[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981) › c4.s3 # Jyotihshastra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.s3: Karaṇas Jyotiḥśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature c4.s3 - **Language:** English ### Karaṇas ### [c4.s3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.1) Karaṇas outside of South India are distinguished from \*siddhāntas\* by their emphasis on pragmatic rules for computing and their avoidance of astronomical theory. One way in which this practical bent is most obviously manifested is by the elimination of reliance on the theory of the Kalpa or of the Mahāyuga in determining the mean motions of the planets; their mean longitudes are rather computed from their positions at a given epoch close in time to the date of the composition of the \*karaṇa\*, and the longitudes of the planets' apogees and nodes (except for the Moon's) are considered to be fixed. Before the Kh, of course, both \*karaṇas\* and \*siddhāntas\* bore the latter designation. ### [c4.s3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.2) The earliest \*karaṇa\* that we know of, as mentioned previously, is the Sūrya-siddhānta of Lāṭadeva, an Ārdharātrika text summarized in the Pañcasiddhāntikā; its epoch was 21 March 505, as were also those of Lāṭadeva's recensions of the Romaka and Pauliśa \*siddhāntas\* epitomized in the PS.¹¹⁴ Varāhamihira, the author of the PS, was a Maga Brāhmaṇa from Avanti who resided in a village named Kāpitthaka (probably Kāyathā near Ujjayinī¹¹⁵). It has further been suggested that he was connected with the Aulikara court at Daśapura, and in particular with Yaśodharman who was ruling there in 532. In the PS, besides the summaries of the five \*siddhāntas\* of Pitāmaha, Vasiṣṭha, Romaka, Pauliśa, and Sūrya that we have previously discussed, Varāhamihira includes chapters on spherical trigonometry (PS 4; entitled \*karaṇa\*), on the first visibility of the Moon (PS 5), on cosmology (PS 13), on instruments and observations (PS 14), and on differences in observed phenomena and time measurements due to such causes as local latitude or longitude and various conventions (PS 15). The PS was one source of the Chinese Chiu-chih li¹¹⁶ written at the T'ang court by Ch'ü-t'an Hsi-ta (Gautama Siddhārtha) in 718. ### [c4.s3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.3) ¹¹⁴ The views of T. S. KUPPANA SHASTRI, "The Epoch of the Romaka Siddhānta in the Pañcasiddhāntikā, and the Epoch Longitudes of the Sun and Moon in the Vāsiṣṭha-Pauliśa," IJHS 13 (1978), 151—158, are too involved to be argued against here. In general, his solution violates the principles that a \*lectio difficilior\* which makes sense is preferable to the \*lectio facilior\* that smells of being a learned emendation, and that modern astronomical computations must not be used to revise a manuscript tradition unless there is some substantial reason to believe that that tradition has misrepresented the author's original and that the original must have been in agreement with the modern computations. ### [c4.s3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.4) ¹¹⁵ D. G. DHAVALE, "The Kāpitthaka of Varāhamihira," IJHS 9 (1974), 77—78. ### [c4.s3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.5) ¹¹⁶ K. YABUUTI, "Researches in the Chiu-chih li—Indian Astronomy under the T'ang Dynasty," Acta Asiatica 36 (1979), 7—48. ### [c4.s3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.6) An abbreviated \*karaṇa\*, dealing almost exclusively