[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Science, technology and education](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science) › [A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902) › v1.c24.s2 # A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v1.c24.s2: Index of Subjects A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century A.D. v1.c24.s2 - **Language:** English ### Index of Subjects ### [v1.c24.s2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.1) Abhra (mica), . . . . . 81 killed . . . . . 82 Acid, the . . . . . 40, 128 mineral, . . . . . 174, 185 nitric, . . . . . 188 sulphuric, . . . . . 188 Adrija (bitumen), . . . . . 81 " Aetzkali," . . . . . 183 Aethiops mineral, . . . . . 58, 61 Agneya astra, . . . . . 180 Agni-astra (Fire-arms), . . . . . 179 Agnijāra, . . . . . 96, 97 Ahen-tchini, . . . . . 166 Air, . . . . . 4 Akāsa (ether), . . . . . 4 Alchemy, Syrian, . . . . . 113 Alchemical ideas in the Vedas, . . . . . i Alchemy (Hindu), down of, . . . . . iii Alkali (kshāra), the, . . . . . 39-41, 69, 128 art of extracting, . . . . . 191 caustic, . . . . . 37, 41 mild, . . . . . 41 neutralisation of, . . . . . 40 use and preparation of, . . . . . 41 Alloys, the, . . . . . 104 ### [v1.c24.s2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.2) Almandine, . . . . . 137 Alum, . . . . . 71, 143, 146 distillation of, . . . . . 71, 186 essence of, . . . . . 91, 92 Alum earth, . . . . . 46 Alum seed, . . . . . 149 Analysis of æthiops mineral, . . . . . 261 calomel, . . . . . 262 rust of iron, . . . . . 263 sulphide of copper, . . . . . 262 Antimony, . . . . . 119 sulphide of, . . . . . 31 Anus (atoms), . . . . . 17 Apologia, Vāgbhata’s, . . . . . xxx Apparatus (see yantram), . . . . . 121 efficacy of, . . . . . 66 on, . . . . . 64 Ashes, lixiviation of the, . . . . . 36 Atomic theory, the, . . . . . I Atoms, . . . . . 17 binary, . . . . . 10 double, . . . . . 10 quarternary, . . . . . 10 simple, . . . . . 10 ternary (tryanuka), . . . . . 18 theory of, . . . . . 18 Ayurveda (Science of Life), . . . . . xii, xiii ### [v1.c24.s2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.3) Bell-metal, . . . . . 104, 114 Bhasma (ash), . . . . . 250 ### [v1.c24.s2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.4) Bhrāmaka, . . . . . 108 Bidam, . . . . . 64, 72 Bile, of the ox, . . . . . 92 Bitumen, origin of, . . . . . 46 doctrine of, . . . . . 53 Blood, description of, . . . . . 42 Bornite, . . . . . 138 Bower MS . . . . . xxvii, xcix chemistry in the, . . . . . 52-54 Brass, . . . . . 70, 104, 113 calx of, . . . . . 54 killing of, . . . . . 114 ### [v1.c24.s2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.5) C ### [v1.c24.s2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.6) Cadmia, . . . . . 158, 161 Calamine, ... ... ... 70, 74, 87, 88, 158, 169 essence of, . . . . . 88 Calces, the, . . . . . 31 of the six metals, . . . . . 44 Calcination, of metals, . . . . . 126 Calomel, method of manufacturing, ... ... 250 formation of, . . . . . 258 Cat's eye, . . . . . 99 Caustics, alkaline, . . . . . 32 lunar, . . . . . 33 Chandrakánta (moon-stone), ... ... ... 99 Chapala, . . . . . 69, 81, 87, 96 Chlorospinel, . . . . . 137 Chulikā lavana, . . . . . 96 Chumbaka, . . . . . 109 Chyle (rasa), . . . . . 42 ### [v1.c24.s2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.7) Cobaltite, . . . . . 138 Colour, . . . . . 13 Collyrium, a, . . . . . 30, 57, 59 Combustion, . . . . . 249 Copper, ... ... ... 