[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902) › v1.c13.34 # A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v1.c13.34 A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v1.c13.34 - **Language:** English ### [v1.c13.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13.34) "The pounding or crushing was effected on a stone anvil with a hammer weighing eight or ten seers; when completely reduced to powder the ore was made up into balls with cow-dung and roasted. The blast furnaces (vide illustrations) were prepared in the following manner. A quantity of common sand was spread on the floor of a circular hut, in the centre of which a depression, 12 to 15 inches in diameter and 2 or 3 inches deep, was made; in this a layer of fine sand and another of ashes were laid to prevent the metal from adhering to the bottom of the receiver; two clay nozzles or tuyères were then placed on opposite sides of this hollow and a third between them, leaving the fourth side vacant for the slag to escape. The nozzles were then connected by moist clay and a circular rim of mud, a few inches in height, was raised, on which three annular vessels of fire-clay were placed to form the body of the furnace, each of these was 15 inches in external diameter, 10 inches high, and 3 inches thick. They were used repeatedly, but the lower part of the furnace had to be reconstructed for every charge. The bellows were simply goat-skins connected with the nozzles, and were worked by the families of the smelters. After a preliminary firing, to dry the mud, the furnace was charged with charcoal, roasted ore and iron slag, the latter being employed as a flux. - [Previous: v1.c13.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13.33) - [Next: v1.c13.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13.35) - [Up: v1.c13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13) --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c13.34) · Pramāṇa