A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s23.t2: The author and his date

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c43.s23.t2

Language: English

The author and his date

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Hemacandra was born in Gujarāt in 1087 or 1088. He took holy orders as a Jain monk in 1097/98, was ordained as a Sūri in 1109/10, and assumed the ecclesiastical name of Hemacandra. He spent the greater part of his life at Aṇahillapāṭaka, the ancient capital of Gujarāt, where he was patronized by the Caulukya kings Jayasiṃha (1093–1142) 534 and Kumārapāla (1142–1173). 535 His wide learning made him known as the Kalikālasarvajña. He died of *sallekhanā* in 1172/73. 536 Hemacandra wrote the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* after his *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*, *Anekārthasaṃgraha* and *Deśīnāmamālā*. 537

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*Śrīvallabhagaṇi's commentary* Śrīvallabhagaṇi was the author of a commentary (ṭīkā) on the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa*.⁵³⁸ He was a pupil of Jñānavimalagaṇi⁵³⁹ of the Kharataragaccha, the author of the *Śabdabhedaprakāśatikā* on Maheśvara's *Śabdabhedacandra*⁵⁴⁰ and wrote his works at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century.⁵⁴¹ The MSS of the *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* that were at the disposal of Śrīvallabha were rather defective.⁵⁴²

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⁵³⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵³⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The commentary gives for each synonym the etymology, along the lines of Hemacandra's grammar, quotes many passages from technical works, and mentions the Rājasthānī term for each plant.⁵⁴³ In some cases it adds useful information; it distinguishes, for example, between aralu and tuṇṭuka, regarded as one and the same by Hemacandra (85ab), and between meṣaśṛṅgī and vṛścikālī (191–192ab).

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⁵⁴³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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Authors quoted or referred to by Śrīvallabha are: ⁵⁴⁴ Amara, Amarasimha, Bhāguri,⁵⁴⁵ Bhoja, Cāmuṇḍapaṇḍita, Candra,⁵⁴⁶ cāndraḥ,⁵⁴⁷ Candranandana, Devacandrasūri,⁵⁴⁸ Dhanvantari,⁵⁴⁹ Gauḍa, Indra, Indu, jainaḥ, Kandalikāra,⁵⁵⁰ Kauśika, Kṣirasvāmin, Madanapāla, Maheśvara, nairuktāḥ, prācyāḥ, Pūrṇatalagaṇa,⁵⁵¹ Śrīdhara, Vācaspati, vaidyāḥ, Vopadeva, and Vyāḍi.

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⁵⁴⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁴⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The following works are quoted or referred to by him:⁵⁵² *Abhidhānacintāmaṇi*, *Abhidhānakoṣa*,⁵⁵³ *Āgama*, *Amaraśeṣa*,⁵⁵⁴ *Amaratikā*, *Anekārthasaṃgraha*,⁵⁵⁵ *Deśī*, *Deśīnāmamālā*,⁵⁵⁶ *Kādambarī*, *Kavikalpadruma*, *Mālā*, *Maṅkha*,⁵⁵⁷ *Mekhalā*, *Mīmāṃsābhāṣya*, *Nighaṇṭu*, *Śabdānuśāsana*,⁵⁵⁸ *Śāśvata*,⁵⁵⁹ *Suśruta*, *Vaijayantī*,⁵⁶⁰ *Varṇanighaṇṭa*,⁵⁶¹ *Viśva(kośa)*, *Viśvalocana*,⁵⁶² and *Vopadevadhātupāṭha*.⁵⁶³

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⁵⁵² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁵⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Kaiyadeva*

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Kaiyadeva⁵⁶⁴ was the author of (1) *Nāmaratnākara*,⁵⁶⁵ (2) *Pathyāpathyavibodhaka*,⁵⁶⁶ often referred to as *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu*, and (3) *Prayogasāra*.⁵⁶⁷

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⁵⁶⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁶⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The *Pathyāpathyavibodhaka*⁵⁶⁸ is a large lexicon, containing more than just the names and properties of medicinal substances.

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⁵⁶⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Contents*⁵⁶⁹ The work is arranged in eight chapters (varga) with respectively 1,⁶⁴⁰ (oṣadhivarga), 147 (dhātuvarga), 112 (dhānyavarga), 449 (dravavarga), 237 (kṛtānnavarga), 260 (māṃsavarga), 503 (vihāravarga), and 310 (miśrakavarga) verses, making a total of 3,658 verses.