31, 44, 55, 70, 72, 74 extraction of, . . . . . 86 killing of . . . . . 108 killed . . . . . 59 sulphate of, . . . . . 31, 45, 53, 55 sulphide of, . . . . . 58 Copperas ( iron sulphate ), ... ... ... 143, 147 Coral, . . . . . 99 Crucibles, . . . . . 64 ingredients for . . . . . 125 ### [v1.c24.s2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.8) Darada (cinnabar) . . . . . 69, 78, 98 Dhānyabhram, . . . . . 82 Dhātuloham, . . . . . 104 Dhātuvid . . . . . 192 Dhuma . . . . . 120 Dhumavedha . . . . . 120 Diamond, . . . . . 101 dispersive power of . . . . . 100 killing of . . . . . 101 liquefaction of . . . . . 104 refractive power of . . . . . 100 Distillation, per descensum ... ... ... 157 ### [v1.c24.s2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.9) E ### [v1.c24.s2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.10) Earth, the . . . . . 4, 6 Earths, the . . . . . 129 ### [v1.c24.s2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.11) Eleatics, doctrine of the . . . . . 22 Elements, the five . . . . . 3 Elixir vitæ . . . . . lxii, 80 Erubescite . . . . . 138 Essences, the . . . . . 77, 170 ### [v1.c24.s2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.12) F ### [v1.c24.s2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.13) Fats, the . . . . . 128 Fire, . . . . . 4 Firearms, the . . . . . 179 Flames, colour of . . . . . 68 Fluidity, . . . . . 15 Franklinite . . . . . 137 Furnace ( blast ) . . . . . 142 ### [v1.c24.s2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.14) G ### [v1.c24.s2.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.15) Gahnite . . . . . 137 Gairika, . . . . . 90, 139 Galena . . . . . 54, 94 Garudodgāra (lit. derived from the vomit of Garuda) 99 Gauripāshāna, . . . . . 96 Gems, the . . . . . 99 killing of . . . . . 102, 100 Girisindura, . . . . . 96, 98 Gold . . . . . 8, 15, 25, 31, 44, 55, 72, 152 dust . . . . . 47 killing of . . . . . 73, 105 wastage of . . . . . 198 Gorochanā . . . . . 25 Grāsamānam . . . . . 120 Gravity . . . . . 15 ### [v1.c24.s2.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.16) Greek-fire, . . . . . 180 "Culture" . . . . . xlii Gunpowder . . . . . 174-7 ### [v1.c24.s2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.17) H ### [v1.c24.s2.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.18) Hair-dye, formula for . . . . . 52 Harakāsisa . . . . . 150 Hartshorn, spirits of, . . . . . 52 Hæmatite, . . . . . 139 Heft-djousch, . . . . . 169 Hercynite, . . . . . 137 Hindu, Pharmacopœia, . . . . . i Hingul ( cinnabar ), . . . . . 96, 98 Hirakam ( diamond ), . . . . . 99 Hirākash, . . . . . 239 Horn, fumes of, . . . . . 52 ### [v1.c24.s2.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.19) I ### [v1.c24.s2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.20) Incineration, . . . . . 77 Initiation ( into discipleship ) ... ... ... 115 Iron, ... ... 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 55-6, 72, 74, 108, 152-3 killing of, . . . . . 59, 62, 111 killed, tests for, . . . . . 118 roasting of, . . . . . 46 rust of, . . . . . 30, 63, 111 science of, . . . . . xcv Iron pyrites, . . . . . 47, 138 ### [v1.c24.s2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.21) J ### [v1.c24.s2.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.22) Jamak, . . . . . 239 Jamakwalas . . . . . 240 Jasada ( zinc ) . . . . . 158 ### [v1.c24.s2.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.23) Jost . . . . . 170 ### [v1.c24.s2.