[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981) › c4.s2.12 # Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.s2.12 Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.s2.12 - **Language:** English ### [c4.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2.12) The Āryabhaṭīya, which is the basic text of the Āryapakṣa, is not, strictly speaking, a siddhānta since it combines, in extreme conciseness, the fundamentals of both astronomy and mathematics. It is divided into four pādas. The Daśagītikā gives the planetary parameters, the divisions of the Kalpa, and a table of the first order differences of the Sines; at one point Āryabhaṭa refers to the diurnal rotation as a rotation of the earth (A Daśagītikā 3; see also Golapāda 9–10) but elsewhere (A Golapāda 16) he mentions the mathematically equivalent theory of the rotation of the fixed stars (bhagola). The theory of the diurnal rotation of the earth was fiercely attacked by many later Indian astronomers, beginning with Varāhamihira (PS 13, 6–7). The Gaṇitapāda, on mathematics, will be briefly discussed in chapter III. The Kālakriyāpāda defines time units, describes two geometrical models of planetary motion (eccentric with epicycle and concentric with two epicycles), and gives rules for computing the true longitudes of the planets. Finally, the Golapāda expounds Āryabhaṭa’s cosmology and geography, explains the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies, and gives solutions for problems in spherical trigonometry and rules for computing eclipses. The Āryapakṣa which evolved from the A was for most of its history popular mainly in South India, though the earliest extant commentaries were composed in Gujarāt—the Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya of Bhāskara³³ at Valabhī in 629 and that of Someśvara in the eleventh or twelfth century; equally attesting to its popularity in Western India in the eighth and early ninth centuries is its use by Arabic astronomers of the period, who call Āryabhaṭa Arjabhar.³⁴ Al-Bīrūnī, however, while he possessed a copy of the A in the Panjāb in the 1020’s, was confused about its identity.³⁵ The later Indian commentators on the A, almost all of its manuscripts, and most of the texts following the Āryapakṣa³⁶ come from South India. The Sanskrit commentaries in addition to those named above were composed by Sūryadeva Yajvan, who was born in 1191, at Gaṅgāpura in Cola country; by Parameśvara³⁷ in about 1450 at Aśvatthagrāma in Kerala; by Yallaya at Skandasomeśvara in Āndhrapradeśa in 1480; by Nīlakaṇṭha³⁸ in Kerala shortly after 1501; by Raghunātha Rāja at Ahobila in Āndhrapradeśa in 1597; by Bhūtiviṣṇu,³⁹ probably near Kāñcī in Tamilnadu; and by Ghaṭīgopa⁴⁰ in Kerala in about 1800. There are also commentaries in Telugu and Malayālam and a translation into Marāṭhī. - [Previous: c4.s2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2.11) - [Next: c4.s2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2.13) - [Up: c4.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2) ## Linked texts (2) - [Āryabhaṭīya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.aryabhatiya) — Āryabhaṭa, Sanskrit - [Pañcasiddhāntikā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.pancasiddhantika) — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s2.12) · Pramāṇa