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A History of Agriculture in India v1.c43: Appendix III. Chronology—Ancient India—Development of Science, Technology and Agriculture and Important Personalities and Events

A History of Agriculture in India v1.c43

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English

Appendix III. Chronology—Ancient India—Development of Science, Technology and Agriculture and Important Personalities and Events

v1.c43.1

CHRONOLOGY

v1.c43.2

ANCIENT INDIA

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| | B.C. |
| Gautama, the Buddha | 563–483 |
| Bimbisara, King of Magadha | 543–491 |
| Buddhist literature in Pali | |
| *Kullavagga* and *Mahavagga* | |
| (reference to farming operations) | |
| The Nandas of Magadha | 422–322 |
| Campaigns of Alexander in Punjab and Sind | 327–325 |
| Chandragupta Maurya | 322 |
| | (possibly earlier, 298) |
| The *Arthashastra* of Kautilya: | 322–186 |
| Mining, metal-working, | |
| Agriculture and irrigation | |
| Increased and widespread use of iron; | |
| Use of bellows for forging iron | |
| Construction of the Sudarshana Lake | |
| Bindusara | 298–273 |
| Asoka | 274–237 |
| Sacred groves, tree-worship; | |
| planting of road-side avenues | |
| and gardens | |
| | |
| The Sunga dynasty | 184–72 |
| Brick-wells | |
| | A.D. |
| Kadphises I, Kushan, King of the Great Yueh-chi | *c.* 40 – *c.* 77 |
| Kadphises II | *c.* 78 – *c.* 110 |
| Kanishka | *c.* 120 – *c.* 160 |
| Huvishka | *c.* 160 – *c.* 182 |
| Vasudeva I | *c.* 182 – *c.* 220 |
| The Kingdoms of South India | 1st century to A.D. 300 |
| Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas; | |
| Age of Sangam in the Tamil country | |
| Colonization of South-East Asia by South Indians | |
| Cultivation of rice, *ragi*, sugarcane, | |

v1.c43.5

pepper and turmeric Chandragupta I 320 – c. 330 Samudragupta c. 330 – c. 380 Chandragupta II c. 380 – 415 Fa-hien in India 401 – 410 Kumaragupta I c. 415 – 455 First Hun attack on Gupta empire 450 Skandagupta 455 – c. 480 Kumaragupta II 473 Metal-working; art of jewellery; iron pillar at Mehrauli High level of iron technology Kalidasa—observations on vegetation in 5th century Kumarasambhava Bṛhat Samhita of Varahamihira: c. 500 a number of chemical processes; plant and animal classifications. Amarakosha; classification and synonyms c. 500 of plants and animals, minerals and metals Classification of rocks, references to agricultural implements Aryabhata I writes Aryabhatiya 499 Pulakesin I Chalukya, builds Badami 543 – 544

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Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra 500 Harshavardhana 600 – c. 647 Bhaskara I 600 Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuta-siddhanta 628 Travels of Hiuen Tsang in India 629 – 643 Bana’s Harshacharita c. 646 I-tsing’s travels in India and the eastern islands 671 – 695 Vishnudharmottara Mahapurana 700 Arab conquest of Sind 711 – 712 Rashtrakuta Dantidurga in occupation of Ellora 742 Beginning of Pala rule in Bengal 750 – 760 Nagabhata I, founder of Gurjara Pratihara dynasty 756 Krishna I (6th in succession) c. 760 – 800 Kailasha rock-cut temple at Ellora Use of the Persian water-wheel (araghatta) Medhatithi—commentary on Manusmriti 825 – 900 and observations on Agriculture Chalukya Taila II 973 Rajaraja I (the Great), Chola 985 – 1018

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Construction of anicuts and tanks *Krishi-Parashara* and *Vrikshayurveda* Manuals on agriculture and botany 9th – 10th century

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Kashyapa’s *Krishi-sukti*, a text on agricultural science 10th century

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Mahipala I of Bengal 978 – 1030

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Mahmud of Ghazna invades Mathura and Kanauj 1018

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Alberuni in India 1017 – 1030

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Bhoja of Dhara 1018 – 1060

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Rajendra I, Chola 1018 – 1044

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Rajendra III, Chalukya 1070 – 1122

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Kulottunga I, Chola 1070

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Chalukya Vikramaditya VI 1076

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*Upavana-vinoda* of Sarangadhara 1120 – 1330

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*Manasollasa* of Somadeva: Encyclopaedic work; alchemical ideas; iron-casting; perfumery; treatment of diseases of horses and elephants 1131

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Kulottunga III, Chola 1178

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Contemporary poet Kamban

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Rajaraja III, Chola 1216 – 1256

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Rajendra III, Chola 1246 – 1270

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Marco Polo in South India

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