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.24) K ### [v1.c24.s2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.25) Kadāram, . . . . . 108 Kahi, . . . . . 150 Kajjali . . . . . 61 Kākatundi . . . . . 114 Kalās ( arts and sciences ) ... ... ... 190 Kāmkshi . . . . . 146 Kamkushtham . . . . . 89, 95, 139 Kampilla . . . . . 96 Kāmsya ( bell-metal ) . . . . . 114 Kāntam . . . . . 108-9 Kaparda . . . . . 96 Karshaka . . . . . 109 Kāsisa ( sulphate of iron ) ... ... ... 72, 91 essence of . . . . . 91 Khār-tchini . . . . . 159, 166 Kharpara . . . . . 158 Krishnaloha ( iron ) . . . . . 44, 152 Krishnāyas . . . . . 152 Kshāra, madhyama, mridu ... ... ... 38 ( alkali ) . . . . . 30 Kshārataila . . . . . 52 Kshepa . . . . . 120 Kshurakam . . . . . 111-2 Kunta, . . . . . 120 Kuntham . . . . . 108 Kutuv, . . . . . 154 ### [v1.c24.s2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.26) L ### [v1.c24.s2.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.27) Laboratory, on the . . . . . 116 ### [v1.c24.s2.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.28) Lead . . . . . 44, 56, 72, 74, 112, 152 killing of . . . . . 114 use of . . . . . 45 Lepa . . . . . 120 Leucopyrite . . . . . 138 Levity . . . . . 15 Liber ignium . . . . . 178 Light . . . . . 7, 19 Liquefaction . . . . . 77 Loha ( iron ) . . . . . 104, 152 Lohasāstra . . . . . xcv Lohas, ( the metals ) . . . . . 79 Lohavid . . . . . 192 Lohitāyas . . . . . 152 Löllingite . . . . . 138 ### [v1.c24.s2.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.29) M ### [v1.c24.s2.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.30) Magnetite . . . . . 137 Mahābhagga . . . . . xxxvi Makaradhvaja . . . . . 132 Mākshika ( pyrites ) . . . . . 69, 81, 84, 137 Manassilā (rēalgar), . . . . . 93 Matter, constitution and properties of, ... ... 1 Mayūratuttham . . . . . 171 Mercury . . . . . 73 ash of, . . . . . 74, 105 black sulphide of . . . . . 61 earliest historical evidence of the internal use of, xxviii fixation of, . . . . . 131 incineration of, . . . . . 132 killing of, . . . . . 37 philosophy of, . . . . . xcvi purification of, . . . . . 130 swooning state of, . . . . . lxxiv tests for killed (mercury) ... ... ... 74 use of, . . . . . 48 Metals, the . . . . . 24, 48, 104, 127, 152 "bastard" . . . . . xcviii calces of, . . . . . 24 colouring of, . . . . . 74 calcination of, . . . . . 126 killed . . . . . 31 killing of, . . . . . 72 smell of, . . . . . 113 roasting of, . . . . . 46, 126 the five . . . . . 25, 72 (x) the six . . . . . 44, 157 tests of a pure . . . . . 68 Metallurgy . . . . . 152 Minerals, the . . . . . 81 definition of, . . . . . 8 essence of, . . . . . 169 external application for, ... ... ... 45 notes on the . . . . . 133 Misrakam . . . . . 112 Mriddārasringakam . . . . . 96, 98 Mundam (wrought iron) . . . . . 108 ### [v1.c24.s2.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.31) N ### [v1.c24.s2.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.32) Nāgārjuna varti . . . . . 59 Nakāshiwalās . . . . . 201 Nausādar (sal ammoniac) ... ... ... 96, 97 ### [v1.c24.s2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.33) Navasāra . . . . . 96, 97 Nehar . . . . . 227 Neharwalā . . . . . 198, 225, 226, Nilānjana . . . . . 93, 119 Nitrum ( natron ) . . . . . 182 ### [v1.c24.s2.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.34) O ### [v1.c24.s2.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.35) Ochres . . . . . 139 Odour . . . . . 14 Oils, the . . . . . Orpiment . . . . . 