A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c48.s1: Special features
A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c48.s1
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Special features
v3.c48.s1.1
The five avasthās of mercury are: dhūma, ciṭiciṭi, maṇḍūkapluti, sakampa and vikampa (I.1.38cd–39ab).³³ The five gatis are: jalavadgati, dhūmagati, haṃsavadgati, kiṭṭanibhā gatih, and jīvadvagati (I.1.39cd–42ab).³⁴ The fourteen naisargikadoṣas are: pārthiva or bhauma, āpya, āgneya, anila or vāyavya, nābhasa, gajacarmākhya or gajatvac, puṇḍarīka, visarpa, hāridra, raktacarmākhya, nāraṅga, raktabinduka or raktabīja, asahyāgni, and maṇḍūka (I.1.42cd–44ab).³⁵ The seven kañcukas or aupādhikadoṣas are: kālikā, malinī, kapotī, raktakañcukā, salomī, girijā, and piṅgalī (I.1.44cd–45).³⁶ The three yaugikadoṣas are viṣa, nāga and vaṅga (I.1.46ab).³⁷ Each of the twenty-four doṣas is associated with a particular disorder (I.1.46cd–53ab).
v3.c48.s1.2
The worship of Rasabhairava and Rasāṅkuśī are important topics of chapter two. Numerous other deities are mentioned, among whom are the ten Dūtīs (I.2.122–123),³⁸ the eight Vidyeśvaras (I.2.127), the seven Mothers (I.2.163),³⁹ the Yoginīs,⁴⁰ Śaktis, Kubjikā (I.2.164–165), etc. Mantras are frequently mentioned. Bhūtaśuddhi is elaborately described (2.97–194ab). The verses on rasasandhyā (I.2.40–62) are peculiar to the Ānandakanda.⁴¹
v3.c48.s1.3
Chapter three discusses five types of dīkṣā: samayā- (I.3.9–56), sādhaka- (I.3.57–70), nirvāṇa- (I.3.71–81), ācārya- (I.3.82–96), and siddhadīkṣā (I.3.97–109).⁴² The verses on the samayādīkṣā enumerate the nine Nāthas⁴³ and the sixteen Siddhas. The names of the nine Nāthas are: Ādinātha,⁴⁴ Mīnanātha,⁴⁵ Gorakṣa,⁴⁶ Koṅkaṇeśvara,⁴⁷ Jālandhreśa,⁴⁸ Kandhanīśa,⁴⁹ Oḍḍīśa, Ciñciṇīśvara,⁵⁰ and Caurāṅgī⁵¹ (I.3.47–48ab). The sixteen Siddhas⁵² are: Caurāṅgī,⁵³ Carpati,⁵⁴ Ghoḍācūli,⁵⁵ the two Rāmas,⁵⁶ Bholagovinda, Vyāḍi,⁵⁷ Nāgārjuna,⁵⁸ Koraṇḍa,⁵⁹ Śūrpakarṇa,⁶⁰ Muktāyī, Revaṇa,⁶¹ Kukkurapāda,⁶² Śūrpapāda, Kaṇaurika, and Kiṅkiṇika (I.3.48cd–50).
v3.c48.s1.4
The list of the eighteen saṃskāras at the beginning of chapter four (I.4.1–6) omits grāsapramāṇa, krāmaṇa and sevā; anuvāsana is a saṃskāra; the three types of sāraṇa are regarded as three distinct saṃskāras.
v3.c48.s1.5
Divine plants (divyamūlikā), employed in the cāraṇa of mica (abhraka) are: agnidhamanī, bṛhatī, ciñcikā, haṃsapādī, indravāruṇī, karkoṭī, khaṇḍajārī, kumārī, lāṅgalī, maṇḍūkī, puṅkhā, rambhā, śaṅkhapuṣpī, sarpākṣī, vajrī, and vyāghrapādikā (I.4.154cd–156). Four bījas are said to be important: hema-, tāra-, nāga- and vaṅgabīja (I.4.250cd–254ab); a fifth type described is tāmrabīja (I.4.318cd–320).
v3.c48.s1.6
Sixteen different bījas are described (I.4.330–359). Anusāraṇa and pratisāraṇa are described as simple repetitions (once, respectively twice) of the operation called sāraṇa (I.4.489). Types of vedha are not distinguished in chapter four.