with calendaric matters, spherical trigonometry, and the computation of the positions of the planets, is the Dhyānagrahopādhyāya, preserved in some manuscripts of Brahmagupta's BSS as its last chapter (BSS 25). Its epoch is 21 March 628. Like the BSS itself it follows the Brāhmapakṣa, though a new method of approximating all linear and sine-wave functions by multiplying one of each by various simple coefficients is introduced. This and other approximative devices alter the parameters somewhat from those standard to the pakṣa. ### [c4.s3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.7) But the karaṇa that set the pattern for this genre was the Khaṇḍakhādyaka¹¹⁷ of Brahmagupta, whose epoch is 23 March 665. The first nine adhikāras present the astronomy of the Ārdharātrikapakṣa. The mean motion of each of the planets is presented as an integer number of rotations in a given number of days increased or decreased by a small corrective factor in another, larger number of days; this method was popular in later karaṇas. The last six adhikāras form the Uttarakhaṇḍakhādyaka; they provide correctives to the first, usually changing the Ārdharātrika into Brāhma parameters. The influence of the Kh was enormous; it remained the standard karaṇa of Kāśmīra, Nepāla, and Assam till modern times, but in the medieval period was popular throughout North and West India. In 735 a Zīj al-Arkand¹¹⁸ based on it was composed in Sind, and, like the BSS, it was available to al-Bīrūnī¹¹⁹ in the Panjāb in the 1020's. There are extant commentaries written by Pṛthūdakasvāmin (Vivarana) at Sthāneśvara in 864; by Bhaṭṭotpala¹²⁰ (Cintāmaṇi) in Kāśmīra in 969; by Āmarāja¹²¹ (Vāsanābhāṣya) at Ānandapura in Saurāṣṭra in about 1200; and by Yāmaṭa, Varuṇa, and Śrīdatta. As is normally the case with such practical texts as karaṇas and koṣṭhakas, virtually every manuscript represents a different recension. Also, as frequently occurs with karaṇas, there is a koṣṭhaka based on the Khaṇḍakhādyaka, the Khaṇḍakhādyakasāriṇī.¹²² ### [c4.s3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.8) ¹¹⁷ Edited with the commentary of Āmarāja by B. MIŚRA, Calcutta 1925; with the commentary of Pṛthūdakasvāmin by P. C. SENGUPTA, Calcutta 1941; and with the commentary of Bhaṭṭotpala and an English translation by B. CHATTERJEE, 2 vols., Calcutta 1970; for the missing portion of the first edition see CHATTERJEE'S edition, vol. 1, pp. 170—174, and for the missing portion of the last edition see D. PINGREE, "The Beginning of Utpala's Commentary on the Khaṇḍakhādyaka," JAOS 93 (1973), 469—481. There is an English translation by P. C. SENGUPTA, Calcutta 1934. ### [c4.s3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.9) ¹¹⁸ F. I. HADDAD, E. S. KENNEDY, and D. PINGREE, The Book of the Reasons behind Astronomical Tables, Aleppo, sec. 4, and D. PINGREE, The Scholar and the Saint, p. 79, fn. 13. ### [c4.s3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.10) ¹¹⁹ D. PINGREE, The Scholar and the Saint, p. 79, fn. 14. ### [c4.s3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.11) ¹²⁰ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.12) ¹²¹ CESS A 1, 50a—50b, and A 2, 15a—15b. ### [c4.s3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.13) ¹²² SATE 175—176. ### [c4.s3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.14) There is nothing known of karaṇas written in the eighth and ninth centuries, though presumably the genre did not totally disappear. Nor do we possess any portion in Sanskrit of the Karaṇasāra written by Vaṭeśvara at Ānandapura in 899; that is preserved only in some quotations in the India, Transits, and Al-Qānūn al-Mas‘ūdī of al-Bīrūnī. ### [c4.s3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.15) Al-Bīrūnī also refers in the India to two karaṇas by Muñjāla.