A History of Agriculture in India v1.c33.s6: Stone Objects
A History of Agriculture in India v1.c33.s6
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Stone Objects
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a = No. 2 b = No. 9 c = No. 16 d = No. 12 f = No. 30a g = No. 30b h = No. 28 e = No. 30 i = No. 46 j = No. 43 k = No. 45 l = No. 37 m = No. 40 n = no. 54 o = No. 60 p = No. 42 q = No. 55 r = No. 58 s = No. 59 t = No. 61
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Fig. 186. Pivot stones, querns and mullers, pestles and mortars, grinding-mills from the Bhir mound and Sirkap, 300 B.C to A.D. 100 (From Taxila, Vol. III, by Sir John Marshall)
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Fig. 187. A farmer ploughing. The bullocks are of the Hariana breed, and the type of plough is still in use in Maharashtra. Gandhara relief, 200 A.D. (Courtesy: Lahore Museum)
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Fig. 188. Plough from Solan, Himachal Pradesh. It resembles the plough shown in the Gandhara relief above
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Fig. 189. Iron sickles, diameter 29.2 cm, the iron bhakhar, 54 cm in length, 88.9 cm in width, and iron trowels, used as khurpis, 200 A.D. (Courtesy: Sanchi Museum)
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advanced up to Mathura. A large number of gold and copper coins were issued in his reign, which bear the image of Shiva and his Nandi bull. The Kushans were the first rulers of India to issue gold coins on a large scale and there were no silver coins. Gold was received through trade with the Roman Empire. The Kushan Empire was situated between the Chinese and Roman Empires and controlled the Silk Route. Another source of gold was the Altai Mountains in central Asia.
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Kanishka, the greatest of Kushan rulers, ascended the throne A.D. 78. The Saka Era was started by him. His capital was Purushapur (Peshawar) in Gandhara and he ruled over Kashmir, the Punjab, Sind, Malwa, and the Gangetic Valley up to Patna. He summoned the Fourth Buddhist Council at Jalandhara which prepared an encyclopaedia of Buddhist philosophy.
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The successors of Kanishka were Huvishka (A.D. 107-138) and Vasudeva (A.D. 152-176). Vasudeva's coins bear the image of Shiva, holding a trident, standing near the Nandi bull (Fig. 183 *top row, left*).