v3.c48.s1.7
Some purificatory measures, to be taken before the ingestion of mercurial preparations, are said to remove the lavaṇa-, kṣāra- and amladoṣa from the adept's body (I.6.18cd–23ab).⁶⁴
v3.c48.s1.8
Diamonds and their processing are dealt with in chapter seven (I.7.1–49ab), separately from the other gems. Three types of gold are distinguished: rasavedhaja (gold made by means of transmutation), kṣetrasambhava (naturally occurring gold) and lohasaṃkaraja (products resembling gold) (I.7.50–52ab). Five varieties of kāntaloha are described: bhrāmaka, cumbaka, karṣaka, drāvaka and romaka (I.7.87–96).⁶⁵
v3.c48.s1.9
The names of the pills (ghuṭikā) described in chapter ten⁶⁶ are: mṛtasamjīvanī, divyā, kāmeśvarī, hemasundarī, madanasundarī, khecarī, vajreśvarī, mahāvajreśvarī, vajrakhecarī, kālavidhvaṃsinī, gaganeśvarī, vajraghaṇṭeśvarī, vajrabhairavī, tripurabhairavī, and mahābhairavī.⁶⁷
v3.c48.s1.10
Place-names, names of deities, etc., occurring in chapter twelve, are: Acaleśvara (169), Acchatailagiri (148), Alampura (75; 77), Amareśvara (170), Āvartaka (46), Bhīmapāduka (75), Bhṛgupātana (145), Brahmeśvara (68), Caṇḍikā (71), Candraguptaprākāra (150), Chedikīdvāraka (138), Dādhikavāṭaka (148), Dakṣiṇā (141), Devahrada (155), Doṅgalikā (190), Durgā (69), Gaṇādhipa (123), Ghaṇṭāsiddheśvara (8; 11), Guṇḍiprabhā (159), Hastiśilā (52), Hastiśiras (52), Ileśvara (168), Īśāna (126), Kadambeśvaradeva (133), Kākalārī (192), Kālakaṇṭheśa (163), Kapoteśa (137), Kapoteśvara (141), Kokilābila (34), Koṭīśvara (168), Kṣetrapālaka (121), Kuṇḍaleśvara (48), Liṅgādri (182), Mahānanda (162), Maheśvara (80), Maṇipalli (29), a yakṣiṇī called Mohalī (104), an elephant called Mohana (152), Nīlavanī (157), Padmāvatībila (127), Paṭṭhakarṇeśvara (175), Piṇḍikā (184), Puruṣeśvaradeva (49), Puṣpagiri (137), Rāmeśvara (45), Sarveśvara (189), Sparśaśilā (151), Śrīmālīniśvara (165), Śrīmallikārjuna (8), Sureśvara (43), Svargapurīnātha (39), Svarṇaśilā (170), Tambīpura (161), Tripurāntaka (22), Umāparvata (165), Vajreśvara (43), and Yogīśvarī (77).⁶⁸
v3.c48.s1.11
Chapter fourteen describes ten poisonous substances of vegetable origin that are unsuitable for rasāyana purposes: kālakūṭa, dardura, hālāhala, meṣaśṛṅga, mohada, granthi, karkaṭa, raktaśṛṅgi, haridra, and kesara (I.14.13–14); the eight suitable poisons are: śvetaśṛṅgī, vatsanābha, sarṣapa, śṛṅgī, vāluka, mastaka, saktuka, and kardama (I.14.15–16ab). The eight stages (vega) of intoxication are dealt with (14.33–35ab).
v3.c48.s1.12
The kalpas described in chapter fifteen are called after the following thirty-eight divyauṣadhis: brahmavṛkṣa (3cd–51),⁶⁹ śvetabrahmavṛkṣa (52–60ab),⁷⁰ muṇḍī
v3.c48.s1.13
(60cd–70ab),⁷¹ devadālī (70cd–91),⁷² śvetārka (92–97ab),⁷³ hastikarṇī(palāśa) (97cd–101),⁷⁴ rudantī (102–111ab),⁷⁵ nirguṇḍī (111cd–130),⁷⁶ śunakaśālmalī (131–138ab),⁷⁷ pathyā (138cd–156ab),⁷⁸ āmalakī (156cd–162ab),⁷⁹ triphalā (162cd–177ab),⁸⁰ śuṇṭhī (177cd–181), pippalī (182–191ab),⁸¹ citraka (191cd–201),⁸² bhallātakī (202–205ab), bhūmikadamba (205cd–209ab),⁸³ punarnavā (209cd–218),⁸⁴ bhṛṅgarāja (219–227),⁸⁵ kumārī (228–245ab), mahānīlī (245cd–253ab),⁸⁶ musalī (253cd–257),⁸⁷ indravallī (258–263ab), jyotirdruma (263cd–264), aśvagandhā (265–266ab),⁸⁸ jyotiṣmatī (266cd–304),⁸⁹ guggulu (305–312),⁹⁰ vijayā (313–499),⁹¹ kañcukī (500–510), kukkuṭī (511–522ab), somalatā (522cd–579ab),⁹² guḍūcī (579cd–587), tuvaraka (588–596),⁹³ somarājī (597–599ab),⁹⁴ vṛddhadāruka (599cd–620), vajravallī (621–623ab),⁹⁵ tilakṣīriṇikā (623cd–627), and brāhmī (628–634).
