[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981) › c4.53 # Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.53 Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.53 - **Language:** English ### [c4.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.53) | Kalpa | = 4,354,560,000 years | | Kalpa | = 14 Manvantaras | | | (Manvantara = 72 Mahāyugas = 311,040,000 years) | | Kalpa | = 1008 Mahāyugas (Mahāyuga = 4,320,000 years) | | Mahāyuga = | Kṛtayuga (1,080,000 years) | | | + Tretāyuga (1,080,000 years) | | | + Dvāparayuga (1,080,000 years) | | | + Kaliyuga (1,080,000 years) | - [Previous: c4.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.52) - [Next: c4.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.54) - [Up: c4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.53) · Pramāṇa