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⁵⁶⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The oṣadhivarga deals with medicinal substances, chiefly of vegetable origin, the dhātuvarga with inorganic and some organic substances, the dhānyavarga with grains, pulse, and some other products. The dravavarga is about liquids; its section on water mentions many names of rivers (51–71). The kṛtānnavarga discusses prepared foods, and the māṃsavarga the flesh of various animals. The vihāravarga contains elaborate rules for maintaining health. The miśrakavarga is concerned with diverse subjects: groups of substances (1–19), weights and measures (24–46), medicinal preparations and allied substances (47–177), technical terms (181–215ab), poisons (218cd–226), and names of disorders (246–310).

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Little is known about Kaiyadeva's sources. Some verses are taken from the *Suśrutasaṃhitā*;⁵⁷⁰ Parāśara is quoted once.⁵⁷¹

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⁵⁷⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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The *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu* is quoted in Kṛṣṇadatta's commentary on Trimalla's *Śataślokī*, the commentary by Rāghavabhaṭṭa, called *Padārthādarśa* and written in 1493, on Lakṣmaṇadeśika's *Śāradātilaka*,⁵⁷² Raghunātha's *Bhojanakutūhala*, the *Śāligrāmanighaṇṭubhuṣaṇa*, and also, profusely, in Śivadatta's auto-commentary on his *Śivakoṣa*.

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⁵⁷² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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A *Pathyāpathyanighaṇṭu*, quoted by Kāśīrāma in his commentary on the *Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā*, may be the *Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu*.⁵⁷³ Kaiyadeva may also be quoted in the *Nirṇayasindhu*,⁵⁷⁴ Jñānavimalagaṇi's *Śabdabhedaprakāśatikā*,⁵⁷⁵ and the *Ma'din al-Shifā'* by Miyān Bhūwaḥ.⁵⁷⁶

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⁵⁷³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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*Special features* Interesting medicinal plants are: ⁵⁷⁷ ābhā(babulaka) (1.1088);⁵⁷⁸ airāvatī (= vallikhadira; 1.828cd–829);⁵⁷⁹ aḷambuṣā (different from muṇḍī; 1.1604);⁵⁸⁰ amlamāriṣa (1.636);⁵⁸¹ amlāyana (1.1525–1526);⁵⁸² āmragandhā haridrā (1.1118);⁵⁸³ āri (1.828cd–829);⁵⁸⁴ balācatuṣṭaya (1.1051–1054); bāluka (1.1555);⁵⁸⁵ bhaṅgā (3.94);⁵⁸⁶ bhaṅgikā (1.1636cd–1637);⁵⁸⁷ bhāskarakarpūra (1.1287);⁵⁸⁸ bhūmyupodakā (1.659cd–660ab);⁵⁸⁹ brāhmaṇayaṣṭikā (= bhārgī; 1.1134);⁵⁹⁰ brahmasomā (1.1101cd–1102ab);⁵⁹¹ cauranimbūka (1.328);⁵⁹² devasarṣapa (1.976);⁵⁹³ ḍolāphala (= madhūka; 1.455); elāna 1.509);⁵⁹⁴ gajakarṇī (1.1631–1634);⁵⁹⁵ gandhapriyaṅgu (1.1353cd–1354ab);⁵⁹⁶ the five varieties of guggulu (1.1409cd–1412ab); gugguluśāka (1.1420cd–1421ab);⁵⁹⁷ hastyāluka (1.1626);⁵⁹⁸ himakarpūra (1.1284); īśāvāsa(karpūra) (1.1283–1284ab); īśvarī (= nāgadamani; 1.778);⁵⁹⁹ jalamāriṣa (1.637);⁶⁰⁰ japā (1.1521cd–1522ab); jīvantaka (1.624);⁶⁰¹ kāirātacaṇdana (1.1259);⁶⁰² kākāṇḍolā (= kolaśimbī; 1.603);⁶⁰³ kaṇṭakarāñjā (1.972);⁶⁰⁴ kapitthapattrā (1.419cd);⁶⁰⁵ karambhā (1.801);⁶⁰⁶ karpūratulasi (1.1554);⁶⁰⁷ kāṣṭhālu (1.1626);⁶⁰⁸ kṛṣṇacaṇdana (1.1904);⁶⁰⁹ kucelikā (1.680);⁶¹⁰ kulatthikā (3.78);⁶¹¹ kuntalī (1.651);⁶¹² kuśīṃśapā (1.978);⁶¹³ kuṭhiñjara (1.650);⁶¹⁴ laṭvāka (= vanyakusumbha, 1.639);⁶¹⁵ lavalī (1.510);⁶¹⁶ madhukarkaṭī (1.262);⁶¹⁷ mahābāṣpa (1.805);⁶¹⁸ mahāpiṇḍita (1.904);⁶¹⁹ māṇavaka (1.481);⁶²⁰ mārkaṇḍikā (1.1002);⁶²¹ mucakuṇḍa (1.1520cd);⁶²² naṛtaka (= nīvāra; 3.103);⁶²³ palāśikā (= suṣavī; 1.594);⁶²⁴ parṇakarpūra (1.1289);⁶²⁵ parṇapiṇḍita (1.905);⁶²⁶ parpaṭī (1.1428–1429ab);⁶²⁷ pītadru (1.962);⁶²⁸ pītakaravīra (1.1543);⁶²⁹ potāśraya karpūra (1.1285);⁶³⁰ pustaśimbī (1.610);⁶³¹ rājālābu (1.537);⁶³² rājanimbūka (1.328);⁶³³ raktālu (1.1626);⁶³⁴ rāmatha (= toyāpāmārga; 1.1037cd–1038);⁶³⁵ śaṅkhālu (1.1626);⁶³⁶ śarkarānimbūka (1.328);⁶³⁷ sarpākṣī (1.691cd–692);⁶³⁸ sindūrī (1.1524);⁶³⁹ śirīṣikā (1.980);⁶⁴⁰ snehapiṇḍita (1.904);⁶⁴¹ śvetapiṇḍālu (1.1623);⁶⁴² śvetapiṇḍita (1.903);⁶⁴³ ṭaṅka, anya (1.408);⁶⁴⁴ tuvaraka (1.502cd–503);⁶⁴⁵ urumāṇa (1.507);⁶⁴⁶ vajrakanda (1.1586);⁶⁴⁷ vallīśimba (3.64);⁶⁴⁸ vaṃśakuṭajī (1.893);⁶⁴⁹ vāriparṇī (1.1467cd–1468ab);⁶⁵⁰ vyāghrāṭaka (1.617).⁶⁵¹ Opium is not mentioned by Kaiyadeva.