¹²³ The Bṛhanmānasa, whose epoch is 9 March 932, is now lost except for some fragments; but we still possess the Laghumānasa,¹²⁴ which Muñjāla composed later at Prakāśa on the Tāpī in Mahārāṣṭra. This small karaṇa has drawn elements from both the Āryapakṣa (as corrected by Lalla) and the Ārdharātrikapakṣa; it has also, apparently, derived the notion of the second inequality in lunar motion from an Islamic Ptolemaic source. Though it is a karaṇa, the LM does not give epoch positions (apparently one was expected to use those of the Bṛhanmānasa), and its contents are arranged in the form of a siddhānta. There are commentaries on the LM written by Praśastadhara (or Praśastidhara)¹²⁵ (Vivṛti) in Kāśmīra in 958; by Sūryadeva Yajvan (Grahajñānavāsanā) in 1248 at Gaṅgāpura in Cola country;¹²⁶ by Parameśvara (Pārameśvara) at Aśvatthagrāma in Kerala in 1409; and by Yallaya (Kalpalatā) at Skandasomeśvara in Āndhrapradeśa in 1482. ### [c4.s3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.16) ¹²³ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.17) ¹²⁴ Edited with the commentary of Parameśvara by B. D. ĀPAṬE, ASS 123, Poona 1944, 2nd ed. Poona 1952, and with an English translation and notes by N. K. MAJUMDAR, Calcutta 1951. ### [c4.s3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.18) ¹²⁵ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.19) ¹²⁶ An edition is being prepared by K. V. SARMA; see his edition of the Āryabhaṭīya with Sūryadeva’s commentary, pp. xxxix–xli. ### [c4.s3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.20) Like the KS of Vaṭeśvara, the Karaṇatilaka composed by Vijayananda (or Vijayanandin) in Vārāṇasī is known to us only through al-Bīrūnī, for whom it was incompetently translated into Arabic in 1026 as the Ghurrat al-zijāt.¹²⁷ The epoch of this, the first karaṇa of the Saurapakṣa, is 23/24 March 966. ### [c4.s3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.21) ¹²⁷ S. S. H. RIZVI, “A Unique and Unknown Book of al-Bīrūnī: Ghurrat-uz-Zijāt or Karaṇa Tilaka,” IC 37 (1963), 112–130, 167–187, and 223–245: 38 (1964), 47–74 and 195–212; and 39 (1965), 1–26 and 137–180 (incomplete). ### [c4.s3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.22) In the early eleventh century the court of Bhojarāja,¹²⁸ the Paramāra Mahārāja of Dhārā, produced numerous works of Sanskrit literature. Among them is a karaṇa of the Brāhmapakṣa, containing (as does the more or less contemporary SŚŚ) the bījas that were utilized by most of the succeeding adherents of this pakṣa. The Rājamṛgāṅka, whose epoch is 21 February 1042, is not preserved for us in its original form, as most of the verses quoted from it by, for example, Āmarāja in his Vāsanābhāṣya on the Kh, are not found in the manuscripts.