[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981) › c4.51 # Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.51 Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.51 - **Language:** English ### [c4.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.51) | Kalpa | = 4,320,000,000 years | | Kalpa | = 14 Manvantaras | | | (Manvantara = 71 Mahāyugas = 306,720,000 years) | | | + 15 Sandhis (Sandhi = Kṛtayuga = 1,728,000 years) | | Kalpa | = 1000 Mahāyugas or Caturyugas | | | (Mahāyuga = 4,320,000 years) | | Mahāyuga = | Kṛtayuga (1,728,000 = 432,000 · 4 years) | | | + Tretāyuga (1,296,000 = 432,000 · 3 years) | | | + Dvāparayuga (864,000 = 432,000 · 2 years) | | | + Kaliyuga (432,000 years) | | Beginning of Kalpa to beginning of current Kaliyuga: | | | | 1,972,944,000 = 432,000 · 4567 years | - [Previous: c4.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.50) - [Next: c4.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.52) - [Up: c4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.51) · Pramāṇa