29, 45, 46, 55, 72, 89 ### [v1.c24.s2.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.36) P ### [v1.c24.s2.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.37) Pārada (quicksilver) . . . . . lxxi, 78 Parchment, Leyden . . . . . 49 Parpatitāmram . . . . . 58 Pātanavidhi . . . . . 131 Pathology, humoral . . . . . xxxv Pearl, liquefaction of . . . . . 103 "Peacock" ore . . . . . 139 Period, the Ayurvedic . . . . . I the Iatro-chemical . . . . . xc the Tāntric . . . . . lxii Pètel . . . . . 168 Pé-tong . . . . . 168 Pewter . . . . . 170 Phallus . . . . . 115, 116, 117 Philosopher's stone . . . . . lxii Phiranga-roga . . . . . lxxxviii, 252 Phitkārikabíj (seed of alum) ... ... ... 149 Pitta ( bile ) . . . . . xxxviii Pittala (brass) . . . . . 114 Pleonaste . . . . . 137 Poisons, the . . . . . 47, 129 Book on, . . . . . cxii, cxiv Pompholyx . . . . . 161 Poonoor (punhār) . . . . . 198 Potash, carbonate of . . . . . 45, 52 Pushpānjana . . . . . 94, 95 Pútilohas (lit. metal emitting fœtid odour) ... 104 Pyrites . . . . . 70, 73 iron . . . . . 47 ### [v1.c24.s2.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.38) Q ### [v1.c24.s2.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.39) Quicksilver . . . . . 59 putrifaction of . . . . . 73 ### [v1.c24.s2.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.40) R ### [v1.c24.s2.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.41) Rājāvarta (lapis lazuli) . . . . . 98, 99 Rasa (chyle) . . . . . 42, 43 the term . . . . . 79 Rasabandha . . . . . 131 Rasaka (calmine) ... ... ... 70, 71, 81, 87, 157, 158 essence of . . . . . 169 Rasakarpura . . . . . 244, 250 Rasakriyā . . . . . 79 Rasāmritachurnam . . . . . 59 Rasapanka . . . . . 118 Rasaparpati . . . . . 61 Rasaratnasamuchchaya . . . . . 131 chemistry in, . . . . . 76, 156 Rasas, the . . . . . 64, 79 the common . . . . . 76, 156 ### [v1.c24.s2.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.42) Rasasindura . . . . . 132 Rasāyana . . . . . viii, 80 definition of, . . . . . 32, 53, 80 Rasi (aqua fortis) . . . . . 187, 250 Rasot . . . . . 54 Ratnas ( gems ), the . . . . . 79 Realgar . . . . . 45, 46, 54, 55, 89 Red ochre . . . . . 46, 54, 55, 89 Reh . . . . . 244 Ritikā . . . . . 114 Rock-salt . . . . . 46,55 Romaka . . . . . 108 Romakānta . . . . . 44, 128, 243 Rubicelle . . . . . 137 Rubi spinel . . . . . 137 Rungwalā . . . . . 207 ### [v1.c24.s2.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.43) S ### [v1.c24.s2.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.44) Saindhava . . . . . 29, 127 Salajit (alum) . . . . . 147 Sal ammoniac (navasāra) . . . . . 72, 73, 96, 97, Saltpetre . . . . . 72, 73, 174, 182 Salts, the . . . . . 29, 44, 73, 127 notes on, . . . . . 243 Samkhadrāvaka . . . . . 187 Samudra . . . . . 29, 127 Sapphire . . . . . 99 Sarjikākshāra (trona or natron) ... ... ... 45, 82 Sasyaka . . . . . 69, 70, 81, 86, 138, 172 Saurāshtri (alum), distillation of, . . . . . 71 ### [v1.c24.s2.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.45) Sauvarchala (Saltpetre) ... ... 29, 44, 128, 182, 243 Sauvira . . . . . 72, 94 Sauvīrānjana . . . . . 94, 119 Savour . . . . . 14 Scientific spirit, decline of ... ... ... 190 Sea-salt . . . . . 44, 72, 73 Sèfid-rou . . . . . 168 Siddhayoga . . . . . chemistry in the . . . . . 58 Sikhigriva . . . . . 171 Silā . . . . . 69 Silājatu . . . . . 85 Silver . . . . . 31, 44, 55, 72, 106, 152 incineration of . . . . . 107 nitrate . . . . . 31 Sim-sakhteh . . . . . 