v3.c48.s1.14
The elaborate description of uṣapāna in chapter seventeen is a remarkable feature of the Ānandakanda; the sniffing up of water through the nose (nāsāpāna) is also dealt with (17.93cd–95ab).
v3.c48.s1.15
Chapter twenty describes the ten main nāḍīs (62–64) and the ten kinds of vāyu (65–69), Kuṇḍalinī (73–82ab), mudrās and bandhas (82cd–108ab), together with other subjects known from Tantric works and treatises on Yoga.
v3.c48.s1.16
The construction of the hut (kuṭī) for rasāyana purposes is a distinctive feature of the Ānandakanda, not found in other rasāstra texts.
v3.c48.s1.17
Chapter twenty-two describes a long series of varieties of vandāka or badhnaka, growing on about fifty different plants and trees.⁹⁶
v3.c48.s1.18
The mūlikābandhas of chapter twenty-three are concerned with the following plants and substances: niśācara (244–260),⁹⁷ aṅganāyikā (261–269ab),⁹⁸ narasāra (269cd–286ab),⁹⁹ kaṅkālakhecarī (286cd–289ab),¹⁰⁰ mantrasimhāsanī (289cd–295ab),¹⁰¹ irindarī (295cd–310ab),¹⁰² kṣamāpāla (315–316ab),¹⁰³ tṛṇajyotis (338–341ab),¹⁰⁴ uccaṭā (341cd–346),¹⁰⁵ raktasnuhi (347–348),¹⁰⁶ sthalapadminī (349–355),¹⁰⁷ citraka (356–365ab),¹⁰⁸ jyotiṣmatītaila (365cd–370),¹⁰⁹ dagdharuhā (371–377ab),¹¹⁰ kaṭutumbī (377cd–380ab),¹¹¹ lohadaṇḍa (380cd–386),¹¹² kṣīrakanda (387–392ab),¹¹³ śākavṛkṣa (392cd–398),¹¹⁴ devadālī (399–402),¹¹⁵ śvetaguñjā (403–408),¹¹⁶ and kartarīrasa (409–417ab).¹¹⁷
v3.c48.s1.19
The udakabandhas of chapter twenty-three describe candrodakabandha (417cd–428ab),¹¹⁸ viṣodakabandha (428cd–446ab),¹¹⁹ saṃjīvanījalakalpa (446cd–466),¹²⁰ uṣṇodakakalpa (467–480ab),¹²¹ and śailodakakalpa (480cd–527ab).¹²²
v3.c48.s1.20
The ghuṭikās which follow (23.527cd–557) are prepared with śailodaka,¹²³ the rasāyanakalpas (23.558–584ab) with rasabhasman.¹²⁴ The verses on bandha and related subjects (23.584cd–790ab)¹²⁵ mention several types of this process.¹²⁶
v3.c48.s1.21
Chapter twenty-four describes four types of jalūkābandha: mardana-, manmatha-, kandarpa-, and madanajalūkā (24.190cd–208ab). The operations called svedana and saṃnyāsa, described at the end of chapter twenty-five (25.112cd–115ab), are varieties of niyamana.¹²⁷
v3.c48.s1.22
Chapter twenty-six describes the yantras according to the Rasendracūḍāmaṇi.¹²⁸ Yantras ahead are: pātālayantra (91cd–93ab),¹²⁹ dīpikāyantra (93cd–94ab),¹³⁰ gaṅgāsāgara- or bhaṭṭiyantra (94cd–99), koṣṭhīyantra (101cd–102),¹³¹ garbhayantra (103–106),¹³² haṃsapākāyantra (107–108),¹³³ mūṣāyantra (109–111),¹³⁴ stanayantra (112–113), nāgamāyūrayantra (114–117), cakrayantra (118–120ab), khecarayantra (120cd–123), kāpālīyantra (124–125ab), vālukāyantra (125cd–128), 135 lavaṇayantra (129–130), 136 bhūdharayantra (131), 137 nālikāyantra (132–134ab), 138 puṭayantra (134cd–135ab), 139 pātālayantra (135cd–139ab), 140 dhūpayantra (139cd–141ab), 141 and adhaḥpātanayantra (141cd–144ab and 144cd–148ab). 142
v3.c48.s1.23
