⁷⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.65

⁷⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.66

⁷⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.67

⁷⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.68

⁷⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.69

⁷⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.70

⁸⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.71

⁸¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.72

⁸² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.73

⁸³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.74

⁸⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.75

⁸⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.76

⁸⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.77

⁸⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.78

⁸⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.79

⁸⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.80

⁹⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.81

⁹¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.82

⁹² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.83

⁹³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.84

⁹⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.85

⁹⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.86

⁹⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.87

⁹⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.88

⁹⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.89

⁹⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.90

¹⁰⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.91

¹⁰¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.92

¹⁰² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.93

¹⁰³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.94

¹⁰⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.95

¹⁰⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.96

¹⁰⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.97

¹⁰⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.98

¹⁰⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.99

¹⁰⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.100

¹¹⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.101

¹¹¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.102

¹¹² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.103

¹¹³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.104

¹¹⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.105

¹¹⁵ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.106

¹¹⁶ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.107

¹¹⁷ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.108

¹¹⁸ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.109

¹¹⁹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.110

¹²⁰ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.111

¹²¹ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.112

¹²² [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.113

¹²³ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.114

¹²⁴ [Text of the note]

v3.c42.s31.t1.115

Musk (kastūrī) is a substance that begins to appear more frequently in Sanskrit literature since the Gupta age. 157 The Cakradatta prescribes kastūrī (vātavyādhi 230) and describes the characteristics of purified musk (mṛgottamā) 158 (vātavyādhi 259). 159

v3.c42.s31.t1.116

Another fragrant substance of animal origin mentioned in the Cakradatta as pūti (vātavyādhi 289) and śālija (vātavyādhi 297) is civet. 160

Cites (2)