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⁵⁷⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁷⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁸⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁵⁹⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁰⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶¹⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶²⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶³⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴² *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴³ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁴ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁵ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁶ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

v3.c43.s23.t2.124

⁶⁴⁷ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁸ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁴⁹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁵⁰ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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⁶⁵¹ *Nighaṇṭuśeṣa* 1.1.

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Noteworthy terms designating diseases and various disorders occurring in the miśrakavarga (8) are: annagranthi = varāṭa = udarāmaya (254); aruṃṣikā = arus = rutpiśī = lomataskarī (251); avākarṇa = kālamūka (306); bahullāsa = hikkā (256); chāta = kṛśa (308); galagaṇḍa = gaṇḍamālā (264); galāṅkura = rohiṇī (264); gaṇḍuka = vikalāṅga (306); guḍagraha = udāvarta (282); guḍaguḍāśabdaḥ saruk = āṭopa (284); hemantikā = śitalikā = masūrikā (263); hṛllāsa and utkleśa are two different disorders (288); īrma = arus (266); jāṭharagranthi = pṛṣṭhagranthi = guḍa = gulma (264); śuṣkā kaṇḍu = kacchū = rakasā, and bahisravā kaṇḍu = vicarcikā (258cd-259ab); kharva = kharvara = nikharva = vāmana (306cd-307a); khoḍa = jarāvara = khañja (305); kukara = kuṇi (305); mahāsphoṭa = visphoṭa (263); malāvarodha = vibandhaka (283); muṣkavṛddhi = kuraṇḍaka = vṛddhi (281); nāha = ādhmāna (283); niścāraka = niścyavana = bimbiśī = pravāhikā (255); padavalmīka = ślīpada (261); pratīśyāya is a synonym of rājayakṣman (246); tvakpuṣpa = sidhma (262); udanyā = tṛṣ (251); vardhma = antravṛddhi (281); vātāvarodha = viṣṭambha (283); vigra = kṣudranāsika (307b); vikṣobhī = syandī = śitavepathu = udarda (285cd-286); yakṣmalālā = mṛṇikā = kaphatantu = syandinī (247); yauvanakaṇṭaka (285ab).652

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The disease called somaroga, introduced by Vaṅgasena, is referred to in vihāravarga 268.

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The author states in his introductory verses that he was a son of the physician Sāraṅga653 and a grandson of Padmanābha of Bhāradvājagotra,654 who was well versed in various sciences. Kaiyadeva may have lived in Gujarāt.655

Cites (2)

Pathyāpathyaviniścaya (Viśvanātha) — Viśvanātha, Sanskrit
Nighaṇṭuśeṣa — Hemacandra, Sanskrit