The mūṣās are described according to the Rasendracūḍāmaṇi. 143 Mūṣās added are a second type of vajramūṣā (179–180), 144 the prakāśa- and andhamūṣā (181–184ab), 145 bhasmamūṣā (184cd–185ab), 146 and a third type of vajramūṣā (185cd–186ab). 147
v3.c48.s1.24
The description of the koṣṭhīs (26.201cd–218ab) has been borrowed from the Rasendracūḍāmaṇi. 148 The same applies to the puṭas (26.218cd–237). 149
v3.c48.s1.25
Verses on vessels and types of fuel are added. Synonyms of the vessel called kūpikā are rūpikā, bhiddhā, gola and karaṇḍaka (26.238). 150 Synonyms of the vessel called caṣaka are kaṭhorī, cāṭikā, khorikā, kañcolī and grāhikā (26.239). 151
v3.c48.s1.26
The list of uparasas of chapter one of the kriyākaraṇaviśrānti is longer than in any other text; items found in this list, but not described in chapter one, are cīnakṣāra, lākṣā and gorocanā (1.7cd–8). The metals (loha) are twelve in number: gold, silver, copper, kānta, abhrasattva, tīkṣṇa, muṇḍaka, lead, tin, rīti (= pittala), kāṃsya, and vartaka (1.9cd–10). 152 The list of the nine gems (ratna) presents the usual series (1.11). The nine uparatnas consist of sūryakānta, candrakānta, tārakānta, kāntaka, 153 vaikrānta, nṛpāvarta (= rājāvarta), sasyaka, vimalā, and peroja (1.12–13ab). 154
v3.c48.s1.27
Godaṇtī is a synonym of haritāla (1.48). Hīngula is of three varieties: carmāra, śukaṭuṇḍaka and haṃsapāda (1.18cd–182ab). Gairika is of two kinds: svarṇagairika and pāśṇagairika (1.191–192ab). Ten varieties of capala are mentioned (1.195–196ab), two varieties of śilājatu: gomūtra- and karpūraśilājatu (1.205). Synonyms of haridrāśman 155 are niśāgrāva, pītāṅga and pītagharṣaṇa (1.128cd). Two varieties of kaṅkuṣṭha are distinguished: hema- and tārakaṅkuṣṭha (1.252ab). Kāsīsa is of three types: kāsīsa, puṣpakāsīsa and hīrakāsīsa; some authorities mention four varieties: yellow, black, white and red (1.263–264ab). Four kinds of aphena 156 are described: white or jāraṇa, black or māraṇa, yellow or dhāraṇa, and karbura or sāraṇa (1.289–290).
v3.c48.s1.28
A noteworthy feature is the description of sābuṇi and the enumeration of its synonyms (1.308cd–309ab), 157 as well as the description of ākhupāṣāṇa (1.313cd–315ab). 158 Sarjarasa or rāla is said to be of five varieties: red, yellow, black, white, and multicoloured (1.316–317). Five varieties of guggulu are mentioned: mahiṣākṣa, nīlaka, padma, kumuda, and suvarṇa (1.320cd–321ab). 159 Noteworthy among the kṣāras are lavaṇakṣāra or loṇāra (1.328cd–330ab) 160 and vajrakakṣāra (1.330cd–332ab). Amlavetasa, which has many synonyms, is of two kinds: śaṅkhadrāvin and māṃsadrāvin (1.344–347).
v3.c48.s1.29
Chapter seven of the kriyākaraṇaviśrānti mentions four types of abhrakasattva: kaṭhina, mṛdula, druti and bīja (7.29–30ab). The preparation of the kaṭhina, mṛdu and bīja types is described (7.30cd–60ab); the preparation of the druti type is absent. 161 The same chapter gives an account of the preparation of abhrakasattvasindūra, which is red in colour (7.66–86ab).