¹²⁹ A version by one Rāma¹³⁰ contains many verses in common with two manuscripts at Baroda,¹³¹ though each of the three versions also contains a number of verses not in the other two. Moreover, all three versions comprise only the first two adhikāras: madhyamagrahānayana and spaṣṭīkaraṇa. The RM is sometimes accompanied by tables (sāraṇī), but these have yet to be investigated. ### [c4.s3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.23) ¹²⁸ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.24) ¹²⁹ K. S. SHUKLA, “A Note on the Rāja-mṛgāṅka of Bhoja Published by the Adyar Library,” Gaṇita 5 (1954), 149–151. ### [c4.s3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.25) ¹³⁰ K. M. K. SARMA, “The Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhoja,” Brahmavidyā 4 (1940), 95–105. ### [c4.s3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.26) ¹³¹ Baroda 3273 and 9476. ### [c4.s3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.27) A popular \*karaṇa\* belonging to the Āryapakṣa is the Karaṇaprakāśa¹³² composed by Brahmadeva¹³³ at Mathurā (probably Madurai in South India); its epoch is 11 March 1092. There is a commentary (Vṛtti) by Dāmodara,¹³⁴ who also wrote in West India an Āryatulya based on the A in 1417 and a Sūryatulya based on the SS; and there are undated commentaries by Amareśa¹³⁵ (Vyākhyāna) in Karṇāṭakī; by Govinda¹³⁶ (Vivaraṇa or Vivṛti) on the first two \*adhikāras\*; by Śrīnivāsa Yajvan (Karaṇaprakāśaprabhā); and by Sampatkumāra (Vyākhyā). Both the manuscripts of the KP and its commentators come predominantly from South and West India, and especially from Mysore and Mahārāṣṭra. ### [c4.s3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.28) ¹³² Edited with his own commentary by S. DVIVEDIN, CSS 23, Benares 1899. ### [c4.s3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.29) ¹³³ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.30) ¹³⁴ CESS A 3, 100b--101a. ### [c4.s3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.31) ¹³⁵ CESS A 1, 45b. ### [c4.s3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.32) ¹³⁶ CESS A 2, 135b--136a. ### [c4.s3.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.33) Śatānanda composed the Bhāsvatī,¹³⁷ a \*karaṇa\* following the Ārdharātrikapakṣa, allegedly at Puruṣottama (Puri in Orissa), in 1099. He claims to follow the SS as taught by (Varāha)mihira, but offers far more than is found in the PS; the B is sometimes entitled Pañcasiddhāntikā after its source. As is the case with many of these \*karaṇas\*, there are numerous recensions of the B; some manuscripts add an Uttarabhāsvatī. The principle commentaries are those composed by Aniruddha¹³⁸ (Śiśubodhinī) at Benares in 1495; by Gaṇapati¹³⁹ (Vivṛti) in Bengal in about 1500; by Mādhava¹⁴⁰ (Mādhavī) at Kānyakubja in 1525; by Acyuta¹⁴¹ (Ratnamālā) in the 1530’s, probably in Bengal; by Balabhadra¹⁴² (Bālabodhinī) at Umānagara in Jumilādeśa, Nepāla, in 1543; by Kuvera Miśra¹⁴³ (Ṭīkā) in 1685; by Gaṅgādhara¹⁴⁴ (Udāhṛti) in 1685; by Rāmakṛṣṇa (Tattvaprakāśikā) in 1739; by Kamalanayana¹⁴⁵ in about 1740(?), probably in Mithilā; and by Yogīndra in 1742, apparently also in Mithilā. The distribution of the B’s manuscripts and its commentators demonstrates its popularity in North and Northeast India and in Nepal. ### [c4.s3.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.34) ¹³⁷ Published at Benares in 1854; with the commentary of Mādhava in Aruṇodaya 1 (1890--91); with his own Sanskrit and Hindi commentaries by MĀTṚPRASĀDA PĀṆDEYA, Benares 1917; and with his own commentary by ṬIKĀRĀMA DHANAÑJAYA, Vārāṇasī \[ND\]. ### [c4.s3.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.35) ¹³⁸ CESS A 1, 43b. ### [c4.s3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.36) ¹³⁹ CESS A 2, 89a--89b. ### [c4.s3.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.37) ¹⁴⁰ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.38) ¹⁴¹ CESS A 1, 36a--36b. ### [c4.s3.