168 Sisakam (lead) . . . . . 112 Sleshman, (phlegm) ... ... ... xxxviii Smaltite . . . . . 138 Soap, recipe for a . . . . . 63 Soda, carbonate of . . . . . 52 Soldering . . . . . 198 Solvents, the . . . . . 130 Somarasa . . . . . 79 Soraka, Sorā . . . . . 184 Sound . . . . . 16 Spinels . . . . . 137 Spirits (essence) . . . . . 169 Srotānjana . . . . . 53, 55, 70, 81, 93, 94 Stibnite . . . . . 55, 119 ### [v1.c24.s2.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.46) Stibnium . . . . . 55, 57, 81 Sulphur . . . . . 31, 72, 89, 90 Sulva (sutra) . . . . . xl Surāṣṭraja . . . . . 146 Suryakānta (sun-stone) . . . . . 99 Svarnasindura . . . . . 932 Svetabhasma . . . . . 252 ### [v1.c24.s2.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.47) Tālaka ( orpiment ) . . . . . 92 essence of, . . . . . 93 Tāmrayoga . . . . . 62 Tānjur . . . . . li Tanmātra (particles) . . . . . 3, 18 Tantras, Brahminic and Buddhistic ... ... lxx Tāntric rites . . . . . 115 cult . . . . . i origin of the, . . . . . lxii works . . . . . 116 Tastes, the . . . . . 24 a discourse on the . . . . . 25 Tatanagam . . . . . 159 Terms, technical . . . . . 118, 120 Tikshnam . . . . . 108, 119 Tin . . . . . 45, 55, 72, 111, 152 use of . . . . . 45 Topaz . . . . . 99 Tripitaka . . . . . xii Trona (natron) . . . . . 69, 192 Tutenague . . . . . 159 Tutha . . . . . 159, 171 ### [v1.c24.s2.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.48) Tutia . . . . . 158, 159 hura (green) . . . . . 159 spirit of, . . . . . 160, 162, 170 Tutie, spirit of, . . . . . 160, 170 Tuvari (alum) . . . . . 91, 146 Tyrean purple . . . . . 192 ### [v1.c24.s2.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.49) Uparasas, the . . . . . 64, 79, 89 Urine, the . . . . . 128 eight varieties of, . . . . . 30 of buffalo . . . . . 92 Utthāpana . . . . . 120 ### [v1.c24.s2.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.50) V ### [v1.c24.s2.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.51) Vaikrānta . . . . . 81, 83, 99, 136 liquefaction of . . . . . 103 Vajram (diamond) . . . . . 100, 139 Vangam (tin) . . . . . 111 Varātaka (cowrie or marine shell) ... ... 97 Vartaloha . . . . . 104, 114 Vāta . . . . . xxxviii Vermilion . . . . . 74 Vida . . . . . 64, 72, 73, 186 Vimala . . . . . 69, 70, 81, 84, 85, 138 Vit . . . . . 244 Vitriol . . . . . 74, 89 blue ... ... ... 59, 86, 138, 144, 148, 171, 172, 174 essence of . . . . . 174 green . . . . . 73, 74, 146, 171 ### [v1.c24.s2.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.52) W ### [v1.c24.s2.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.53) Water . . . . . 4, 7 ### [v1.c24.s2.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.54) Y ### [v1.c24.s2.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.55) Yantram (apparatus) . . . . . 121 Adhaspātana . . . . . 122 Dheki . . . . . 123 Dhupa . . . . . 125 Dola . . . . . 65, 121 Garbha . . . . . 66, Hamsapika . . . . . 67 Kosthi, on . . . . . 62, 89, 93 Lavana . . . . . 123 Nalika . . . . . 124 Pātana . . . . . 122 Svedani . . . . . 122 Tiryakpātana . . . . . 124 Vāluka (sand-bath) . . . . . 123 Vidyādhara . . . . . 124 Yavakshāra . . . . . 45, 69, 183 Yoga . . . . . 21 ### [v1.c24.s2.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.56) Z ### [v1.c24.s2.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2.57) Zinc . . . . . 156 extraction of . . . . . 71, 88 " Zinken" . . . . . xcviii --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.ray-1902.v1.c24.s2) · Pramāṇa