v3.c48.s1.30
The red ruby (māṇikya), found in Siṃhala, is called padmarāga; the yellow variety, called kuruvinda, occurs in Kālāpura; the saugandhika, coloured like an aśoka shoot, is found in Āndhra; the nīlagandhi, of a blue hue, occurs in Tumburu 162 (8.10–11). Diamonds of particular colours are found in Pauṇḍra, 163 on the Mataṅgagiri, 164 in the Himālaya, in Saurāṣṭra, Supāra, 165 Kosala, Kaliṅga, and on the banks of the river Peṇṇā 166 (8.49–54ab). 167 Eight varieties of vaikrānta are mentioned (8.177cd–178ab). Garuḍodgāra, usually one of the names of the emerald, is used as a synonym of sasyaka (8.204cd). Synonyms of peroja are harinmaṇi 168 and haritāśman (8.218).
v3.c48.s1.31
The sixty-four 169 divyauṣadhis described in chapter nine are: somavallī, 170 somavṛkṣa, 171 sthalapadminī, 172 goṇasā, 173 uccaṭā, 174 īśvarī, 175 bhūtakeśī, 176 kṛṣṇalaṭā, 177 lāśunavallī, 178 rudantī, 179 vārāhī, 180 saptapattrī, 181 nāginī, 182 sarpiṇī, 183 chattriṇī, 184 gośṛṅgī, 185 jyotirlatā, 186 raktavallī, 187 pattravallī, 188 kākinī, 189 cāṇḍālī, 190 tāmravallīkā, pītavallīkā, vijayā, 191 mahauṣadhi, 192 devadālī, 193 mraṅkṣaṇagandhinī or navanītakagandhī, 194 gāruḍavallī, 195 tumbinī, 196 bhūtumbinī, gandharvā, vyāghrapādī, mahauṣadhi, 197 gomārī, triśūlī, 198 rutasivallikā, 199 triḍaṇḍī, bhṛṅgavallī, camarikā, karavīralatā, vajravallī, 200 vāravallī, 201 rohiṇī, bilvinī, gorocanalatā, 202 akṣarā, 203 apattrā, 204 kuṭajavallī, mūlakandā, brāhmaṇī, munivallī or ghṛṭagandhā, nimbakālatā, tilakandā, aśativallikā, bodhilatā, madyagandhā, kūrmalatā, mādhavī, viśālā, mahānāgā, maṇḍukalatikā, udumbaralatā, and citravallī. 205
v3.c48.s1.32
Chapter ten describes the following eighty-eight mahauṣadhis: 206 himajā or yavaciñcā, kāravī, kaṭutumbī, jyotiṣmatī, liṅginī or īśvarī, pātālagaruḍī, girikarṇī, ākhukarṇī, vārāhī, devadālī, 207 aindrī (= indravāruṇī), 208 gojihvā, kakaṭuṇḍī, raktapādī, punarnavā, 209 atyamlaparṇī, kaṛoṭakī, śarapuṅkhā, 210 bhṛṅgarāja, 211 guḍūcī, 212 mūrvā, 213 śaṅkhapuṣpī, kākajaṅghā, śatāvarī, 214 gokṣura, kākamācī, ādityabhaktā, nākulī, 215 kṣīrakanda, 216 sinduvāra, 217 araṇyakārpāsī, kokilākṣa, bṛhatī, kaṇṭakārī, guñjā, 218 vṛddhadāruka, 219 bākucī, 220 apāmārgā, prapunnāṭa (= cakramarda), viṣamuṣṭi, kāṇḍīra, hastikanda, samudraśoṣī, gorakṣadugdhī, 221 bhūpāṭalī, medā, mahāmedā, kākolī, kṣīrakākolī, vṛddhī, ṛddhi, jīvaka, ṛṣabha, ādityaputra, hastikarṇī, 222 kapikacchū, karṇasphoṭā, rudrajaṭā, nīlikā, kośātaki, jīvantī, 223 jaṭukā, muṇḍī, 224 viṣṇukrāntā, kumārī, 225 bhūmyāmalī, barhicūḍā (= mayūraśikhā), brāhmī, 226 taṇḍulīya, pāṣāṇabhedana, hastisuṇḍī, kṣudrāmlikā, brahmaḍaṇḍī, tālī, ākāśavallī, sahadevī, lakṣmaṇā, bhūkadamba, 227 tailakanda, viṣṇukanda, trikarṇikā, nāgadantī, droṇapuṣpī, 228 amṛtasravā, putradātrī, śālmalīkanda, āvartakī, and amlapatrī.
v3.c48.s1.33
The list at the end of the chapter adds haṃsapādī (10.234).
Cites (2)
- Ānandakanda — Sanskrit
- Rasendracūḍāmaṇi — Somadeva (alchemist), Sanskrit