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.39) ¹⁴² CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.40) ¹⁴³ CESS A 2, 47b. ### [c4.s3.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.41) ¹⁴⁴ CESS A 2, 85a. ### [c4.s3.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.42) ¹⁴⁵ CESS A 2, 20a. ### [c4.s3.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.43) But a more popular \*karaṇa\* in West and Northwest India is the Karaṇakutūhala¹⁴⁶ composed by Bhāskara in the Sahyādri in accordance with the Brāhmapakṣa; its epoch is 23 February 1183. There are commentaries composed by Ekanātha¹⁴⁷ (Brahmatulyabhāṣya) at Mahāṇḍanagara, apparently in West India, in about 1370; by Padmanābha¹⁴⁸ (Nārmadī), probably also in West India, in about 1400; by Viśvanātha (Brahmatulyodāharaṇa) at Benares in 1612; and by Sumatiharṣa Gaṇi (Gaṇakakumudakaumudī) near the Vindhyādri in 1621. The Karaṇakutūhalatīkā of Soḍhala was composed before 1462, the date of its unique manuscript copy,¹⁴⁹ and that of Caṇḍīdāsa¹⁵⁰ before 1658. There is a set of planetary tables, the Brahmatulyasāriṇī,¹⁵¹ based on the KK. ### [c4.s3.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.44) ¹⁴⁶ Edited with the commentary of Sumatiharṣa by M. S. PUROHITA, Mumbai 1901. ### [c4.s3.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.45) ¹⁴⁷ CESS A 1, 60 a. ### [c4.s3.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.46) ¹⁴⁸ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.47) ¹⁴⁹ BORI 296 of 1882/83. ### [c4.s3.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.48) ¹⁵⁰ CESS A 3, 40 a–40 b. ### [c4.s3.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.49) ¹⁵¹ SATIUS 36 a–37 a. ### [c4.s3.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.50) As in the case of Bhāskara’s SŚB, the KK of Bhāskara was followed by several centuries during which no new member of the genre was produced. However, in the early sixteenth century Gaṇeśa¹⁵² at Nandigrāma in Gujarāt wrote the Grahalāghava¹⁵³ or Siddhāntarahasya, apparently based on the Grahakautuka composed in 1496 by his father, Keśava;¹⁵⁴ the epoch of the GL is 18 March 1520. A commentator on the GL, Mallāri, states that Gaṇeśa observed the planets and chose the correct parameters from the Brāhmapakṣa, the Āryapakṣa, and the Saurapakṣa; this story obviously conflicts with the alleged relation of the GL to Keśava’s Grahakautuka. In fact, the mean motions of the planets (given for dhruvāṅkas of 4,016 days) and their equations are unique to the Gaṇeśapakṣa, of which the GL is the first text as yet available (I have not been able to consult any manuscript of the Grahakautuka). The Gaṇeśapakṣa soon competed with the Brāhmapakṣa in West and Northwest India. Commentaries on it were composed by Gaṇeśa’s nephew and pupil Nṛsiṃha,¹⁵⁵ who was born at Nandigrāma in 1548 (Harṣakaumudī); by Mallāri,¹⁵⁶ the son of Gaṇeśa’s pupil, Divākara, at Golagrāma on the Godāvarī between 1575 and 1600 (Ṭīkā); by Gaṅgādhara¹⁵⁷ in 1586, probably at Ṭāpara north of Devagiri, his father Nārāyaṇa’s residence (Manoramā); by Viśvanātha at Kāśī in 1612 (Siddhāntarahasyodāharaṇa); by Nārāyaṇa¹⁵⁸ at Kāśī before 1635 (Udāhṛti); and by Kamalākara¹⁵⁹ before 1662 (Manoramā). There are many tables based on the GL, many using the ends of the various dhruvāṅkas as their epochs.¹⁶⁰ ### [c4.s3.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.51) ¹⁵² CESS A 2, 94 a–100 a; A 3, 27 b–28 a; and A 4. ### [c4.s3.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.52) ¹⁵³ Edited with the commentary of Mallāri by L. WILKINSON, Calcutta 1843; edited with the commentaries of Mallāri and Viśvanātha by BHĀLACANDRA, Kāśī 1865; edited with the commentary of Viśvanātha and a Marāṭhī translation by K. Ś. GOḌABOLE and V. K. J. GADRE, 2nd ed., Bombay 1873, 5th ed., Poona 1914, and 6th ed., Poona 1926; edited with the commentary of Mallāri, Mumbaī 1875, Benares 1877, Dillī 1877, Bombay 1882, Mumbaī 1883, Calcutta 1886; edited with the commentary of Viśvanātha and a Bengālī translation by RASIKAMOHANA CAṬṬOPĀDHYĀYA, Calcutta 1887; edited with the Hindī translation of JIYĀRĀMA ŚĀSTRĪ by RĀMEŚVARA BHAṬṬA, Kalyāṇa-Bombay 1889; edited with the commentary of Mallāri by HARIPRASĀDA ŚARMAN, Bombay 1901; edited with the commentaries of Mallāri and Viśvanātha by SUDHĀKARA DVIVEDIN, Benares 1904, reprinted Bombay 1925; edited with the commentary of Mallāri and the Telugu commentary of MAṄGIPŪḌI VĪRAYA SIDDHĀNTIGĀR, Musalipatam 1915; edited with his own Sanskrit commentary and Hindī translation by SITĀRĀMA JHĀ, MM 142, Benares 1932, reprinted Benares 1941 and Dillī 1975; edited with the commentaries of Viśvanātha and YUGEŚVARA JHĀ and a Hindī commentary by KAPILEŚVARA ŚĀSTRIN, KSS 142, Benares 1946; and edited with the commentary of Mallāri and his own Hindī ṭīkā by RĀMACANDRA PĀṆDEYA, Jambu 1976. ### [c4.s3.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.53) ¹⁵⁴ CESS A 2, 65 b–74 a; A 3, 24 a; and A 4. ### [c4.s3.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.54) ¹⁵⁵ CESS A 3, 202b–204a, and A 4. ### [c4.s3.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.55) ¹⁵⁶ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.56) ¹⁵⁷ CESS A 2, 82a–82b. ### [c4.s3.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.57) ¹⁵⁸ CESS A 3, 165b–166a, and A 4. ### [c4.s3.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.58) ¹⁵⁹ CESS A 2, 21a. ### [c4.s3.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.59) ¹⁶⁰ SATIUS 46b–47b (Anonymous of 1520: epoch 18 March 1520); SATE 98–100 (Grahalāghavasāriṇī IA: epoch 18 March 1520); SATIUS 50b (Grahalāghaviyamadhyamaspaṣṭārkasāriṇī: epoch 22 March 1525); SATE 93–98 (Grahalāghavasāriṇī I: epochs 17 March 1531 = dhruvāṅka 1; 13 March 1553 = dhruvāṅka 3; and 27 February 1641 = dhruvāṅka 11); and SATIUS 69a–70a (Grahalāghavasāriṇī II: epoch 2 April 1754). ### [c4.s3.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.60) At Akbar’s court a karaṇa belonging to the Saurapakṣa, the Rāmavinoda,¹⁶¹ was composed by Rāma (or Rāmacandra) for a bhūpāla also named Rāma (or Rāmadāsa). Its epoch is 11 March 1590, which is stated to be thirty-five years after the era of Akbar; the epoch of Akbar’s “Divine Era,” which was introduced on Nawrūz of 1584, was indeed 11 March 1556. A commentary, Rāmavinodadīpikā, was written by Viśvanātha at Kāmpilya shortly after 1602. There is also a koṣṭhaka written by Rāma and bearing the same name as the RV. ### [c4.s3.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.61) ¹⁶¹ I have consulted WHMRL Enfield 123, which contains both the koṣṭhaka RV, and a longer version of the karaṇa, and Oxford Sanskrit d. 805, which contains Viśvanātha’s commentary on the karaṇa. ### [c4.s3.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.62) A far more obscure karaṇa is the Laghukaraṇa¹⁶² by Bhāvasadāśiva.¹⁶³ Its epoch is 27 March 1598; it follows the Brāhmapakṣa; and its unique manuscript copy came to London from Gujarāt in 1809. ### [c4.s3.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.63) ¹⁶² I have used IO 2494d. ### [c4.s3.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.64) ¹⁶³ CESS A 4. ### [c4.s3.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.65) Somewhat better known is a Saura karaṇa, the Sūryapakṣasāraṇa¹⁶⁴ or Khacarāgama composed by Viṣṇu; its epoch is 7 March 1608. A commentary, Udāharaṇa, was written on it by Viśvanātha already in 1612. The fact that the karaṇa belongs to the Saurapakṣa and that it was known to Viśvanātha within four years of its composition makes it likely that Viṣṇu lived in Benares, in which case he was probably the Viṣṇu who instructed Kṛṣṇa,¹⁶⁵ who wrote the Bijāṅkura in about 1600, and was himself the pupil of Gaṇeśa’s nephew, Nṛsiṃha. ### [c4.s3.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.66) ¹⁶⁴ I have used WHMRL V 33. ### [c4.s3.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.67) ¹⁶⁵ CESS A 2, 53a–55b, and A 4. ### [c4.s3.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.68) Another Kṛṣṇa¹⁶⁶ wrote a Karaṇakaustubha¹⁶⁷ following the Gaṇeśapakṣa at Taṭāka in the Koṅkaṇa under the Marāṭha monarch Śivājī; its epoch is 1653. A comparison of their respective chapter titles will demonstrate how closely the KKK follows the GL, whose system of astronomy it attempted to introduce into Mahārāṣṭra. The paucity of manuscripts suggests that it met with little enthusiasm. ### [c4.s3.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.69) ¹⁶⁶ CESS A 2, 55b–56a, and A 4. ### [c4.s3.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.70) ¹⁶⁷ Edited by V. G. APAṬE, ASS 96, Poona 1927. ### [c4.s3.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.71) The last karaṇa to which allusion must be made is the Karaṇavaiṣṇava¹⁶⁸ of Śaṅkara, which belongs to the Brāhmapakṣa; its epoch is 8 May 1766. Śaṅkara otherwise, in the incomplete manuscript available to me,¹⁶⁹ informs us only that his teacher's name was Nandabhaṭṭa. It is possible that this is the Nandarāma Miśra¹⁷⁰ who wrote various works on astronomy and astrology at Kāmyavana in Rājasthāna between 1763 and 1778; in favor of this tentative identification is the fact that Rājasthāna was one of the places in which the Brāhmapakṣa was popular. ### [c4.s3.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.72) ¹⁶⁸ D. PINGREE, "The Karaṇavaiṣṇava of Śaṅkara," Charudeva Shastri Felicitation Volume, Delhi 1974, pp. 588–600. ### [c4.s3.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.73) ¹⁶⁹ Columbia, Smith Indic 144. ### [c4.s3.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.74) ¹⁷⁰ CESS A 3, 128b–130b, and A 4. ### [c4.s3.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.75) Table 5 ### [c4.s3.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.76) | Kh | LM | KP | | 1. tithinakṣatra | 1. madhyama | 1. madhyama | | 2. tārāgrahasphuṭa | 2. sphuṭagati | 2. tithyādi | | 3. tripraśna | 3. prakīrṇaka | 3. spaṣṭa | | 4. candragrahaṇa | 4. tripraśna | 4. tripraśna | | 5. ādityagrahaṇa | 5. grahaṇa\[¹\] | 5. candragrahaṇa | | 6. udayāstamaya | 6. saṅkīrṇa\[²\] | 6. sūryagrahaṇa | | 7. śṛṅgonnati | | 7. udayāsta | | 8. samāgama | | 8. śṛṅgonnati | | 9. tārāvikṣepa | | 9. grahayuti | ### [c4.s3.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.77) Uttarakhaṇḍakhādyaka ### [c4.s3.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.78) 10. tithinakṣatrottara 11. grahagatyuttara 12. tithipraśnottara 13. grahaṇottara 14. udayāstamayottara 15. samāgamottara ### [c4.s3.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.79) \[¹\] Grahayuti in Majumdar's edition. \[²\] Divided into a pāta and a candracchāyā with śṛṅgonnati in Majumdar's edition. ### [c4.s3.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.80) | B | KK | | 1. tithidhruva | 1. nabhogamadhya | | 2. grahadhruva | 2. sphuṭakriyā | | 3. pañcāṅga | 3. tripraśna | | 4. grahasphuṭa | 4. śaśāṅkaparva | | 5. tripraśna | 5. ravigraha | | 6. candragrahaṇa | 6. grahodayāsta | | 7. sūryagrahaṇa | 7. śṛṅgonnati | | 8. parilekha | 8. grahotthayoga | | | 9. pāta | | | 10. ravīnduparvasambhava | | | 11. nīradārkavicāra | ### [c4.s3.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.81) | GL | RV | | 1. madhyama | 1. madhyama | | 2. ravicandraspaṣṭa | 2. spaṣṭa | | 3. pañcatārāspaṣṭikaraṇa | 3. tripraśna | | 4. tripraśna | 4. candragrahaṇa | | 5. candragrahaṇa | 5. sūryagrahaṇa | | 6. sūryagrahaṇa | 6. parilekha | | 7. māsagaṇa | 7. udayāsta | | 8. grahaṇadvaya | 8. grahayuddha | | 9. udayāsta | 9. grahaṇakṣatrayuti | | 10. grahacchāyā | 10. śṛṅgonnati | | 11. nakṣatracchāyā | 11. pāta | | 12. śṛṅgonnati | | | 13. grahayuti | | | 14. pāta | | | 15. pañcāṅgacandragrahaṇa | | | 16. upasaṃhāra | | ### [c4.s3.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.82) | LK | SPŚ | KKK | | 1. madhyama | 1. madhyagraha | 1. madhyamagraha | | 2. spaṣṭa | 2. spaṣṭagraha | 2. sūryacandraspaṣṭikaraṇa | | 3. lagna | 3. praśnatraya | 3. pañcatārāspaṣṭikaraṇa | | 4. candragrahaṇa | 4. candragraha | 2. tripraśna | | 5. sūryagrahaṇa | 5. sūryagraha | 5. candragrahaṇa | | 6. udayāsta | 6. graha (= parva) | 6. sūryagrahaṇa | | 7. grahayuti | 7. candrekṣaṇa | 7. grahaṇadvaya | | 8. śṛṅgonnati | 8. astodaya | 8. udayāsta | | 9. pāta | 9. kheṭaprabhā | 9. grahacchāyā | | | 10. śṛṅgonnati | 10. candraśṛṅgonnati | | | 11. kheṭaikyatā | 11. grahayuti | | | 12. ṛkṣaprabhā | 12. nakṣatracchāyā | | | 13. pāta | 13. pāta | | | 14. ghaṭi | 14. granthālaṅkāra | ### [c4.s3.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.83) KV ### [c4.s3.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.pingree-1981.c4.s3.84) 1. madhyama 2. grahaspaṣṭa 3. tripraśna 4. candragrahaṇa 5. sūryagrahaṇa 6. parilekha 7. udayāsta 8. candraśṛṅgonnati 9. grahayuti 10. nakṣatracchāyā 11. mahāpāta 12. sūkṣmanakṣatra 13. madhyamagraha 14. śīghraphala 15. udayāsta 16. miśrika ## Linked texts (21) - [Sūryasiddhānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.suryasiddhanta) — Maya, Sanskrit - [Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.brahmasphutasiddhanta) — Brahmagupta, Sanskrit - [Āryabhaṭīya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.aryabhatiya) — Āryabhaṭa, Sanskrit - [Vāsiṣṭhasiddhānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.vasistha) — Sanskrit - [Pauliśasiddhānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.paulisa) — Sanskrit - [Romakasiddhānta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.romaka) — Sanskrit - [Viyāhapannatti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.anga.5) — Sudharman, Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit - [Bṛhanmānasa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.brhanmanasa) — Muñjāla, Sanskrit - [Ratnamālā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.tantra.kriya.ratnamala) — Sanskrit - [Chintāmaṇi](https://indike.org/pramana/inp.epigraphy.deccan.chintamani) - [Pañcasiddhāntikā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.astro.siddhanta.early.pancasiddhantika) — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit - 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